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Article(id=1243879757515965132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879752042398333, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.08.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1708272000000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774493644359, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1724083200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774493644359, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774493644359, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774493644359, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243879752042398333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='8', pageStart='1133', pageEnd='1296', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774493643055, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774493947997, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243881031133147325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879752042398333, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243881031133147326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879752042398333, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1244, endPage=1253, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243879757914424021, articleId=1243879757515965132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Analysis of the installation limit size of spool piece of offshore platforms, columnId=1242129251223274417, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Structural Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The installation of spool pieces of submarine pipelines is important in the construction of newly-laid submarine pipelines. Due to the manufacturing errors in the process of producing marine pipelines, as well as the offset between the spool piece and offshore riser or the submarine horizontal pipes, the problem concerning the limit size offset of spool piece naturally emerges during installations. In this paper, the finite element analysis software ABAQUS was employed to establish the simulation model of a spool piece with flange joint based on the practical structural configuration and material parameters. As for the three typical situations in the practical process of the spool piece installation, the stress and strain distribution of the structure were obtained. Furthermore, the limit size offsets of the spool piece were calculated under the condition of satisfying the practical strength requirement. The mechanics and deflections of the spool piece during installation were discussed and analyzed in detail. The relevant conclusions are expected to provide the corresponding theoretical basis for the practical construction of the offshore platforms. And the research could have some engineering significance for the development and construction of offshore oil and gas fields.

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海底管道膨胀弯安装是铺设海底管道施工过程中的重要组成部分。由于在生产制造海洋管道过程中存在加工误差，另外施工中对接膨胀弯管与海洋立管或者海底平管也存在偏差，因此安装膨胀弯过程中存在极限尺寸偏差方面的问题。本文运用有限元分析软件ABAQUS，按照实际结构尺寸和材料参数建立带有法兰接头的膨胀弯仿真模型，针对实际安装膨胀弯过程中存在的三种类型的偏差工况，在满足实际施工对海管强度要求规范下，计算膨胀弯安装极限尺寸偏差，并得到结构在不同工况下的应力和应变的分布情况。详细讨论和分析膨胀弯在安装对接立管和平管过程的受力与形变情况。得到的相关结论有望为海洋平台中海管实际施工安装提供相应的理论依据，对海上油气田的开发建设具有一定的工程意义。

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通讯作者，E-mail：
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刘健（2000-），男，硕士研究生

石文波（2003-），男，本科生

王宇（1988-），男，博士，副教授，通讯作者，E-mail：。

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刘健（2000-），男，硕士研究生

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刘健（2000-），男，硕士研究生

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石文波（2003-），男，本科生

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石文波（2003-），男，本科生

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王宇（1988-），男，博士，副教授，通讯作者，E-mail：。

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王宇（1988-），男，博士，副教授，通讯作者，E-mail：。

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figureFileSmall=viNaThsYep+ryWp1y5QVpA==, figureFileBig=lTXAJuGW1oZQVw4RPoo9ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243879774855217506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879757515965132, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Material parameters of each part of piece

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材料名称弹性模量E/GPa泊松比ν密度ρ/（kg∙m-3）
水泥20E90.23044
Q345206E90.37850
高密度聚氨酯泡沫塑料10.8E90.42950
), ArticleFig(id=1243879775018795366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879757515965132, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

膨胀弯管的各个部分的材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料名称弹性模量E/GPa泊松比ν密度ρ/（kg∙m-3）
水泥20E90.23044
Q345206E90.37850
高密度聚氨酯泡沫塑料10.8E90.42950
), ArticleFig(id=1243879775094292841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879757515965132, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Influence of the mesh number of steel pipe layer on the results

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布种尺寸/mm总网格数量/（个）最大应力/MPa最大应变计算时间/min
45205622141.76.88E-426
40230714141.46.79E-441
39.5257962141.46.79E-479
39265014141.46.79E-496
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钢管层网格数对结果的影响

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布种尺寸/mm总网格数量/（个）最大应力/MPa最大应变计算时间/min
45205622141.76.88E-426
40230714141.46.79E-441
39.5257962141.46.79E-479
39265014141.46.79E-496
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Influence of the mesh number of other parts on the results except steel pipe layer

