Article(id=1243879841758556967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879841024553767, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.09.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711728000000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774493664445, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1726761600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774493664445, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774493664445, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774493664445, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243879841024553767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='9', pageStart='1297', pageEnd='1462', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774493664270, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774493987725, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243881197806404366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879841024553767, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243881197806404367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879841024553767, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1441, endPage=1450, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243879842018603816, articleId=1243879841758556967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Research and experiment on patch near-field acoustic holography based on two-level iteration, columnId=1241023038381158513, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydro/Structural Acoustics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to effectively reduce the ‘window effect’ in the sound field reconstruction process of near-field acoustic holography (NAH) and accurately measure and locate the surface sound source of a submarine by using the limited measuring aperture, a patch NAH method based on two-level iteration was proposed. Firstly, patch NAH based on orthogonal spherical waves was improved, and a patch NAH method based on two-level iteration was proposed. Then, the reconstruction results of the two NAH methods were simulated and compared, and the influence of extrapolation error and extended measurement points on the reconstruction accuracy was studied. Finally, the experimental study of patch NAH based on two-level iteration was carried out in an anechoic tank using a small aperture holographic measuring surface. The results show that the patch NAH based on two-level iteration proposed in this paper can greatly reduce the ‘window effect’ and ‘aperture repetition effect’ errors caused by the limited measurement aperture, which verifies the advantages of the method and provides an important reference for NAH precise measurement of large size sound sources.

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为了有效减小传统近场声全息声场重建过程中的“窗效应”和准确利用有限测量孔径测量并定位潜艇的表面声源,提出一种基于二级迭代的局部近场声全息方法。首先,通过改进基于正交球面波的局部近场声全息方法,提出基于二级迭代的局部近场声全息方法;然后,仿真对比上述两种局部近场声全息方法的重构结果,研究外推误差和扩展测点数对重构精度的影响;最后,在消声水池中利用小孔径全息测量面进行基于二级迭代的局部近场声全息的实验研究。结果表明,基于二级迭代的局部近场声全息能大大减小有限测量孔径带来的“窗效应”和“孔径重复效应”误差,验证了该方法的优越性,可为水下大尺寸声源的近场声全息精确测量提供重要参考。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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柴凯(1989-),男,博士,讲师,通讯作者,E-mail:

楼京俊(1975-),男,博士,教授。

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基于二级迭代的局部近场声全息研究及实验
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柴凯 a , 楼京俊 a, b , 李荣华 b , 胡俊波 a
船舶力学 | 流体与结构声学 2024,28(9): 1441-1450
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船舶力学 | 流体与结构声学 2024, 28(9): 1441-1450
基于二级迭代的局部近场声全息研究及实验
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柴凯a , 楼京俊a, b, 李荣华b, 胡俊波a
作者信息
  • a.海军工程大学 舰船与海洋学院,武汉 430033
  • b.海军工程大学 动力工程学院,武汉 430033
  • 柴凯(1989-),男,博士,讲师,通讯作者,E-mail:

    楼京俊(1975-),男,博士,教授。

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Research and experiment on patch near-field acoustic holography based on two-level iteration
Kai CHAIa , Jing-jun LOUa, b, Rong-hua LIb, Jun-bo HUa
Affiliations
  • a.College of Naval Architecture and Ocean, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
  • b.College of Power Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
出版时间: 2024-09-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.09.014
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为了有效减小传统近场声全息声场重建过程中的“窗效应”和准确利用有限测量孔径测量并定位潜艇的表面声源,提出一种基于二级迭代的局部近场声全息方法。首先,通过改进基于正交球面波的局部近场声全息方法,提出基于二级迭代的局部近场声全息方法;然后,仿真对比上述两种局部近场声全息方法的重构结果,研究外推误差和扩展测点数对重构精度的影响;最后,在消声水池中利用小孔径全息测量面进行基于二级迭代的局部近场声全息的实验研究。结果表明,基于二级迭代的局部近场声全息能大大减小有限测量孔径带来的“窗效应”和“孔径重复效应”误差,验证了该方法的优越性,可为水下大尺寸声源的近场声全息精确测量提供重要参考。

