Article(id=1243879756706460661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879752042398333, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.08.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1706889600000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774493644167, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1724083200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774493644167, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774493644167, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774493644167, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243879752042398333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='8', pageStart='1133', pageEnd='1296', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774493643055, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774493947997, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243881031133147325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879752042398333, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243881031133147326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879752042398333, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1187, endPage=1199, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243879757457241088, articleId=1243879756706460661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Numerical prediction of wake field for a four-screw ship, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The complexity of the stern appendage of a four-screw ship and the differences in the spatial layout of the internal and external propellers will lead to the unbalanced load distribution of the internal and external propellers. Based on the CFD method, numerical prediction simulation for the viscous wake field of a ship with four propellers was carried out. According to wake field distribution and turbulence characteristics, the difference in wake fields between the inner and outer propellers was compared and analyzed, and also the results was contrasted with the test values. The study results show that the inner propeller in the turbulence zone is affected by the hull boundary layer, which makes the axial velocity at the inner propeller disk less than that at the outer propeller disk, resulting in uneven load distribution between the inner and outer propellers. The flow at the outer propeller is a mixed one of the hull boundary layer and the turbulent wake, which makes the wake at the outer propeller disk more uneven. The research can provide basis and support for four-screw ship design and stern layout optimization.

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四桨船尾部附体的复杂性及内外桨空间布置位置的差异性会导致内外桨载荷分配不均衡。针对上述问题,本文采用CFD方法对四桨船舶的粘性尾流场进行数值模拟研究,从船体周围流场分布、湍流特性等方面详细分析内外桨盘面伴流场差异产生的原因,并与试验结果进行对比分析。研究结果表明,内桨处于船尾湍流区中,受船体边界层影响更甚,这使得内桨桨盘面轴向速度小于外桨盘面,进而导致内外桨负荷分配不均匀;外桨盘面流动为船体边界层流动及湍流尾流区的混合流动,这使得外桨伴流场更不均匀。上述研究可为四桨船舶设计及尾部布局优化提供基础和支撑。

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李想(1987-),男,博士研究生,讲师,E-mail:

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李想(1987-),男,博士研究生,讲师,E-mail:

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language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Main parameters of calculation model

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船长LPP8.2 m半径0.14 m
吃水0.29 m桨叶数5
湿表面积5.36 m2毂径比0.182
傅汝德数0.28螺距比1.18
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模型主要参数

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船长LPP8.2 m半径0.14 m
吃水0.29 m桨叶数5
湿表面积5.36 m2毂径比0.182
傅汝德数0.28螺距比1.18
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Mesh paraments

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粗网格(万)中网格(万)细网格(万)
网格数量223657838
面数量135153250
点数量223.4535868
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网格参数

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粗网格(万)中网格(万)细网格(万)
网格数量223657838
面数量135153250
点数量223.4535868
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Mesh quantity in different parts of model ship(Medium meshing)

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网格总数(万)占比(%)
船体39.76.05
桨轴56.18.54
支架65.910.03
27.24.14
边界层24.93.79
加密区36655.68
其他77.311.77
总计657100
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网格分布细节

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网格总数(万)占比(%)
船体39.76.05
桨轴56.18.54
支架65.910.03
27.24.14
边界层24.93.79
加密区36655.68
其他77.311.77
总计657100
), ArticleFig(id=1243879776130282205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879756706460661, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Uncertainty parameters of the verification study

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r/R外桨内桨
RG PG RG PG
0.30.81210.60080.05680.72830.91520.1125
0.40.82120.56860.01250.81270.59870.0459
0.50.78350.70430.06890.86450.77520.0556
0.60.68901.07510.04670.75360.81660.0768
0.70.64361.27230.01430.81320.59690.1365
0.80.75170.82390.03710.63941.29100.0542
0.90.71690.96060.04620.82710.54800.0612
1.00.69081.06780.06850.62541.35490.0596
), ArticleFig(id=1243879776218362590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879756706460661, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

