Article(id=1243879758019281625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879752042398333, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.08.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1708963200000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774493644480, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1724083200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774493644480, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774493644480, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774493644480, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243879752042398333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='8', pageStart='1133', pageEnd='1296', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774493643055, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774493947997, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243881031133147325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879752042398333, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243881031133147326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879752042398333, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1230, endPage=1243, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243879758484849378, articleId=1243879758019281625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Scaling criterion of ultimate strength similarity of axial compression stiffened plate based on finite similarity method, columnId=1242129251223274417, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Structural Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The directional dimensional analysis method is commonly used in the design of similar scale-down models of hull structures. However, the traditional dimensional analysis method based on elastic theory cannot reflect the nonlinear response process of a structure, which limits its application in the scale down model test of hull structures. In this paper, based on the finite similarity method, the scale-down factors of the geometric dimension, material density and time of a structure were obtained by matching the transport equations in the physical space and the trial space. The nonlinear similarity relationship between the scaled down model of the stiffened plate structure and the prototype was derived, and the influence of the material parameters on the nonlinear similarity process was analyzed. By calculating the ultimate strength of the stiffened plates subjected to plain compression, the effectiveness of the scaling criterion based on the finite similarity method was verified. The result shows that the present method can well reflect the nonlinear characteristics of materials, and achieve a good prediction on the ultimate strength of the original model through the results of the scale down model.

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在对船体结构进行相似缩比试验设计时,通常采用方向性量纲分析法。然而,传统的基于弹性理论的量纲分析法不能反映结构材料非线性过程,因而限制了其在船体结构缩比模型极限强度试验中的应用。本文基于有限相似方法,通过匹配物理空间与试验空间中的输运方程,获得结构几何尺寸、材料密度和时间的比例因子,推导得到加筋板结构缩比模型与原模型的非线性过程相似关系,分析材料参数对非线性相似过程的影响。通过开展不同缩比比例、不同材料参数的加筋板轴压极限强度数值计算,验证基于有限相似方法缩比准则的有效性。分析表明,基于有限相似方法的轴压加筋板极限强度缩比准则可以很好地体现材料的非线性特性,可以通过缩比模型结果对原模型的极限强度取得良好的预报效果。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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孔祥韶(1983-),男,教授,博士生导师,通讯作者,E-mail:

许崇喜(1998-),男,硕士研究生。

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孔祥韶(1983-),男,教授,博士生导师,通讯作者,E-mail:

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孔祥韶(1983-),男,教授,博士生导师,通讯作者,E-mail:

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label=Fig.2, caption=Features of each model and their relationship, figureFileSmall=E/bno8tpcK0FRXMRfMUxmg==, figureFileBig=lf2x0Bd38JMwY6vBgZY0JQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243879776872677776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879758019281625, language=CN, label=图2, caption=各模型特征以及相互关系, figureFileSmall=E/bno8tpcK0FRXMRfMUxmg==, figureFileBig=lf2x0Bd38JMwY6vBgZY0JQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243879776994312594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879758019281625, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Flow chart of design method of the reduction model of the axial compression stiffened plate during the test, figureFileSmall=4x4yIzNmegZZ6kLNMSHKMg==, figureFileBig=FsLsqcjkctPwOog+5xcDyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243879777099170196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879758019281625, language=CN, label=图3, caption=试验过程中轴压加筋板试验设计模型设计方法流程图, 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figureFileSmall=zFtMykreDEzZb9JHs06v8Q==, figureFileBig=0mTDtNhiMck0NAA0SHPSaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243879777430520219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879758019281625, language=CN, label=图5, caption=加筋板原模型示意图, figureFileSmall=zFtMykreDEzZb9JHs06v8Q==, figureFileBig=0mTDtNhiMck0NAA0SHPSaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243879777535377821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879758019281625, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Failure modes and stress states of test models and scale models of stiffened plates with different materials, figureFileSmall=qqZvlygbF9S+Xk+YS1HJcA==, figureFileBig=Np4FUGNwNrYzUp0Iv3S4mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243879777598292383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879758019281625, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同材料的加筋板试验设计模型与比例模型的失效模式及应力状态, figureFileSmall=qqZvlygbF9S+Xk+YS1HJcA==, figureFileBig=Np4FUGNwNrYzUp0Iv3S4mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243879777673789857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879758019281625, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Comparison of load-displacement curves between the scale model and the corresponding experimental model, figureFileSmall=OgYcXCc3zdQSmc42/XJzVA==, figureFileBig=gxysKAURz2BcoomsMBryrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243879777745093027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879758019281625, language=CN, label=图7, caption=比例模型与对应的试验设计模型载荷-位移曲线对比, figureFileSmall=OgYcXCc3zdQSmc42/XJzVA==, figureFileBig=gxysKAURz2BcoomsMBryrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243879777845756325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879758019281625, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Failure modes and stress states of original model and the reverse test model of the stiffened plate, 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figureFileBig=XsJVVveL+ReeJINlYR9Axw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243879778156134829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879758019281625, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Failure mode and stress state of original Model 2 and experimental Models 5 and 6 of stiffened plate, figureFileSmall=msNe9/AzkeaB0526v/1o3g==, figureFileBig=2lR5eHjU2a1KV/Wjm3czpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243879778265186734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879758019281625, language=CN, label=图10, caption=加筋板原模型2与试验设计模型5、6的失效模式及应力状态, figureFileSmall=msNe9/AzkeaB0526v/1o3g==, figureFileBig=2lR5eHjU2a1KV/Wjm3czpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243879778353267120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879758019281625, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Dimensionless load-displacement curves of original Model 2 and experimental Models 5 and 6 of stiffened plate, figureFileSmall=TCOMJcc2Vot0N8T7EbzJwA==, figureFileBig=LCWid9+MhVPfD2otpBsDqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243879778453930418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879758019281625, language=CN, label=图11, caption=加筋板原模型2与试验设计模型5、6的无量纲载荷-位移曲线, figureFileSmall=TCOMJcc2Vot0N8T7EbzJwA==, figureFileBig=LCWid9+MhVPfD2otpBsDqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243879778542010806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879758019281625, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Scale factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
β αρ h
Q235-Q23520.12520.1250.063
Q235-Q34520.1252.4230.1510.063
Q235-Q46020.1252.7980.1750.063
Q235-Al20.0433.8320.0820.021
), ArticleFig(id=1243879778638479799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879758019281625, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