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布种尺寸/mm总网格数量/（个）最大应力/MPa最大应变计算时间/min
110228634141.86.81E-432
100230714141.46.79E-441
96232050141.46.79E-448
92233302141.46.79E-457
90233646141.46.79E-467
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除钢管层以外其他部件网格数对结果的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
布种尺寸/mm总网格数量/（个）最大应力/MPa最大应变计算时间/min
110228634141.86.81E-432
100230714141.46.79E-441
96232050141.46.79E-448
92233302141.46.79E-457
90233646141.46.79E-467
), ArticleFig(id=1243879775484363121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879757515965132, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Limit size in each direction

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方向极限尺寸应力应变
x轴正向0.1575 m402.8 MPa0.25%
x轴负向0.1505 m387.6 MPa0.25%
y轴正向0.6348 m402.8 MPa0.25%
y轴负向0.6353 m402.2 MPa0.25%
z轴正向0.2964 m401.0 MPa0.25%
z轴负向0.2922 m397.6 MPa0.25%
绕y轴逆时针1.089°393.1 MPa0.25%
绕y轴顺时针1.062°387.3 MPa0.25%
), ArticleFig(id=1243879775551471987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879757515965132, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

各个方向上的极限尺寸

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方向极限尺寸应力应变
x轴正向0.1575 m402.8 MPa0.25%
x轴负向0.1505 m387.6 MPa0.25%
y轴正向0.6348 m402.8 MPa0.25%
y轴负向0.6353 m402.2 MPa0.25%
z轴正向0.2964 m401.0 MPa0.25%
z轴负向0.2922 m397.6 MPa0.25%
绕y轴逆时针1.089°393.1 MPa0.25%
绕y轴顺时针1.062°387.3 MPa0.25%
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海洋平台膨胀弯结构安装极限尺寸分析
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刘健 , 石文波 , 王宇
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2024,28(8): 1244-1253
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船舶力学 | 结构力学 2024, 28(8): 1244-1253
海洋平台膨胀弯结构安装极限尺寸分析
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刘健, 石文波, 王宇
作者信息
  • 哈尔滨工程大学　航天与建筑工程学院，哈尔滨　150001

    • 刘健（2000-），男，硕士研究生

    石文波（2003-），男，本科生

    王宇（1988-），男，博士，副教授，通讯作者，E-mail：。

通讯作者:

通讯作者，E-mail：
Analysis of the installation limit size of spool piece of offshore platforms
Jian LIU, Wen-bo SHI, Yu WANG
Affiliations
  • College of Aerospace and Civil Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
出版时间: 2024-08-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.08.011
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摘要
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海底管道膨胀弯安装是铺设海底管道施工过程中的重要组成部分。由于在生产制造海洋管道过程中存在加工误差，另外施工中对接膨胀弯管与海洋立管或者海底平管也存在偏差，因此安装膨胀弯过程中存在极限尺寸偏差方面的问题。本文运用有限元分析软件ABAQUS，按照实际结构尺寸和材料参数建立带有法兰接头的膨胀弯仿真模型，针对实际安装膨胀弯过程中存在的三种类型的偏差工况，在满足实际施工对海管强度要求规范下，计算膨胀弯安装极限尺寸偏差，并得到结构在不同工况下的应力和应变的分布情况。详细讨论和分析膨胀弯在安装对接立管和平管过程的受力与形变情况。得到的相关结论有望为海洋平台中海管实际施工安装提供相应的理论依据，对海上油气田的开发建设具有一定的工程意义。

膨胀弯  /  结构静力分析  /  ABAQUS有限元仿真  /  海洋管道

The installation of spool pieces of submarine pipelines is important in the construction of newly-laid submarine pipelines. Due to the manufacturing errors in the process of producing marine pipelines, as well as the offset between the spool piece and offshore riser or the submarine horizontal pipes, the problem concerning the limit size offset of spool piece naturally emerges during installations. In this paper, the finite element analysis software ABAQUS was employed to establish the simulation model of a spool piece with flange joint based on the practical structural configuration and material parameters. As for the three typical situations in the practical process of the spool piece installation, the stress and strain distribution of the structure were obtained. Furthermore, the limit size offsets of the spool piece were calculated under the condition of satisfying the practical strength requirement. The mechanics and deflections of the spool piece during installation were discussed and analyzed in detail. The relevant conclusions are expected to provide the corresponding theoretical basis for the practical construction of the offshore platforms. And the research could have some engineering significance for the development and construction of offshore oil and gas fields.