数值计算不确定参数

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r/R外桨内桨
RG PG RG PG
0.30.81210.60080.05680.72830.91520.1125
0.40.82120.56860.01250.81270.59870.0459
0.50.78350.70430.06890.86450.77520.0556
0.60.68901.07510.04670.75360.81660.0768
0.70.64361.27230.01430.81320.59690.1365
0.80.75170.82390.03710.63941.29100.0542
0.90.71690.96060.04620.82710.54800.0612
1.00.69081.06780.06850.62541.35490.0596
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四桨船舶尾流场特性数值预报研究
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李想 1 , 贾伟 1 , 梁宁 2
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024,28(8): 1187-1199
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024, 28(8): 1187-1199
四桨船舶尾流场特性数值预报研究
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李想1 , 贾伟1, 梁宁2
作者信息
  • 1.海南大学 海洋科学与工程学院,海口 570228
  • 2.哈尔滨工程大学 船舶工程学院,哈尔滨 150001
  • 李想(1987-),男,博士研究生,讲师,E-mail:

Numerical prediction of wake field for a four-screw ship
Xiang LI1 , Wei JIA1, Ning LIANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Marine Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
  • 2.College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
出版时间: 2024-08-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.08.006
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四桨船尾部附体的复杂性及内外桨空间布置位置的差异性会导致内外桨载荷分配不均衡。针对上述问题,本文采用CFD方法对四桨船舶的粘性尾流场进行数值模拟研究,从船体周围流场分布、湍流特性等方面详细分析内外桨盘面伴流场差异产生的原因,并与试验结果进行对比分析。研究结果表明,内桨处于船尾湍流区中,受船体边界层影响更甚,这使得内桨桨盘面轴向速度小于外桨盘面,进而导致内外桨负荷分配不均匀;外桨盘面流动为船体边界层流动及湍流尾流区的混合流动,这使得外桨伴流场更不均匀。上述研究可为四桨船舶设计及尾部布局优化提供基础和支撑。

四桨船舶  /  尾流场  /  边界层流动  /  流场均匀度  /  数值模拟

The complexity of the stern appendage of a four-screw ship and the differences in the spatial layout of the internal and external propellers will lead to the unbalanced load distribution of the internal and external propellers. Based on the CFD method, numerical prediction simulation for the viscous wake field of a ship with four propellers was carried out. According to wake field distribution and turbulence characteristics, the difference in wake fields between the inner and outer propellers was compared and analyzed, and also the results was contrasted with the test values. The study results show that the inner propeller in the turbulence zone is affected by the hull boundary layer, which makes the axial velocity at the inner propeller disk less than that at the outer propeller disk, resulting in uneven load distribution between the inner and outer propellers. The flow at the outer propeller is a mixed one of the hull boundary layer and the turbulent wake, which makes the wake at the outer propeller disk more uneven. The research can provide basis and support for four-screw ship design and stern layout optimization.