比例因子

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
β αρ h
Q235-Q23520.12520.1250.063
Q235-Q34520.1252.4230.1510.063
Q235-Q46020.1252.7980.1750.063
Q235-Al20.0433.8320.0820.021
), ArticleFig(id=1243879778751726007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879758019281625, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Geometric parameters of stiffened panel test model and scale model (Unit: mm)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
a b t hw tw
试验设计模型1-43002002301.5
比例模型1-43002002301.5
), ArticleFig(id=1243879778856583608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879758019281625, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

加筋板试验设计模型与比例模型的几何参数(单位:mm)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
a b t hw tw
试验设计模型1-43002002301.5
比例模型1-43002002301.5
), ArticleFig(id=1243879778932081082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879758019281625, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Material properties of stiffened panel test models and scale models

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ/(kg·m-3 E/Pa ν σy/Pa σy/E
试验设计模型1(Q235)78502.06E110.32.35E81.14E-3
试验设计模型2(Q345)78502.06E110.33.45E81.68E-3
试验设计模型3(Q460)78502.06E110.34.60E82.23E-3
试验设计模型4(Al)26907.24E100.332.95E84.07E-3
比例模型1(Q235)78502.06E110.32.35E81.14E-3
比例模型2(Q345)78503.02E110.33.45E81.14E-3
比例模型3(Q460)78504.03E110.34.60E81.14E-3
比例模型4(Al)26902.58E110.332.95E81.14E-3
), ArticleFig(id=1243879779024355772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879758019281625, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

加筋板试验设计模型与比例模型的材料属性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ/(kg·m-3 E/Pa ν σy/Pa σy/E
试验设计模型1(Q235)78502.06E110.32.35E81.14E-3
试验设计模型2(Q345)78502.06E110.33.45E81.68E-3
试验设计模型3(Q460)78502.06E110.34.60E82.23E-3
试验设计模型4(Al)26907.24E100.332.95E84.07E-3
比例模型1(Q235)78502.06E110.32.35E81.14E-3
比例模型2(Q345)78503.02E110.33.45E81.14E-3
比例模型3(Q460)78504.03E110.34.60E81.14E-3
比例模型4(Al)26902.58E110.332.95E81.14E-3
), ArticleFig(id=1243879779125019071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879758019281625, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Boundary conditions of stiffened plate model under axial compression

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ux Uy Uz Rx Ry Rz
A-Afreefree0000
B-B’000000
C-C’freefree0freefreefree
D-D’freefree0freefreefree
A-Bfreefree0free00
A’-B’freefree0free00
), ArticleFig(id=1243879779221488064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879758019281625, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

轴向压缩作用下加筋板模型的边界条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ux Uy Uz Rx Ry Rz
A-Afreefree0000
B-B’000000
C-C’freefree0freefreefree
D-D’freefree0freefreefree
A-Bfreefree0free00
A’-B’freefree0free00
), ArticleFig(id=1243879779322151361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879758019281625, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Comparison of ultimate loads between test model and scale model of stiffened plates with different materials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ftsmax FpsmaxError uts upsError
原模型1(Q235)630.811.89
试验设计模型1(Q235)157.60630.400.06%0.931.861.56%
比例模型1(Q235)157.60630.400.06%1.411.861.56%
试验设计模型2(Q345)205.13558.9111.40%1.872.8349.93%
比例模型2(Q345)231.34630.320.08%3.101.880.17%
试验设计模型3(Q460)250.82512.5318.75%0.933.7397.88%
比例模型3(Q460)308.42630.250.09%0.941.900.65%
试验设计模型4(Al)131.60419.3933.52%0.956.20228.95%
比例模型4(Al)199.22634.860.64%0.891.776.08%
), ArticleFig(id=1243879779406037443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879758019281625, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同材料加筋板试验设计模型与比例模型极限载荷对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ftsmax FpsmaxError uts upsError
原模型1(Q235)630.811.89
试验设计模型1(Q235)157.60630.400.06%0.931.861.56%
比例模型1(Q235)157.60630.400.06%1.411.861.56%
试验设计模型2(Q345)205.13558.9111.40%1.872.8349.93%
比例模型2(Q345)231.34630.320.08%3.101.880.17%
试验设计模型3(Q460)250.82512.5318.75%0.933.7397.88%
比例模型3(Q460)308.42630.250.09%0.941.900.65%
试验设计模型4(Al)131.60419.3933.52%0.956.20228.95%
比例模型4(Al)199.22634.860.64%0.891.776.08%
), ArticleFig(id=1243879779527672261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879758019281625, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Geometric parameters (Unit: mm)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
a b t hw tw
原模型16004004603
反向试验模型1-46004004603
), ArticleFig(id=1243879779607364039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879758019281625, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