spool piece  /  static mechanical analysis of structure  /  ABAQUS finite element simulation  /  marine pipeline
刘健, 石文波, 王宇. 海洋平台膨胀弯结构安装极限尺寸分析. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (8) : 1244 -1253 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.08.011
Jian LIU, Wen-bo SHI, Yu WANG. Analysis of the installation limit size of spool piece of offshore platforms[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (8) : 1244 -1253 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.08.011
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0　引言
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目前，石油、煤炭和天然气仍然在全球能源需求中占主导地位，而且石油和天然气的使用量占据50%以上[1]。近些年来，对陆地石油的不断大量开采和消耗，使得世界各国将目光转向海洋油气开发。海洋蕴藏着许多能源，据不完全统计，海洋中的油气储蓄量占全球储蓄总量的30%~40%[2-4]。
海底油气管道是海洋油气生产系统的“生命线”，而膨胀弯管是连接海底管道水平段和立管的重要“咽喉”。受海水温差的影响，钢管存在着热胀冷缩的现象，膨胀弯管可以补偿海管长度的变化。近些年，不少学者对膨胀弯管结构进行了设计以及相应的计算分析[5-6]。
随着我国在海底管道方面的不断改进和提升，早些年采用的立管与膨胀弯管焊接成整体立管的方案已经被更换为依靠法兰连接。毛丽娟等[7]对安装膨胀弯管时遇到的测量误差、预制偏差、安装移位等情况做了详细的分析，提出相应的解决办法，但缺少关于膨胀弯管具体的强度分析；于银海[8]对膨胀弯管安装时引起尺寸偏差的情况进行了分析，更加着重强调了从安装工艺角度来克服误差，但对这些工艺方法适用于偏差尺寸大小没有过多的谈论；付方等[9]应用有限元软件AUTO PIPE对大口径膨胀弯管进行了跨越计算强度分析和挠度分析，在一定的工况下确定了管道应力应在许用范围之内；Li等[10]针对施工船运输部署和供给驳船运输配合使用施工船部署这两种安装方法进行研究，具体做法是使用一种叫Weather Window Analysis的方法模拟巴伦支海的环境，进一步分析了不同环境下安装作业的时间和效率，并给出合理性建议；Wang等[11]提出了一种经济高效的方法，可以准确预测热膨胀，同时简化模型，通过对Z/L形状、两种类型弯管之间的长度、折弯角度组合等几个关键参数进行研究，对膨胀弯管的布置给出了建议。
海管与膨胀弯管对接时，不少学者在测量技术方面不断地总结、改进和创新[12-14]。隋海琛等[15]基于EKF-SLAM算法并融合多种技术，在水下测量海管法兰之间相对空间位置和方位角方面实现厘米级精度；Reinholdtsen等[16]提出了一个对膨胀弯管海上安装动态分析的数值模型，并与其他简化方法进行了比较。
关于膨胀弯管安装方法方面，刘朋[17-18]介绍了在限制空间内的两种安装方法，限制空间内使用增重法改变重心和水下布置导向。与此同时，分析了柔性软管膨胀弯相比钢制膨胀弯的优势，并对安装方法进行了研究，针对柔性软管膨胀弯安装存在的3个技术难点提出了解决措施。对于大口径的膨胀弯管，宋艳磊[19]介绍了浮袋法安装方法；汤炳然[20]介绍了不锈钢复合管膨胀弯安装技术，分析了不锈钢复合管膨胀弯安装应用的特点，对以后同类型复合管膨胀弯安装具有一定借鉴意义。
本文考虑48英寸大口径海洋管道的膨胀弯管在对接海底平管时会遇到尺寸不能匹配，需要人为进行调节以完成整体管道的装配；根据实际施工中的强度规范准则，并结合三种可能遇到的偏差情况，使用软件计算出在可允许强度范围内，膨胀弯管自身能承受的最大偏差尺寸，并得到膨胀弯的应力与应变分布情况，从而分析讨论在不同工况条件下，膨胀弯的受力与形变状态。得到的相关结论可以为海洋管道铺设施工提供一定的理论基础和准则。
1　膨胀弯几何模型