局部近场声全息  /  波数域外推  /  窗效应  /  二级迭代  /  噪声源识别

In order to effectively reduce the ‘window effect’ in the sound field reconstruction process of near-field acoustic holography (NAH) and accurately measure and locate the surface sound source of a submarine by using the limited measuring aperture, a patch NAH method based on two-level iteration was proposed. Firstly, patch NAH based on orthogonal spherical waves was improved, and a patch NAH method based on two-level iteration was proposed. Then, the reconstruction results of the two NAH methods were simulated and compared, and the influence of extrapolation error and extended measurement points on the reconstruction accuracy was studied. Finally, the experimental study of patch NAH based on two-level iteration was carried out in an anechoic tank using a small aperture holographic measuring surface. The results show that the patch NAH based on two-level iteration proposed in this paper can greatly reduce the ‘window effect’ and ‘aperture repetition effect’ errors caused by the limited measurement aperture, which verifies the advantages of the method and provides an important reference for NAH precise measurement of large size sound sources.

patch near-field acoustic holography (NAH)  /  extrapolation in wavenumber domain  /  window effect  /  two-level iteration  /  noise source identification
柴凯, 楼京俊, 李荣华, 胡俊波. 基于二级迭代的局部近场声全息研究及实验. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (9) : 1441 -1450 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.09.014
Kai CHAI, Jing-jun LOU, Rong-hua LI, Jun-bo HU. Research and experiment on patch near-field acoustic holography based on two-level iteration[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (9) : 1441 -1450 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.09.014
近场声全息(Near-field Acoustic Holography,NAH)是一种前沿性的声场可视化技术,采用面阵、近场测量方式获得声源附近某一区域内声压幅值和相位信息重构声源表面“声学亮点”[1]。近场声全息技术特别适合于复杂结构的振动和噪声辐射特性研究、噪声源识别与定位、结构强度评价、散射体结构表面特性、结构振动模态的研究[2]。近场声全息假定了全息测量面无限大且声压连续分布,因此在理论算法中不存在有限测量面对重构效果的影响。在工程实际中,近场声全息一般要求测量阵列面积大于被测目标声源4倍以上,从而尽量减少有限测量孔径带来的误差[3]。然而,潜艇是一个大尺寸结构声源,制造4倍于潜艇尺寸的测量孔径难度极大,这无疑限制了近场声全息应用于潜艇水下辐射噪声的测量和定位。