几何参数(单位:mm)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
a b t hw tw
原模型16004004603
反向试验模型1-46004004603
), ArticleFig(id=1243879779678667209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879758019281625, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Material properties

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ/(kg·m-3 E/Pa ν σy/Pa σy/E
原模型1(Q235)78502.06E110.32.35E81.14E-3
反向试验模型1(Q235)78502.06E110.32.35E81.14E-3
反向试验模型2(Q345)78501.40E110.32.35E81.68E-3
反向试验模型3(Q460)78501.05E110.32.35E82.24E-3
反向试验模型4(Al)78505.77E100.32.35E84.07E-3
), ArticleFig(id=1243879779791913420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879758019281625, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

材料属性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ/(kg·m-3 E/Pa ν σy/Pa σy/E
原模型1(Q235)78502.06E110.32.35E81.14E-3
反向试验模型1(Q235)78502.06E110.32.35E81.14E-3
反向试验模型2(Q345)78501.40E110.32.35E81.68E-3
反向试验模型3(Q460)78501.05E110.32.35E82.24E-3
反向试验模型4(Al)78505.77E100.32.35E84.07E-3
), ArticleFig(id=1243879779905159629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879758019281625, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Comparison of ultimate loads between original model of stiffened plate and reverse test model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ftsmax FpsmaxError uts upsError
原模型1(Q235)630.811.89
反向试验模型(Q235)630.810.00%1.890%
反向试验模型(Q345)557.9411.55%2.7847.38%
反向试验模型(Q460)511.8618.86%3.7297.24%
反向试验模型4(Al)421.2033.23%6.62251.41%
), ArticleFig(id=1243879780010017230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879758019281625, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

加筋板原模型与反向试验模型极限载荷对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ftsmax FpsmaxError uts upsError
原模型1(Q235)630.811.89
反向试验模型(Q235)630.810.00%1.890%
反向试验模型(Q345)557.9411.55%2.7847.38%
反向试验模型(Q460)511.8618.86%3.7297.24%
反向试验模型4(Al)421.2033.23%6.62251.41%
), ArticleFig(id=1243879780102291919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879758019281625, language=EN, label=Tab.9, caption=

Material properties[21-23]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ/(kg·m-3 E/Pa ν σy/Pa σy/E
原模型2(45钢)78002.00E110.35.07E82.53E-3
试验设计模型5(AL-6XN钢)78501.61E110.354.00E82.48E-3
试验设计模型6(FC200灰铸铁)70401.00E110.262.50E82.50E-3
), ArticleFig(id=1243879780165206480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879758019281625, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

材料属性[21-23]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ/(kg·m-3 E/Pa ν σy/Pa σy/E
原模型2(45钢)78002.00E110.35.07E82.53E-3
试验设计模型5(AL-6XN钢)78501.61E110.354.00E82.48E-3
试验设计模型6(FC200灰铸铁)70401.00E110.262.50E82.50E-3
), ArticleFig(id=1243879780249092561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879758019281625, language=EN, label=Tab.10, caption=

Model scale factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
β αρ h
原模型2-试验设计模型520.1261.7710.1110.063
原模型2-试验设计模型620.1131.4780.0830.056
), ArticleFig(id=1243879780324590034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879758019281625, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

模型比例因子

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
β αρ h
原模型2-试验设计模型520.1261.7710.1110.063
原模型2-试验设计模型620.1131.4780.0830.056
), ArticleFig(id=1243879780400087507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879758019281625, language=EN, label=Tab.11, caption=

Ultimate load comparison between the original Model 2 of the stiffened plate and the experimental Models 5 and 6

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ftsmax FpsmaxError uts upsError
原模型2(45钢)1059.134.13
试验设计模型5(AL-6XN钢)214.851089.292.85%2.084.160.85%
试验设计模型6(FC200灰铸铁)129.441050.000.86%2.024.051.95%
), ArticleFig(id=1243879780538499540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879758019281625, language=CN, label=表11, caption=