four-screw ship  /  wake field  /  boundary layer flow  /  flow field uniformity  /  numerical simulation
李想, 贾伟, 梁宁. 四桨船舶尾流场特性数值预报研究. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (8) : 1187 -1199 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.08.006
Xiang LI, Wei JIA, Ning LIANG. Numerical prediction of wake field for a four-screw ship[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (8) : 1187 -1199 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.08.006
随着船舶航速和排水量的增大,越来越多的船舶采用双桨推进或者四桨推进系统。这种船舶的尾流场以及推进性能与一般单桨船舶有很大的不同。在一艘四桨船上,四个螺旋桨沿中心盘的纵剖面对称分布,如图1所示。内桨的位置更靠近船尾,外桨的位置则相对更靠前,这将使得它们尾流场之间存在差异,这种差异会导致桨盘内外的负载不平衡,对螺旋桨的性能会产生较大影响。因此,对四桨船舶的船体、螺旋桨和舵的相互作用机理以及对尾流场特性、推进性能的影响关系开展研究具有重要的工程应用价值。
Gadd[1]在1979年的船舶波浪阻力计算国际研讨会上首次提出了船舶流场的数值预报,并成为该领域的重点研究课题之一。Patel等[2]在哥德堡举行的第五届气动流动数值和物理研讨会上总结了船舶粘性流动的研究成果。共19个研究小组对Hamburgische-Schifffbau-Versuchsanstalt Gmbh(HSVA)船模和Dyne船模进行了研究和计算,每一组得到的结果与试验数据的对比都较为接近。然而,船尾线的剧烈收缩会产生尾涡,这些尾迹涡导致桨盘尾迹分布形成兔耳形速度等值线,这一点尚未得到很好的研究,现阶段的研究主要局限于重叠模型的粘性尾迹场,没有考虑自由面的影响。Abdel-Maksoud[3]2000年在哥德堡船舶数值流体力学研讨会上讨论了考虑自由表面和推进影响的KCS模型周围的湍流流动。Stern等[4]评估了计算流体力学(CFD)应用于船舶尾流场计算的最新技术。Lee等[5]提供了通过使用粒子图像测速仪(PIV)测量速度场获得的船模尾流试验值,为全尺寸船舶尾流场的数值模拟打下基础。Abdel-Maksoud等[6]比较了带有传动轴和轴支架的双桨船的模型和全尺寸尾流场,发现模型尾流场与实船尾流场的差异对汽蚀预报的准确性和船舶的声学性能有着重要的影响。Wang等[7]利用雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方法研究了单桨和双桨船舶的粘性尾流场,并提出了将模型尺度尾流场转换为全尺度尾流场的外推方法。一些研究人员如Gaggero[8],Pereira等[9]比较了使用不同湍流模型的尾流场预测结果,发现基于响应面方法(RSM)的湍流模型是用于标称伴流预报的最精确的湍流模型。Farkas等[10]研究了全尺寸船舶在不同吃水条件下的绕流。
综上所述,单、双桨船的尾流场研究已经比较系统和充分,而对四桨船的研究还相对较少。现有的研究主要集中在螺旋桨性能的预报和螺旋桨布局的优化,以提高螺旋桨效率。迄今为止,还没有关于内外螺旋桨尾流场的差异以及由此产生的不平衡载荷分布的研究报道。然而,四桨船的内外螺旋桨尾流场存在较大差异,由于附体的存在以及内外螺旋桨分布空间位置的不对称性,它们的特性比单桨或双桨船更为复杂。基于上述分析,本文采用CFD方法研究四桨船舶尾流场特性及其推进性能,该研究具有一定的创新性和工程应用价值。