Maynard等[4]研究了由测量孔径有限性导致的误差,发现在全息面孔径周围补零可以有效减小孔径效应,但是这种补零的操作会带来另外的不连续性误差。为了减小这种不连续性带来的误差,需要对处理后的数据平滑,比较简单实用的方法就是对全息面数据加窗。Fleisicher等[5]在重建声场的声压时采用了Weiner窗函数,发现重建的效果明显增强。赵晨等[6]提出了指数滤波器窗函数,这种窗函数虽然比较复杂,但是对测量距离的适应性较好。Saijyou等[7]提出了两种不同的数据外推方法,在不改变原有数据的基础上,根据先验知识对数据进行平滑外推,重构误差大大降低,但是这种数据外推技术需要较多的先验知识。Williams[8]受到数据平滑外推的启发,提出在实数域和波数域间用迭代算法进行数据外推,并且不改变真实孔径中的数据,外推出测量孔径外的数据,以提高重建精度。Saijyou等[9]提出了一种基于边界元法的数据外推方法,这种方法外推数据平滑,但缺点是计算量相当巨大。Koopmann和薛玮飞等[10-11]提出一种基于等效源法的全息面数据外推方法,该方法首先将全息阵列数据补零扩充,并用补零后的全息面通过等效源方法重构出声源,从而得到更多的全息数据。何元安等[12]开展了基于二维傅里叶变换的近场声全息研究,为了减小有限孔径误差引入了基于FFT的外推算法,随后进行了水下航行器的近场声全息实验研究,证实了FFT外推算法的有效性。徐亮等[13]通过观察辐射源和辐射功率的关系,提出了一种基于带限恢复的数据外推算法,通过带限信号恢复算法,实现了全息面数据的外推,并且重构的精度较高。杨超等[14]结合统计最优近场声全息法和等效源法的优点,提出了一种联合使用等效源法和统计最优近场声全息方法,该方法能很好地避免有限孔径带来的误差,同时具有重构精度高等特点。
事实上,近场声全息理论是建立在无限大的全息面测量孔径的基础上的,而有限的测量孔径相当于在无限大的全息面上加“窗”,全息测量孔径越小,“窗效应”越明显,重建的误差也越大[15]。因此,近场声全息要求全息面孔径大于被测目标声源表面积的4倍以上,但是针对潜艇这种大尺寸水下体声源时制造如此大的全息测量孔径将造成巨大的财力负担,并且在组织测量过程中也需要耗费过多的人力和物力。为此,在无法满足测量孔径要求的情况下,为了减小在小测量孔径下的“窗效应”,本文提出基于二级迭代的局部近场声全息,分析关键参数的影响,并通过仿真和实验验证该方法的可行性和有效性。
空间理想流体中声波的波动符合Helmholtz微分方程,该微分方程在球坐标系下变为
式中,prθϕ)为声场任意一点的声压,k为波数。
式(1)采用分离变量法求解可得
式中,CnmDnm为任意常数;表示第一类汉克尔函数;表示第二类汉克尔函数;表示(mn)阶且归一化的球谐函数,其中n = 0,⋯,m = -n,⋯,n,球谐函数反映了声压随角度不同而产生的变化,具体表达式为
对于声场的外域问题有Dnm = 0,则式(2)可以简化为
由式(4)可知,已知声场中的声压prθϕ),可以求出系数Cnm,从而重构出指定位置处的声压。已知全息面声压列向量P,那么对于全息面上每个阵元处声压都可以表示成式(4)的形式。如果全息面一共有K个阵元,那么就有K个如式(4)的等式,这K个等式具体如下:
将式(5)写成如下矩阵形式:
由式(5)~(6)可知,理论上只有无穷阶的叠加才能精确拟合实际声场,并且考虑到过高的阶数会导致传递矩阵的超定性加剧,使得权重系数重构过程中误差进一步扩大。因此,实际处理中只能通过有限阶次的球面声源来计算,通常最优的展开项数采用双面测量遍历法来确定,具体选择方法见参考文献[16]。
式(6)中Prθϕ)表示全息面的声压列向量,C表示球面波权重系数列向量,Hrθϕ)表示正交球面波源到测点间的传递矩阵,它只与全息面阵元的坐标有关,具体元素表达式为
式中,下标j = n2 + n + m + 1。
对式(6)进行矩阵求逆运算可得
式中的表示对矩阵求广义逆。式(8)通常需要用到正则化方法来使得C逼近真实解,通过式(8)求出球面波权重系数列向量后,对扩大后的全息面进行声辐射,实现全息面声压数据外推降低重构误差。
徐亮等[17]首先提出了基于正交球面波的Patch近场声全息方法,具体流程如图1所示。
当全息测量孔径和目标声源的表面积相当时,采用基于正交球面波的Patch近场声全息可以不受声源形状限制,同时可以避免“窗效应”的影响;但是当全息测量孔径小于目标声源表面积时,其重建误差较大,下面通过仿真来进行具体说明。