加筋板原模型2与试验设计模型5、6极限载荷对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ftsmax FpsmaxError uts upsError
原模型2(45钢)1059.134.13
试验设计模型5(AL-6XN钢)214.851089.292.85%2.084.160.85%
试验设计模型6(FC200灰铸铁)129.441050.000.86%2.024.051.95%
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基于有限相似方法的轴压加筋板极限强度相似缩比准则研究
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孔祥韶 a , 许崇喜 b , 王卓 b , 周沪 b , 郑成 a , 吴卫国 a
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2024,28(8): 1230-1243
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船舶力学 | 结构力学 2024, 28(8): 1230-1243
基于有限相似方法的轴压加筋板极限强度相似缩比准则研究
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孔祥韶a , 许崇喜b, 王卓b, 周沪b, 郑成a, 吴卫国a
作者信息
  • a.武汉理工大学 绿色智能江海直达船舶与邮轮游艇研究中心,武汉 430063
  • b.武汉理工大学 船海与能源动力工程学院,武汉 430063
  • 孔祥韶(1983-),男,教授,博士生导师,通讯作者,E-mail:

    许崇喜(1998-),男,硕士研究生。

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Scaling criterion of ultimate strength similarity of axial compression stiffened plate based on finite similarity method
Xiang-shao KONGa , Chong-xi XUb, Zhuo WANGb, Hu ZHOUb, Cheng ZHENGa, Wei-guo WUa
Affiliations
  • a.Green & Smart River-Sea-Going Ship, Cruise and Yacht Research Center, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
  • b.School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Energy Power Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
出版时间: 2024-08-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.08.010
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在对船体结构进行相似缩比试验设计时,通常采用方向性量纲分析法。然而,传统的基于弹性理论的量纲分析法不能反映结构材料非线性过程,因而限制了其在船体结构缩比模型极限强度试验中的应用。本文基于有限相似方法,通过匹配物理空间与试验空间中的输运方程,获得结构几何尺寸、材料密度和时间的比例因子,推导得到加筋板结构缩比模型与原模型的非线性过程相似关系,分析材料参数对非线性相似过程的影响。通过开展不同缩比比例、不同材料参数的加筋板轴压极限强度数值计算,验证基于有限相似方法缩比准则的有效性。分析表明,基于有限相似方法的轴压加筋板极限强度缩比准则可以很好地体现材料的非线性特性,可以通过缩比模型结果对原模型的极限强度取得良好的预报效果。

输运方程  /  试验设计模型  /  轴向压缩  /  有限相似方法  /  极限载荷

The directional dimensional analysis method is commonly used in the design of similar scale-down models of hull structures. However, the traditional dimensional analysis method based on elastic theory cannot reflect the nonlinear response process of a structure, which limits its application in the scale down model test of hull structures. In this paper, based on the finite similarity method, the scale-down factors of the geometric dimension, material density and time of a structure were obtained by matching the transport equations in the physical space and the trial space. The nonlinear similarity relationship between the scaled down model of the stiffened plate structure and the prototype was derived, and the influence of the material parameters on the nonlinear similarity process was analyzed. By calculating the ultimate strength of the stiffened plates subjected to plain compression, the effectiveness of the scaling criterion based on the finite similarity method was verified. The result shows that the present method can well reflect the nonlinear characteristics of materials, and achieve a good prediction on the ultimate strength of the original model through the results of the scale down model.