流体的流动遵循动力学基本方程和能量守恒定律,这里的流体——水,一般视为不可压缩流体,其热交换很小,因此在数值分析过程中只需要对质量守恒方程和动量守恒方程进行求解。计算中采用具有较高精度的SST模型[11],该模型能够较好地模拟旋转机械中的流体分离问题,因此在进行螺旋桨性能计算时比较适用。
VOF(volume of fluid)[12]方法通过互不相容的流体组分共用一套动量方程,并引入相体积分数,通过这一变量来实现对计算域内相间界面的追踪,进而确定自由面,追踪流体的变化。
本文研究对象为四桨两舵船舶,具体模型如图1所示。该船舶匹配的螺旋桨为四个外旋5叶桨,船体与桨的具体参数如表1所示,船模缩尺比为1:36。
本次模拟建立的流场计算域如图2所示。将计算域左右两面分别定义为速度入口和压力出口,其它边界定义为壁面,船体表面、侧面和底面均定义为无滑移壁面,自由液面运用VOF方法追踪,压力速度耦合迭代采用SIMPLEC方法。
由于四桨船舶尾部结构的复杂性,为能够更好地解析船尾的结构突变及附体结构的几何特征,网格划分过程中需给予船尾更多的关注。本文以STAR-CCM+为网格生成工具,对四桨船船体及附体模型进行面网格重构,边界层处的网格尺寸通过无因次量Y+值控制,在本文所研究的航速区间内,Y+值的范围保持在(30~150)这个区间内,对应船体表面第一层厚度为0.8~1 mm。为更好地捕捉流场中质点的流动细节,有必要对船体尾部,特别是附体及其周围区域进行适当加密,如图3所示。
网格无关性及数值计算不确定度分析是保证数值计算准确性的关键,本文采用Richard Extrapolation的安全因素法[13],通过改变基础网格的尺寸分别生成3组疏密不同的网格划分,即粗网格、中网格和细网格,在不改变网格的拓扑结构的情况下调整网格的疏密程度,最大限度地减小因网格划分形式差异带来的计算误差。网格加细比rG按文献[14]中的方法计算,约为1.2,三套网格参数如表2所示。表3列出了中尺度网格时,计算区域各部分网格的占比情况,为捕捉更多流动细节,大部分网格应集中布置在速度梯度变化较大的区域。
按照ITTC流场不确定度分析规程[15],首先计算得到三套疏密程度不同的网格下船尾伴流场结果,采用Tecplot后处理软件提取桨盘面无量纲轴向速度,如图4所示;根据不确定度分析计算规程,具体步骤见文献[15];计算轴向速度的不确定度参数,计算结果列于表4,计算结果表明,不同尺度各个半径处的网格收敛率RG均小于1,这说明计算网格呈单调收敛。流场的数值不确定度水平约在13.6%以内,文献[16]中SUBOFF潜艇模型尾流场数值计算结果的不确定度在15%~20%的水平左右得到确认,这说明本研究中数值模拟流场精度较高,数值预报结果具有较高的可信度。
中尺度网格数值计算结果与PIV试验所得的桨盘面速度云图如图5所示(图中白色虚线和红色虚线分别表示1.0R和0.7R),两者速度等值线基本吻合,相比PIV测量结果,数值计算结果等值线更加光顺。图6比较了桨盘面0.7R处速度的周向分布规律,在-60°<θ<30°范围内,计算结果与试验结果相差较大,具体表现为试验结果没有捕捉到该范围内速度梯度变化。经分析认为,由于轴支架的存在导致该区域速度梯度变化较大,而受拖曳水池中粒子浓度的限制,这种速度梯度变化在实验中无法被精确捕捉,这与Alessandro等[17]的试验结果是一致的。在该区域外,试验测量和数值计算结果基本重叠,数值计算结果准确性和可行性得到了验证[18],故本文后续计算采用中尺度网格进行。