全息面和声源的位置如图2所示,声源为脉动球声源,位于坐标原点,声源半径为0.15 m,声源表面做简谐振动,振动频率为1500 Hz,声源表面的振动幅值为0.05 m/s,全息面测点数为5×5,全息面孔径为0.3 m×0.3 m,扩展后全息面测点数为10×10,扩展后全息面孔径为0.6 m×0.6 m,全息面和声源中心的距离为0.1 m,重建面距离声源的距离为0.05 m,选取的球面波总阶数为16阶。图3(a)为采用基于正交球面波的局部近场声全息扩展测量面积4倍后重建面的计算声压幅值图,图3(b)为采用扩展4倍后的理论全息面重建面的计算声压幅值图。由图3可知,当全息面面积和被测目标声源表面积相当时,采用基于正交球面波的Patch近场声全息能正确地识别和定位声源,并且重建声压和理论声压值相差不大,具体到本仿真来说,从原来0.3 m×0.3 m扩展到0.45 m×0.45 m孔径时,重构面的声压幅值仍较为准确。
为了定量分析外推数据误差,定义公式如下:
式中,Pexp表示外推后的全息面声压数据,Pthe表示全息面的理论声压。需要注意的是,在应用式(9)计算外推误差时,全息面理论声压孔径应与外推的测量面孔径一样。
由式(9)计算可得,当外推孔径为0.45 m×0.45 m时,外推误差为8.63%;当外推的孔径为0.6 m×0.6 m时,外推误差为31.43%。由此可见,随着外推全息面的面积增大,外推的误差增长很快。主要原因阐述如下:基于正交球面波的Patch近场声全息需要利用已知的全息面声压信息重建声源,该过程中对传递矩阵进行广义逆求解产生了一定的误差,采用含有重建误差的声源进行声辐射从而使扩展全息面处产生声压,最后用扩展的全息面重建声源。由于第一次重建的声源已经不准确,如果用不准确的声源进行声辐射,必然会造成比较大的误差。
为了提高外推声压数据的准确性,结合图1对基于正交球面波的局部近场声全息做如下改进:
(a)扩展全息面时由一次扩展改成多次扩展,每次只扩展一圈测点;
(b)计算每扩展一圈声压时,引入外推误差来控制扩展全息面的声压误差;
(c)每次计算出外推全息面声压后用真实的孔径数据覆盖真实孔径处的声压数据。
由于改进后的算法包含了二级迭代的过程,故称其为基于二级迭代的局部近场声全息,具体流程如图4所示。由图可知,改进后的算法分为二级迭代:第一级迭代次数是由真实孔径处的外推声压数据和实测声压数据之间的误差决定的,这个误差称为外推误差,误差值通过式(9)计算;第二级迭代次数是由外推全息面测点数决定的。
为验证本文提出的基于二级迭代的Patch近场声全息的正确性及优越性,下面对该方法开展仿真分析并研究扩展测点数和外推误差的影响。
目标声源采用简谐激励的正方形简支钢板模拟,边长为1 m,密度为7800 kg/m3,厚度为0.005 m,泊松比为0.28,杨氏模量为2.0E11 Pa。简支钢板在简谐力的作用下振动并向空间辐射声波,力幅值为20 N,力的作用点坐标为(0.3,0.3),传播声波的介质为空气,正方形全息面的面积同简支钢板面积,全息面上的测点数为32×32,全息面与简支钢板的距离为0.2 m,重构面距离钢板的距离为0.05 m,全息面上以及外推全息面的声压理论值由瑞利第一积分公式计算。仿真示意如图5所示。
由已知条件可知,全息面的面积等于简支钢板的面积,并不满足近场声全息中要求的测量阵列大于等于4倍目标声源的要求。下面分别用基于正交球面波的Patch近场声全息(以下简称:原外推方法)和基于二级迭代的Patch近场声全息(以下简称:改进方法)来重建声源面的声压,在采用基于二级迭代的局部近场声全息时,外推测点的上限测点数为64×64,外推误差按照式(9)计算,设置为8%。重建误差定义如下:
式中,Ppar表示采用局部近场声全息重构的声源面声压,Pthe表示采用理论的全息面声压重构的声源面声压。
图6~9分别为分析频率在360 Hz、2000 Hz时的全息面和重构面的声压幅值图,从图中可以得出以下几点结论:
(1)两种方法都能有效地将有限的测量孔径外推,并且精度比较准确。
(2)两种方法在重建面处的声压幅值与理论重建声压幅值相近,并且均能较好地定位和识别钢板振动中声源的位置和辐射声压情况。
(3)由于改进方法外推误差设置为8%,所以实际的外推误差都小于8%,分别为6.53%、7.92%。原外推方法的外推误差均大于8%,分别为8.46%、13.56%。但随着分析频率的升高,两种方法的外推误差都会增大。比较两种方法的外推误差可知,改进方法由于有外推误差的控制加上二级迭代的过程,无论在哪个频率点处其外推误差均较小。
(4)两种方法都能比较准确地重建声源,原外推方法的重构误差为10.45%、12.63%,而改进方法的重构误差为8.34%、10.56%。随着分析频率的升高,两种方法的重构误差均有增大的趋势。比较两种方法的重构误差可知,改进方法在每个频率处的重构误差较小。
综上所述,针对小孔径的测量全息面改进方法比原外推方法更优越。改进方法引入了二级迭代过程,使外推的全息面声压数据很接近理论声压值,第一级迭代是由外推误差控制的,第二级迭代是由扩展总测点数控制的。