transport equation  /  experimental design model  /  axial compression  /  finite similarity method  /  ultimate load
孔祥韶, 许崇喜, 王卓, 周沪, 郑成, 吴卫国. 基于有限相似方法的轴压加筋板极限强度相似缩比准则研究. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (8) : 1230 -1243 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.08.010
Xiang-shao KONG, Chong-xi XU, Zhuo WANG, Hu ZHOU, Cheng ZHENG, Wei-guo WU. Scaling criterion of ultimate strength similarity of axial compression stiffened plate based on finite similarity method[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (8) : 1230 -1243 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.08.010
试验法可以直观地反映出研究对象的响应特性,是验证理论与数值仿真结果可靠性的有效手段。对于船舶结构试验,由于实船试验存在经济成本与操作难度过高的缺陷,因此利用缩比模型试验预测原模型的响应成为切实有效的研究手段。
Sugimura[1]及Dow等[2]选择军舰作为原型,先后建造了钢制缩比模型并开展了极限强度试验;Patrick等[3]和Recking等[4]开展了小尺度箱形梁结构模型的纯弯曲试验研究;Ostapenko等[5]开展了多个箱形梁模型弯剪扭组合载荷的极限强度试验研究;徐向东等[6]针对船体梁的简化模型开展了崩溃试验,依据试验结果提出了一套解析方法,该方法可用于快速预估船体箱形梁极限强度;Sun等[7]使用缩比模型试验与有限元数值计算两种方法研究了含有大开口船舶的扭转极限强度;刘斌[8]开展了小水线面双体船的极限强度缩比模型试验研究;刘维勤[9]开展了的高速三体船缩比模型极限强度试验;袁天[10]基于方向性量纲分析法提出了轴压加筋板在非线性大变形阶段的相似准则。
国内外学者对基于量纲分析法的船体结构缩比模型设计准则开展了大量研究工作。在船舶结构领域,量纲分析法主要基于等应力假设,即保证原型与缩比模型在对应载荷下截面应力相等;方向性量纲分析法通过独立出板厚作为单独的量纲,与研究过程中其他相关的物理量共同作为相似准数,通过满足缩比模型与原模型对应相似准数相等实现结构响应相似。如果在相似设计过程中只考虑线弹性小变形阶段,将导致轴向压缩载荷下加筋板极限强度缩比相似准则在预测原模型极限强度方面精度不高;当进一步考虑非线性大变形阶段时,需要确定新的相似准数,导致工作量加大,难度提高。而有限相似方法通过建立原模型与试验设计模型整个物理过程间的关系,包含结构响应的各个阶段,提高了计算精度并且减少了工作量。虽然量纲分析法的相似设计精度能够基本满足安全评估工程需求,但随着船舶结构轻量化设计需求的不断提升,对结构极限承载能力的评估精度要求变得更高,因此有必要基于有限相似理论,将结构非线性响应纳入相似设计范畴,以期提高缩比模型设计精度。
近年来,针对受载结构非线性响应过程,研究人员提出了基于有限相似方法的缩比模型设计方法。量纲分析法侧重于特定的方程或某些理想化过程(例如准静态线性过程),有限相似理论与量纲分析法不同,该方法考虑了与连续介质力学和试验有关的所有约束输运方程,有限相似理论建立在空间缩放的概念上,其思想是通过扩展或收缩空间,可以评估支配机制的变化。Davey等[11]和Sadeghi等[12]通过有限相似方法,分别以轴对称管、圆板为研究对象进行了理论计算、仿真以及试验,对比了原模型与反向试验模型的结果,提高了冲击比例试验的预测精度;Davey等[13]通过有限相似理论,以开有裂缝的方板为研究对象进行了仿真计算,利用试验设计模型对原模型进行预报,解决了尺度效应并且提高了预报精度;Darvizeh等[14]以气缸为研究对象,通过有限相似方法分别设置了原模型与反向试验模型的工作温度,验证了有限相似方法在金属成型领域中的有效性;Davey等[15]以金属长方体、气缸为研究对象,分别进行了在纯热、纯力学、热力学工况下的有限元相似分析,以较高精度预测了原模型结构响应;Raul等[16]分别以圆柱体、股骨为研究对象,通过有限相似方法对股骨的轴压、扭转、弯曲等工况进行了相似性分析,对比验证了试验设计模型与原模型结果;Darvizeh等[17]验证了有限相似方法在细胞材料领域中的有效性;Sadeghi等[18]针对气缸模型,采用有限相似理论,确定不同的材料属性包括密度、初始屈服应力、应变硬化和应变率效应,通过由相同和不同材料制成的小比例模型,以良好的精度预测了原模型的响应;Sadeghi等[19]基于零阶有限相似理论,对热力学冲击过程进行了缩比设计,其中首次对损伤进行了相似缩比研究。
本文基于有限相似方法,提出适用于轴压载荷下轴压加筋板的极限强度相似缩比准则,利用该准则确定试验过程以及数值仿真过程的加筋板缩比模型设计参数的求解流程。采用本文提出的准则以及参数求解流程设计系列不同材料的缩比加筋板模型,通过非线性有限元程序ABAQUS开展数值计算研究,对比轴向压缩载荷下系列加筋板缩比模型与原模型的极限强度和屈曲失效模式,从而验证该相似准则的有效性与合理性。