本节所描述的对象均为右舷侧的桨盘面伴流场,坐标系和角度的定义如图7所示。图8显示了内外桨桨盘面的无量纲轴向速度云图(图中白色虚线表示螺旋桨半径)。从速度云图中可以看出:由于轴支架的阻碍作用,支架后方存在明显的低速区,低速区形状与支架的角度相对应;整个内桨盘面区域不存在Vx/V0=1速度等值线,而其存在于外桨盘面下方;此外,值得注意的是内外桨桨盘面的上方(支架臂之间的区域)都存在一个速度等值线闭合的高速区(Vx/V0=0.8),这是由支架剖面的加速作用引起的。根据公式(1),分别计算得到内外桨盘面的无量纲平均轴向速度,,其中上标in和out分别代表内桨和外桨(如无特别说明,下文均采用此标注方法),内桨盘面平均轴向速度小于外桨,即内桨伴流要大于外桨,在内外桨几何尺寸相同且转速一致时,会导致内桨载荷大于外桨载荷。
为了更好地分析内外桨盘面伴流场差异产生的过程,这里考虑了沿X方向在螺旋桨盘面之前的更多横向平面,如图9所示,其中P0代表内桨和外桨盘面,P1~P4代表了与内外桨盘面距离相同的桨前横向截面。图10显示了速度沿船长方向的演化过程:(1)对于外桨而言,除了对称性外,处的流场分布与单桨船相似(见图11),由于轴包套和船体的影响,轴向速度等值线呈U型分布;(2)随着水流继续向下游发展,当其流经双臂轴支架时,支架的翼型剖面起到了加速作用,在的支架臂之间可以看到经支架加速后的高速区域;(3)与外桨相比,内桨及桨前横截面速度发展过程更为复杂,内桨及桨前横截面更靠近船体纵中线,船尾型线在此处曲率变化更大,桨前横截面速度等值线向船中偏转,当水流流过双臂支架时,支架臂之间闭合的高速速度等值线也呈现向船体纵中线偏转的趋势;(4)内桨盘面距离呆木较近,受呆木边界层的影响,Vx/V0=1速度等值线从截面流场中消失,进一步导致了截面即内桨盘面伴流场中Vx/V0=1速度等值线的缺失;(5)受外侧轴支架尾流的影响,内桨桨前横截面(此二截面处于外桨支架后方,如图9所示)的右侧,速度等值线向下偏转[18]
图12为穿过桨轴中心水平截面的轴向速度分布云图,完整地显示了桨轴中心截面流场的发展过程及内外桨桨盘面流场的差异。从图中可以看出:外桨位置相对靠前,桨盘面流场主要受到船体边界层和外桨轴系边界层流动的影响;内桨位置相对靠后,除了受到船体及自身轴系的影响外,由于其处在外桨的下游流场中,外桨轴系的尾流也对内桨盘面造成一定干扰,此外,舵的存在也一定程度影响了内桨盘面标称伴流的分布。
上述内外桨盘面流场的差异,可归因于螺旋桨空间位置的差异及粘性流动的影响,下面从图13简单分析一下内外桨盘面流场差异产生的原因。上游流体流经船首受到物面的阻碍作用,产生一个低速区,模型尺度下,船首会经历一段层流流动区域;随后发生湍流转捩,船体边界层流动进入湍流区域,但外层流体依然为层流流动;流经平行中体时,由于船体的加速作用(船体剖面近似翼型剖面),在船中附近会经历一个高速区;流体继续向下游流动,船体型线向船中收缩,船体边界层流动在逆压梯度的作用下发生边界层分离,形成湍流尾流区。而从图12中可以看出,内桨完全处于船尾湍流区,这从图12中速度云图的分布就可印证这一点,内桨盘面处速度较小。这里值得注意的是外桨盘面处的流场,边界层分离的存在使得外桨同时受到船体边界层流动和船尾湍流流动的影响,这可能导致外桨盘面处的流场更不均匀。
图14为穿过桨轴中心纵向截面速度分布云图,其中黑色虚线矩形中为外桨截面速度云图。从图中可以看出,外桨桨盘面底部速度要大于内桨盘面底部(外桨盘面底部速度云图颜色更深),这是由于外桨位置靠前,受到经船体加速后高速流动区域的影响。结合图12所示的水平截面速度分布云图,可以发现内外桨空间位置的差异及粘性流动的影响是造成内外桨盘面流场差异的主要原因。
为了能够定量地比较内外桨伴流场的差异,图15给出了桨盘面不同半径处有代表性的轴向速度的周向分布规律[20],具体表现为:
(1)内外桨桨盘面支架后方的区域(-60°<θ<30°,称之为支架影响区域,θ定义见图7)表现出明显的速度损失,在支架臂对应的位置(分别在θ=-60°和θ=0°左右)出现两个速度的极小值点,而在支架影响区域以外,尽管速度的大小有所不同,外桨速度普遍大于内桨,但内外桨桨盘面速度分布模式相似;