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整体膨胀弯管由内到外是钢管层、防腐层和水泥层。为实现膨胀弯管的作用，水泥层不能将钢管全部包裹，而且由于防腐层厚度相对较小，所以在建模和分析的过程中忽略防腐层对结构的影响。
图1为膨胀弯管的整体结构简图，其中红色的部分被叫做鹅颈，无水泥负重层；黑色的部分是外部带有水泥负重层的钢管。钢管层的外径为1219.2 mm，壁厚为28.58 mm，水泥层的厚度为120 mm。关于接头处，弯钢管焊接和直钢管焊接时接头处钢管的预留尺寸是380 mm。钢管焊接完成后，需要使用高密度聚氨酯泡沫塑料进行填充，以此来保证结构的完整性和连续性。
根据图1绘制图2所示的膨胀弯管的整体模型以及各处截面。膨胀弯连接法兰的类型为承插焊法兰（SW），按照《法兰规范标准（ASME B16.5）》[21]，法兰的型号为48 in（1 in=25.4 mm）、1800 lb（1 lb=453.59 g）。
2　有限元前处理
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明确各个部件的材料参数以及强度校核标准，在软件中对膨胀弯管模型进行前处理，包括网格的划分、载荷和边界条件的设定等。
2.1　材料参数
膨胀弯管采用的钢管型号为API 5L X65，此型号钢材的弹性模量E=207 GPa，泊松比ν=0.3，密度在7800~7850 kg/m3之间，应力-应变关系如图3所示，对于材料非线性阶段，在软件设置材料中添加塑性选项。图3所给的数据为实验数据，即名义应力和名义应变，而在ABAQUS中分析时，必须采用真实应力和真实应变，所以根据公式（1）和式（2）进行转换后在输入软件中进行计算。按照工程要求，计算极限尺寸时，最大允许应变为0.25%。
式中，ε和σ分别为真实应变和真实应力，εnam和σnam分别为名义应变和名义应力。
其他材料包括水泥、连接法兰和高密度聚氨酯泡沫塑料的材料参数如表1所示。
2.2　有限元模型
考虑钢管层的几何尺寸，本文计算对钢管层的布种尺寸设置为40 mm，以此来划分网格。水泥层和用于接头位置的布种尺寸为100 mm，均采用实体单元进行分析，单元类型为C3D8R，将表1中材料赋予到相应的部件上。如图4所示，对用于B处的法兰端面进行固定约束，同时在A处的连接法兰处施加位移或转角。在相互作用模块处将存在接触面的各个部件之间设置为绑定关系。同时创建一个参考点，如图5所示，将连接海底管道的法兰端面与该参考点进行耦合约束，这样便于载荷和位移的施加。
2.3　网格收敛性
以在x轴正向施加位移50 mm为例，并减小布种尺寸来增大网格数量，观察最大应力应变分析结果是否具有收敛性。首先将除钢管以外其他部件的布种尺寸设置为100 mm，结果如表2所示，随着钢管层网格数量的增加，应力和应变的分析结果逐渐收敛。表3中，将钢管层布种尺寸设置为40 mm，改变其他部件的布种尺寸，也会得到相同的结论。由此可得上述的网格划分方式可以保证分析结果的收敛性和准确性，并且表2和表3中的计算时间都是根据同一台计算设备统计的。
3　计算结果分析
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膨胀弯管不能与海底管道完美装配时，在满足强度要求的情况下，需要人为调整一定的距离或者角度，以此来完成装配，此处距离和角度的极限值就是所求的安装极限偏差尺寸。考虑在安装膨胀弯管时遇到的以下三种情况，并将分析结果与评估标准进行比较。按照施工方要求，在分析过程中重点关注钢管的受力以及变形情况，故下面的结果图中仅显示钢管的应力应变云图。
3.1　情况1
膨胀弯与立管法兰是完美匹配，膨胀弯与平管法兰圆平面是共心，长度不匹配。如图6所示，需要将膨胀弯管沿着x轴负向拉伸一段距离，以此来完成装配。同理，与之相反的情况是膨胀弯管过长，这时需要沿x轴正向压缩一段距离来完成装配。
如图7所示，计算了几个特定偏差尺寸下的最大应力和最大应变情况。从图中可以看出，在偏差尺寸较小的情况下，管道的最大应变与偏差尺寸大致成正比关系，但随着尺寸增大，图像的斜率会发生变化。并且，随着偏差尺寸的增加，管道对应的最大应力也随之增大。图8~11表示膨胀弯管沿x轴方向移动到极限尺寸时的应力和应变的分布情况。在满足强度的条件下且最大应变达到0.25%时，膨胀弯管沿x轴正向可移动的最大距离为157.5 mm，此时管道的最大应力为402.8 MPa。膨胀弯管沿x轴负向可移动的最大距离为150.5 mm，膨胀弯管B出端口处附近应变达到0.25%，此时管道的最大应力为387.6 MPa。
3.2　情况2