有限相似方法主要表现为两个空间中物理量的匹配,其中一个空间根据比例进行缩放。缩放空间的过程可以用数学方法来描述,缩放空间中的物理量可以与缩比试验中的物理量进行对比。有限相似理论不关注物质本身,而是更多地关注空间以及空间区域内外的转移。对空间的关注意味着任何分析过程都使用控制体积方法来描述,该方法描述了控制体积的输入和输出。有限相似方法实质上是对原模型所在空间的比例缩放或者扩展,如图1所示,两个空间中的物理量存在确定的对应关系。
假设控制运动的体积为ΩpsΩps上物理量ψ满足一般守恒定律,ψ为单位质量物理量,则可得到物理空间的输运方程,下标ps、ts分别表示物理空间、试验空间:
式中,ρψb分别为密度、物理场、速度场、通量、源以及控制体积Ωps边界的单位法线,中的上标分别表示物理场和源对应的通量,导数D*/D*t表征Ωps是通过速度传输的控制体积,t为物理空间中的时间。同理,试验空间中的输运方程为
上述两个空间中的输运方程是不相关的,它们描述各自空间中的传输现象。但是物理空间中的输运方程可以转换成一种类似试验空间输运方程的形式。通过dτ = gt)dt建立两个空间的方程的联系,τ为试验空间中的时间。结合Nanson几何恒等式[20]对式(1)施加约束获得下列守恒方程:
式中,分别为柯西应力张量、体力、位移。同理,对式(2)施加约束亦可获得一系列守恒方程,通过dτ = gt)dt可以实现两个空间对应守恒方程各项的一一对应,得到下列公式:
式中,αρβhσy分别为密度比例因子、几何比例因子、时间比例因子、屈服应力、动量比例因子,h = 1/gt)。
对于纯力学过程,有5个比例因子,分别为βhαρ(位移比例因子)。通过上述公式可以看出,在确定试验设计模型材料与几何尺寸后,独立量βhαρ随之确定,根据等式可知,可由其他三个比例因子推导得到,因此为非独立量。当原模型属性只有几何尺寸、密度、屈服强度时,试验模型将与原模型的直接比例模型完全一致。但是,实际情况下原模型不止有这三个属性,还包括弹性模量和泊松比等,其他属性均需要通过独立比例因子间接推导求得。因此,直接比例模型(理想缩比模型)是不存在的,并且与试验设计模型之间有一定的误差,试验设计模型对原模型的预测结果只是接近[11]
在有限相似方法中,除了真实空间中的原模型与试验设计模型,还有虚拟空间中的比例模型与反向试验模型。比例模型(直接比例模型)为原模型通过比例因子推导的理想虚拟模型(即所有的属性参数均由原模型通过比例因子确定,因此两者具有高度相似的结构响应特性),反向试验模型为将试验设计模型各个属性通过比例因子反向推导得到的理想虚拟模型(即所有的属性参数均由试验设计模型通过比例因子反向推导确定,因此两者具有高度相似的结构响应特性)。由于确定了βhαρ三个比例因子,因此原模型与反向试验模型具有相同的几何尺寸、密度以及屈服强度,但是弹性模量、泊松比等其他属性并不相同,导致结构响应特性并不完全一致。同理,试验设计模型与比例模型具有相同的几何尺寸、密度和屈服强度以及并不完全一致的结构响应特性。在开展试验之前,通过数值仿真计算可以分别对比原模型与反向试验模型、试验设计模型与比例模型的结构响应,流程如图2所示。
对于轴向压缩加筋板的缩比模型设计,主要考虑加筋板模型的材料属性包括密度ρ、弹性模量E、泊松比ν和屈服应力σy,几何属性包括板格长度a、板格宽度b、板格厚度t、加筋高度hw、加筋厚度tw。结合第1章推导的公式,轴压载荷下加筋板的极限强度响应缩比准则如下:
式中,下标ps表示物理空间,包括加筋板原模型和反向试验模型,ts表示试验空间,包括加筋板试验设计模型和比例模型;中的l表示加筋板的所有几何参数。
根据上述极限强度缩比准则,试验过程中轴压载荷下加筋板相似设计步骤如下:
(1)确定原模型的几何尺寸、材料属性、边界条件和初始条件;
(2)确定试验设计模型的材料属性、边界条件;
(3)通过几何比例因子β确定试验设计模型的几何尺寸,并且计算密度比例因子αρ、和时间比例因子h
(4)通过上述比例因子组合得到极限载荷以及位移的预报公式,对原模型结构响应进行预报。
数值计算过程中可以对虚拟模型进行仿真计算,因此轴压载荷下加筋板相似设计步骤变为:
(1)确定原模型的几何尺寸、材料属性、边界条件和初始条件;
(2)确定试验设计模型的材料属性、边界条件;
(3)通过几何比例因子β确定试验设计模型的几何尺寸,并且计算密度比例因子αρ、时间比例因子h,建立试验设计模型的有限元模型并计算;
(4)通过上述求得的比例因子,结合原模型材料属性推导比例模型的材料属性,建立有限元模型并分析,通过上述比例因子结合试验设计模型材料属性推导反向试验模型材料属性,建立有限元模型并分析;
(5)分别对比试验设计模型与比例模型、反向试验模型与原模型的有限元结果,并对试验设计模型的有限元结果反向推导与原模型结果进行对比。
在试验过程中,首先确定加筋板原模型的各项参数,将已知原模型的几何参数apsbpstpstwpshwps代入相似准则中求得试验设计模型的对应几何参数。将原模型、试验设计模型的材料密度和屈服应力分别代入相似准则中,得到密度比例因子αρ、时间比例因子h,确定了三个比例因子后,将试验设计模型的极限载荷以及位移代入预报公式中与原模型结果进行对比,试验过程中轴压加筋板试验设计模型设计方法流程如图3所示。