(2)半径r/R=0.3处,由于此处靠近桨毂(螺旋桨毂径比0.1825),周向速度分布主要受到桨轴边界层和支架的影响,内外桨速度变化趋势及大小基本一致,只是存在一定相位上的差别,而这源于桨前支架臂角度的差异,如图16所示;
(3)半径r/R=0.5处,内外桨桨盘面的两支架臂之间出现了一个速度的峰值,这是由于支架翼型剖面的加速作用引起的,这点可以从图9中桨盘面上游速度的发展情况得到确认;
(4)值得关注的是半径r/R=0.7处,内桨桨盘面显示了三个伴流速度极小值点,见图15(c),新增的极小值点出现在θ=-30°附近,应该是由附体涡脱落引起的,这将在后文船尾涡结构作具体分析;
(5)在螺旋桨盘面外半径处(r/R=0.7、0.9),在支架影响区域以外的范围内,外桨速度普遍大于内桨,甚至出现Vx/V0>1的情况,这可从图12图14的分析中找到答案,经船体加速后的高速流体会流入到外桨的外半径处,从而导致了外桨桨盘面伴流出现Vx/V0>1的情况,而内桨完全处于湍流尾流区,受到轴系以及船体呆木边界层的影响,速度损失严重,因此导致内桨盘面轴向速度小于外桨。
伴流场的品质直接决定螺旋桨轴承力的大小,伴流场品质越差,即伴流场的均匀性越差,轴承力脉动越剧烈,对振动噪声越不利,甚至造成船体构件的损害;同时,不均匀的伴流场也会加剧表面力和舵力的脉动幅值。船尾不规则的型线变化是引起尾流场不均匀的主要因素,而对于四桨船而言,情况则更为复杂,一方面附体的阻碍作用导致流体流经此处时速度等值线会发生弯曲、偏转,另一方面水流流经此处时会因形状的突变产生不同形式的涡结构,涡结构的存在则会进一步加剧桨盘面流场的脉动特性和不均匀性。
图17为纵向涡从轴包套脱落的结构示意图。可以看出:纵向涡从上游轴包套脱落并流向桨盘面,从外轴包套脱落的纵向涡在向下游流动的过程中,紧贴外桨桨轴流动,而内轴包套脱落涡在流向内桨桨盘面的过程中,发生向上偏转。这是由船体线型和螺旋桨位置关系造成的,船体型线在尾部迅速收缩,内桨桨轴上方收缩更加剧烈,这会导致水流流经此处时发生向上偏转。图18给出了经过桨轴中心的纵向截面流线分布,可以看出,内桨桨轴上方流线显著向上偏转,这将引导该处的纵向涡相应地发生向上偏转。纵向涡的存在,既说明此处流场的脉动性增强,同时纵向涡会导致流场中速度等值线发生弯曲偏转。具体来说,由于桨轴边界层的影响及支架的阻碍作用,桨盘面内半径处速度相对较低,上游纵向涡流经此处时,会将内半径处的低速流体转移到外半径处,这也解释了为什么图15中在半径r/R=0.7处内桨盘面出现第三个伴流速度极小值点,而外桨盘面没有出现速度极小点的原因[18]
图19显示了螺旋桨桨盘面的涡强分布云图(图中白色和红色虚线分别表示1.0R和0.7R),结果表明:(1)受壁面边界层的影响,桨轴周围以及轴支架后方的涡强度较大;(2)涡强最大的区域出现在支架后方的内半径区域,此处结构复杂,形状突变明显,流体流经此处时受到物面边界层流动的干扰,在流体粘性效应的影响下,导致此处流场的湍流特性及旋涡运动更为复杂;(3)值得注意的是,对于外桨,大强度涡主要集中在支架底部的桨轴附近,而内桨桨盘面的大强度涡明显向上偏转,逐渐靠近r/R=0.7半径处,这与图16所示的上游轴包套纵向泄出涡相对应,由于内桨桨盘面处纵向涡发生向上偏转,从而导致内桨桨盘面涡强较大的区域向外半径移动。
用频谱来表达各半径上的伴流分布,可以定量地表现伴流场的均匀性,伴流场采用柱坐标系表达,即将伴流分数分为轴向、径向和切向伴流分数(ωxrθ),ωrrθ),ωθrθ))三个方向的伴流分数相加而成[20],表示为
式中,ω为伴流分数,n为谐调阶数,(φn为相位角,Anr)为各阶谐调的幅值,下标xθr分别表示轴向、切向与径向。
第14届ITTC会议[21]对伴流各阶谐调分量分析后认为:桨叶对应于轴向伴流,其中的1阶谐调分量占主导地位,对流场的均匀性及螺旋桨激振力影响较大;此外,螺旋桨推力和转矩的脉动频率与伴流中的kZk=1,2,3,…)阶谐调分量有关,而螺旋桨侧向力和侧向弯矩的脉动值则与kZ+1和kZ-1的谐调分量有关,其中Z为桨叶数量。鉴于高阶谐调分量幅值低于来流速度的1%,为高阶小量,因此在伴流谐调分析中,通常只考虑k=1的情况,本文中Z=5,此处重点考察伴流的1、4、5和6阶谐调分量。图20对比了内外桨轴向速度的1、4、5和6阶谐调分量。主要结论如下:
(1)图20(a)对比了内外桨各半径处轴向尾流场1阶谐波分析结果,就同一个桨而言,内半径处的幅值相对较大,特别是0.3R处的谐波幅值显著大于其他半径处,说明内半径处流场更不均匀,这主要是因为内半径处受桨毂边界层的影响更大,加之此处为轴支架与桨毂的结合部,流场存在较为复杂的涡结构,湍流发育十分充分(见图19);随半径的增加,1阶幅值逐渐减小,在0.7R半径处达到最小值;半径继续增加,谐调幅值会有小幅度的增加,按照前文分析,这可能是由于桨盘面外半径处会受到船体边界层的影响,从而引起谐调幅值的小幅增加,此外各半径处,外桨1阶谐调分量大于内桨,说明内桨伴流场相对更加均匀,这与上文伴流梯度分析结论相呼应。
(2)对4、5和6阶谐调分量而言,幅值显著减小,约为1阶谐调分量的十分之一,其规律性并不明显,具体而言,除6阶谐调分量外,其他谐调分量在各半径处均呈现外桨幅值大于内桨幅值的趋势;对于6阶谐调分量而言,内半径处外桨幅值仍大于内桨幅值,而在外半径(r/R≥0.7)处,则呈现相反的趋势,内桨幅值大于外桨幅值。
(3)对于螺旋桨载荷特征半径r/R=0.7处而言,如图21所示,除6阶谐调分量外,其他各阶谐调分量均呈现外桨幅值大于内桨幅值的趋势,表明外桨载荷的脉动性将更剧烈。
本文应用CFD数值计算方法开展四桨船尾流场特性模拟研究,从速度分布及流场均匀度等角度论述了内外桨盘面的差异及造成这种差异的原因,主要结论如下:
(1)速度场研究表明,内外桨盘面伴流场的差异源于空间位置的差异及船体周围粘性流动的影响,具体表现为内桨更靠近船中,处于船尾湍流区中,同时受到船体呆木边界层以及外桨轴系尾流的影响,而外桨位置靠前,外半径处会有上游高速流体流入,二者使得外桨桨盘面轴向速度大于内桨盘面;
(2)流场均匀度分析表明,桨盘面伴流梯度及伴流谐调幅值均表现为外桨大于内桨,因为外桨位置靠近船侧,桨盘面流动为边界层流动及湍流尾流区的混合流动,外桨盘面流场均匀性更差,这使得外桨可能会产生更大的非定常力,进而诱导更强烈的船体振动。
本文计算的工况为船舶在静水中直航,对于四桨船而言,斜流或其他操纵工况不可避免地会导致内外桨之间的相互干扰。因此,探究斜流或其他操纵工况下的四桨船流场特性将是下一步的研究重点。
  • 海南省自然科学基金高层次人才项目(520RC543)
  • 国家自然科学基金青年基金资助项目(51709040)
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2024年第28卷第8期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.08.006
  • 接收时间:2024-02-03
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2024-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-03
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海南省自然科学基金高层次人才项目(520RC543)
国家自然科学基金青年基金资助项目(51709040)
作者信息
    1.海南大学 海洋科学与工程学院,海口 570228
    2.哈尔滨工程大学 船舶工程学院,哈尔滨 150001
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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