基于二级迭代的Patch近场声全息较优越的一个原因,是引入了外推误差并产生迭代来控制外推全息面的精度。将外推误差设置得越小,该方法重构的声源就越接近于理论全息面声压重构的声源,但是外推误差设置得越小,迭代的次数就会越多,也会消耗大量的资源和时间。下面还是用简支钢板受到简谐激励振动辐射的仿真来说明情况。图10给出了简支钢板在858 Hz处振动时小测量孔径重构面的声压幅值图。由图可知,外推误差值设置得越小,重构面处声压幅值越接近于理论全息面重构声压幅值。
为了研究外推误差设置值、重建误差与分析频率间的关系,从360 Hz到1360 Hz的范围内间隔50 Hz遍历选取激励力的频率,不同外推误差的重构误差如图11所示。由图可知,随着分析频率的升高,重构的误差逐渐增大,但是即使外推误差设置为10%,重构误差也小于13%;同一分析频率处,外推误差设置越大,重构误差也会越大,但是当外推误差设置为8%以下时,重构误差基本达到稳定状态。
基于二级迭代的局部近场声全息外推全息面声压比较准确的另一个原因,是采用了逐步外推的过程而不是一步式外推的过程。为了研究扩展测点数、重建误差与分析频率间的关系,从360 Hz到1360 Hz的范围内间隔50 Hz遍历选取激励力的频率,不同的外推测点数重构误差如图12所示。由图可知:当外推测点数相同时,重构误差随分析频率的升高而增大,但是即使外推测点数为64×64,且外推全息面面积为原全息面面积的4倍时,重构误差仍然在11%以下,满足重构的误差要求;外推测点数越多,同一分析频率下重构误差越大,当分析频率小于800 Hz时,随着外推测点数的增加,重构误差增加很快,但是当分析频率大于800 Hz时,随着外推测点数的增加,重构误差虽有所增加,但是增加并不快。
为了验证基于二级迭代的局部近场声全息的有效性,在消声水池中开展了试验研究。
试验装置包括硬件和软件两部分,硬件部分包括水听器、水听器阵列、换能器、集线器和水密电缆、数据采集卡、功率放大器和消声水池等,消声水池中水听器阵列布置如图13所示。采用25个在高频段比较灵敏的压电式水听器作为声压数据采集前端;阵列的测点距离为0.06 m,阵列尺寸为0.3 m,制作相应的水听器阵列支架;选用中心频率为10 000 Hz的换能器;水声信号通过水密电缆后传输至B&K数据采集系统;消声水池的结构尺寸为1.5 m×1.2 m×1.2 m,面上均铺设有吸声尖劈。
在水听器阵列前布置两个换能器,提供同频率的声波,通过水听器阵列采集两个换能器产生的声压信号,分别采用改进方法和原外推方法对声源进行重构并比较两种方法对声源的定位识别能力。
试验中换能器振动辐射发声的频率分别为5000 Hz和6000 Hz,在两个频点处分别用两种近场声全息重构声压幅值,如图14图15所示。由图可知,改进方法在给定的频点都能准确地重构声源,从重构图上可以比较准确地得知声源的具体位置信息,而原外推方法并不能将两个声源区别开来,充分说明了改进方法的优越性。
本文针对近场声全息在小测量孔径情形下“窗效应”导致潜艇“声学亮点”难以定位识别的问题,提出了基于二级迭代的局部近场声全息,开展了仿真分析和实验验证。主要工作和结论总结如下:
(1)基于二级迭代的局部近场声全息能有效地将测量孔径外推,重构精度好,能显著减小一次扩展过大所带来的误差;
(2)分析频率增大、外推误差值增加和外推测点数增加,均会导致基于二级迭代的局部近场声全息重构误差变大;
(3)在消声水池中对基于二级迭代的局部近场声全息进行了验证,结果表明该方法能准确定位声源位置,与基于正交球面波的Patch近场声全息方法相比具有明显的优越性。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52201389)
  • 湖北省自然科学基金资助项目(2020CFB148)
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2024年第28卷第9期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.09.014
  • 接收时间:2024-03-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2024-09-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-30
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52201389)
湖北省自然科学基金资助项目(2020CFB148)
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    a.海军工程大学 舰船与海洋学院,武汉 430033
    b.海军工程大学 动力工程学院,武汉 430033

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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