在数值仿真中,首先确定加筋板原模型的各项参数,将已知的原模型几何参数apsbpstpstwpshwps代入相似准则中求得试验设计模型以及比例模型的对应几何参数。将原模型、试验设计模型的材料密度和屈服应力分别代入相似准则中,得到密度比例因子αρ、时间比例因子h,确定了三个比例因子后,将原模型和试验设计模型的材料属性ρσyE分别代入相似准则中,得到比例模型以及反向试验模型的材料属性,数值仿真中轴压加筋板缩比模型设计方法流程如图4所示。
由于原模型与试验设计模型之间的几何尺寸满足:
式中,下标ps、ts分别表示原模型和试验模型,下式同。
原模型与试验设计模型的屈服应力之间满足:
在加筋板试验设计模型与原模型满足失效模式和极限承载能力相似的条件下,加筋板试验设计模型与原模型剖面上对应点处的应力满足:
式中,σi为剖面上某微元沿剖面法向的平均应力,其表达式为
式中,dAi为剖面上某微元的面积,dFi为因轴压作用而施加在该微元上沿剖面法向的载荷。
通过以上四式可获得试验设计模型与原模型极限载荷的关系为
加筋板试验设计模型与原模型位移之间的关系通过式(9)可以得出:
根据图3~4中的流程图可以看出,试验设计模型材料的选择决定后续的比例因子,从而决定了试验设计模型的预报精度,本章将验证轴压载荷下加筋板极限强度缩比准则的可靠性以及如何选择合适的试验设计模型材料。采用非线性有限元软件ABAQUS的Riks法(弧长法)对加筋板进行极限强度数值计算,通过对比试验空间中加筋板试验设计模型与比例模型的极限载荷屈曲失效模式、物理空间中加筋板原模型与反向试验模型的极限载荷来分析极限强度的相似性,对比无量纲化的载荷-位移曲线来分析失效历程的相似性。
首先通过图4计算得到比例因子,如表1所示,结合缩比准则式(10)求得材料参数并建立与加筋板试验设计模型同量纲的比例模型,对比试验空间中加筋板试验设计模型与比例模型的极限强度,试验设计模型采用四种不同的材料,包括三种不同牌号的钢材和一种铝材,相对应的比例模型是由原模型通过有限相似方法推导得来的理想模型,与加筋板试验设计模型具有相同的几何特征,但是材料属性不完全一致。加筋板原模型采用Q235钢材,具体材料属性以及几何参数如表2表3所示,其中β为几何比例因子。
对于材料会进入塑性阶段的极限强度分析,至少需要建立3个横梁跨度的模型才能较好地模拟加筋板在受到轴向压缩时的屈曲变形历程[12],加筋板模型剖面结构如图5(a)所示。所以本文使用3跨模型,如图5所示。为清晰地表述加强筋的变形历程,建模过程中在腹板高度方向画5个网格,并以此网格尺寸作为全局网格尺寸,加筋板有限元模型如图5(b)所示。
轴向压缩作用下加筋板模型的边界条件如表4所示。
在钢制模型的生产制造过程中,由于焊接等建造工艺或加工误差的影响,导致结构会出现一定程度的初始变形,对结构性能会产生影响。因此,为了使有限元分析更符合试验的实际情况,在研究轴压加筋板的极限强度问题时应引入适当的初始变形[6]
在计算过程中,对加筋板中选取1阶特征值屈曲模态以及最大平均挠度引入有限元模型可以较好地模拟其初始变形。
最大平均挠度W0max[10]
式中,β0为板长细比,b为板宽,t为板厚,σy为材料屈服应力,E为弹性模量。
图6为试验空间中采用不同材料的加筋板试验设计模型与对应比例模型的失效模式及应力状态。
通过对比图6中各组模型的失效模式,可知:(1)每组加筋板的失稳区域出现在加筋板板格中跨区域;(2)同原模型材料的Q235组加筋板试验设计模型1与比例模型1的屈曲失效模式最为接近;(3)比例模型1、2、3、4具有近似的屈曲失效模式。
表5为采用不同材料的加筋板试验设计模型与比例模型的极限载荷、位移对比,其中Ftsmax为加筋板试验设计模型及比例模型的极限载荷,Fpsmax为通过式(15)推导的物理空间中与原模型相对应的极限载荷,单位为kN;uts为试验空间中加筋板模型受到Ftsmax时的位移,ups为通过式(16)推导的物理空间中与原模型相对应的位移,单位为mm。
对比表3表5中的数据可知:(1)当加筋板试验设计模型与比例模型材料的σy/E相近时,两者具有相近的极限强度;(2)经过式(15)~(16)推导得到的比例模型的极限载荷、位移与原模型吻合较好。上述结果说明,当加筋板试验设计模型材料的σy/E与原模型材料接近时,基于有限相似方法的轴压加筋板极限强度缩比准则设计的试验设计模型对原模型的极限载荷以及位移具有较好的预报精度。
因为试验设计模型与比例模型具有相同的量纲,因此通过载荷-位移曲线来对比分析加筋板试验设计模型与比例模型在受载变形过程中的相似性。各组不同材料的加筋板试验设计模型与比例模型的载荷-位移曲线如图7所示。
图7中可以看出,与原模型相同材料的加筋板模型的载荷-位移曲线重合度较高,而当采用与原模型不同材料且σy/E不同时,加筋板试验设计模型与比例模型的载荷-位移曲线误差较大,并且试验设计模型材料的σy/E与原模型差距越大,载荷-位移曲线误差越大,后文将验证与原模型材料不同但是σy/E接近的试验设计模型对原模型极限强度的预报精度。
根据表1中的比例因子,结合加筋板试验设计模型材料通过缩比准则式(10)求得与加筋板原模型同量纲的反向试验模型的材料参数,该材料为虚拟材料,对比物理空间中加筋板原模型与反向试验模型的极限强度。加筋板原模型采用Q235钢材,具体几何参数(单位为mm)以及材料属性如表6表7所示。
图8反映了加筋板原模型与系列反向试验模型的失效模式及应力分布。