膨胀弯与平管法兰之间距离刚好匹配，但是有错位，即有一定的偏心距。对于偏心问题，应考虑y轴方向和z轴方向，具体情况如图12（a）~（b）所示。具体做法是，需要将膨胀弯管沿着y轴负向移动一段距离，以此来完成装配。与之相反的情况则沿着y轴正向移动一段距离来完成装配。同理，对于z轴方向出现的尺寸偏差处理方式同上。
图13表示y轴偏差尺寸与应变的关系，以及相应状态下的管道最大应力，并且应变达到0.25%时的极限尺寸已标注在图中。另外管道关于z-x平面对称，所以y轴方向上的两个极限尺寸很接近。图14~17表示膨胀弯管沿y轴方向移动到极限尺寸时的应力和应变的分布情况。在满足强度的条件下且最大应变达到0.25%时，沿y轴正向可移动的最大距离为634.8 mm，此时的管道的最大应力为402.8 MPa，沿y轴负向可移动的最大距离为635.3 mm，此时的管道的最大应力为402.2 MPa。
图18表示z轴偏差尺寸与应变的关系，以及相应状态下的管道最大应力，并且应变达到0.25%时的极限尺寸已标注在图中。从图中可以看出，偏差尺寸在200 mm以内，其与应变大致成正比，此后随着偏差尺寸的增加，曲线斜率增加，应变的增长速率变大。图19~22表示膨胀弯管沿z轴方向移动到极限尺寸时的应力和应变的分布情况。在满足强度的条件下且最大应变达到0.25%时，膨胀弯管沿z轴正向可移动的最大距离为296.4 mm，最大应力为401.0 MPa，沿z轴负向可移动的最大距离为292.2 mm，此时的管道的最大应力为397.6 MPa。
3.3　情况3
膨胀弯法兰圆平面与平管法兰面成夹角，需要施加力让膨胀弯法兰面绕铅直轴转动相应角度完成装配，如图23所示。图24表示绕y轴方向上偏差角度与应变的关系，以及相应状态下的管道最大应力，并且应变达到0.25%时的极限尺寸已标注在图中。图25~28表示膨胀弯管绕y轴转到极限角度时的应力和应变的分布情况。在满足强度的条件下且最大应变达到0.25%时，膨胀弯管绕y轴逆时针可转动的最大角度为1.089°，此时的最大应力为393.1 MPa；膨胀弯管绕y轴顺时针可转动的最大角度为1.062°，膨胀弯管端口处附近应变达到0.25%，此时的管道的最大应力为387.3 MPa。
经过分析，将膨胀弯管沿各个方向的极限尺寸以及极限状态下的应力、应变大小整理成表4。
4　结语
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膨胀弯管的对接是铺设海管过程中比较复杂的工序，计算安装极限尺寸可以更好地应对安装时遇到的装配偏差情况。本文就实际施工装配过程中出现的三种偏差工况，运用ABAQUS有限元仿真软件分别计算了这三种工况下的极限偏差尺寸（最大可调节尺寸）以及在极限尺寸下膨胀弯的受力和变形情况。从计算结果来看，无论是在哪种极限尺寸状态下，钢管层的最大应力和应变均发生在端口处。所以，在安装过程中遇到尺寸偏差且需要调节膨胀弯的位置时，应更加关注端口处的受力情况。以上的计算方法和准则可为海洋输油管道的海上安装作业提供参考。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(11902093)
  • 黑龙江省自然科学基金资助项目(LH2021A005; TD2020A001)
  • 中国博士后基金资助项目(2019M651258)
  • 黑龙江省博士后基金资助项目(LBH-Z19138)
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2024年第28卷第8期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.08.011
  • 接收时间：2024-02-19
  • 首发时间：2026-03-26
  • 出版时间：2024-08-20
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  • 收稿日期：2024-02-19
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(11902093)
黑龙江省自然科学基金资助项目(LH2021A005; TD2020A001)
中国博士后基金资助项目(2019M651258)
黑龙江省博士后基金资助项目(LBH-Z19138)
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    哈尔滨工程大学　航天与建筑工程学院，哈尔滨　150001

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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