通过对比图8中原模型与系列反向试验模型的失效模式,可见与原模型材料相同的反向试验模型1与原模型的失效模式具有较高的相似性,其他反向试验模型由于与原模型材料的σy/E相差较大,因此相似度较差。
加筋板原模型以及系列反向试验模型的极限载荷如表8所示。
通过表7表8中的结果对比可知:(1)采用与原模型1相同材料的试验设计模型1,反向推导得到的反向试验模型1与原模型1的极限载荷一致;(2)反向试验模型的极限载荷与通过式(15)反向推导试验设计模型的极限载荷比较接近;(3)反向试验模型与对应的试验设计模型具有近似的失效模式。上述结果说明,若采用合适的材料,基于有限相似方法的轴压加筋板极限强度缩比准则设计的试验设计模型对原模型的极限承载能力具有较好的预报精度。
加筋板原模型与反向试验比例模型的载荷-位移曲线如图9所示。
结合图7图9可以看出,通过相似准则式(10)推导的反向试验模型同原模型的误差与对应的试验设计模型同比例模型的误差大致相等,说明通过有限相似方法建立的比例模型作为原模型在试验空间中的理想缩比模型是可靠的,可以将同量纲的通过试验得到的试验设计模型的结构响应与数值仿真得到的比例模型的结构响应直接对比;同理,反向试验模型作为试验设计模型在物理空间中反向推导的理想原模型是可靠的,可以将同量纲的反向试验模型与原模型的结构响应直接对比,证明了基于有限相似方法的轴压加筋板极限强度缩比准则的合理性。
表5表8中可以看出,当加筋板试验设计模型材料的σy/E与原模型材料的σy/E相接近时,通过基于有限相似方法的轴压加筋板极限强度缩比准则设计的加筋板试验设计模型与原模型具有近似的失效模式,并且使用式(15)预测的原模型极限载荷与原模型具有很好的相似吻合度。
由于在表3表7中原模型材料为Q235,试验设计模型1材料也是Q235,因此两个模型材料的σy/E相等。为验证上述结论,参考文献采用一组σy/E相近的不同材料建立的原模型2及试验设计模型5、6,通过图3确定比例因子。几何参数同表6,材料属性以及比例因子分别见表9以及表10
图10反映了加筋板原模型2与试验设计模型5的失效模式及应力状态。
通过对比图10中原模型2与试验设计模型5、6的失效模式,可知原模型2与试验设计模型5、6的失效模式具有较高的相似性,验证了基于有限相似方法的轴压加筋板极限强度缩比准则的可靠性。
加筋板原模型2以及试验设计模型5、6的极限载荷如表11所示。
通过表9表11中的结果对比可知:(1)当加筋板试验设计模型材料的σy/E与原模型接近时,加筋板试验设计模型对原模型极限载荷和位移具有较高的预测精度,并且试验设计模型材料与原模型材料的σy/E越接近,预测精度越高;(2)经过式(15)~(16)推导得到的极限载荷、位移与原模型的极限载荷、位移结果吻合较好。上述结果说明,若加筋板试验设计模型材料的σy/E与原模型接近时,基于有限相似方法的轴压加筋板极限强度缩比准则设计的试验设计模型对原模型的极限承载能力具有较好的预报精度。
由于加筋板原模型2与试验设计模型5、6的载荷-位移曲线不属于同一量纲,因此通过无量纲化的载荷-位移曲线来对比分析,加筋板原模型2与试验设计模型5、6的无量纲载荷-位移曲线如图11所示。
图11中可以看出,原模型2同试验设计模型5、6之间无量纲载荷-位移曲线的误差比较小,并且试验设计模型5的载荷-位移曲线相较试验设计模型6误差更小,证明了试验设计模型材料与原模型材料的σy/E越接近,预测精度越高,同时证明了基于有限相似方法的轴压加筋板极限强度相似缩比准则的合理性。
为了提高加筋板试验设计模型对原模型的极限强度预报精度,同时为实船的极限强度缩比模型设计提供理论依据,本文针对轴向压缩载荷下加筋板的极限强度试验提出了加筋板极限强度缩比准则,利用非线性有限元软件ABAQUS进行了系列数值仿真计算,对比分析了加筋板试验设计模型、比例模型、反向试验模型与原模型的极限载荷、载荷-位移曲线和屈曲失效模式,得到下列结论:
(1)有限相似理论可以应用于船体结构的相似设计,并且基于有限相似理论的轴压加筋板极限强度缩比准则可靠性较高,关键点在于选择合适的试验材料。
(2)在一定的初始变形条件下,当加筋板试验设计模型材料与原模型材料的σy/E相近时,基于本文提出的轴压加筋板极限强度缩比准则所得到的加筋板试验设计模型与原模型在屈曲失效模式下具有较高的相似度,可以通过加筋板试验设计模型结果准确预报加筋板原模型的极限载荷及位移。
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.08.010
  • 接收时间:2024-02-27
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2024-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-27
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52171318)
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    a.武汉理工大学 绿色智能江海直达船舶与邮轮游艇研究中心,武汉 430063
    b.武汉理工大学 船海与能源动力工程学院,武汉 430063

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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