Article(id=1243879756245087210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879752042398333, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.08.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1708790400000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774493644057, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1724083200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774493644057, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774493644057, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774493644057, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243879752042398333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='8', pageStart='1133', pageEnd='1296', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774493643055, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774493947997, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243881031133147325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879752042398333, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243881031133147326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879752042398333, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1265, endPage=1276, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243879756609991664, articleId=1243879756245087210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Noise characteristics of jet impingement on a blast deflector at different angles, columnId=1241023038381158513, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydro/Structural Acoustics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Hazardous noise of flight deck due to jet blast deflector impingement causes a serious damage to the health of crew members. An experiment of jet impinging on a blast deflector was carried out in a full anechoic chamber to study the acoustic characteristics. With a diameter (D) of 56.4 mm, a convergent nozzle was used to investigate a Mach number of 1.01 jet impingement. Flow visualization and far-field microphones were employed to observe the flow field and measure the far-field noise, respectively. The test was performed on a 600 mm×600 mm deflector and with three inclined angles (β) of 45°, 55°and 65°. The results show that the impact angle has a significant influence on the wall jet structure and overall sound pressure level (OASPL). With the increase of impact angle, the OASPL of upstream and downstream rise and fall respectively. It is found that the OASPL increases by 15 dB in the upstream direction and decreases by 7 dB in the downstream direction for β=65°. Flow visualization and spectra analysis indicate that downstream directions are radiated by low frequency noise originated from trailing edge of the deflector due to separation of the large scale vortex. Specifically, it can be illustrated by correlation analysis that the directivity of the trailing separation noise becomes more significant when the impact angle reduces. Upstream directions are dominated by impingement noise. Although impingement noise is significantly affected by impact angle, the radiation structure of impingement acoustic wave under different impact angles is similar to each other according to the correlation analysis. In addition, the deflector forms a low-pass filtering effect on the impingement noise, and the sideline spectra have steep peaks. The OASPL and spectra of sideline directions are less affected by the impact angle. The research results are expected to be helpful for noise pollution control on carrier deck.

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舰载机尾喷流冲击偏流板(挡焰板)产生高强度噪声。为研究不同偏流板角度对噪声的影响,在全消声室进行射流冲击实验。实验时收缩喷口直径D=56.4 mm,受冲击的偏流板长、宽均为600 mm,射流马赫数Ma=1.01。在偏流板角度β=45°、55°和65°条件下,利用传声器和流动显示对远场噪声和冲击流动进行观测。结果表明,不同冲击角度下壁面射流结构明显不同,总声压级及噪声辐射特性存在明显区别,随着冲击角度的增加,上游和下游极角总声压级分别出现上升和下降,β=65°时,下游总声压级最多降低7 dB,上游相应增加15 dB。流动和频谱结果表明下游主要受到后缘分离噪声影响,该噪声来自壁面射流从偏流板后缘分离产生的大尺度涡结构,低频占主导,并且互相关分析表明,偏流板角度越小,该噪声指向性越明显。上游噪声被冲击噪声所主导,虽然偏流板角度显著影响冲击噪声强度,但是相关分析表明,冲击噪声向各个极角辐射的指向性结构较为稳定。此外偏流板对边线形成低通高阻效应,边线噪声频谱最为陡峭,而且边线观测到的总声压级、频谱在不同冲击角度的差别均较小。本研究可为航母甲板噪声治理提供一定参考。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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覃晨(1991-),男,硕士,工程师

吴松岭(1991-),男,硕士,工程师,通讯作者,E-mail:

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覃晨(1991-),男,硕士,工程师

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吴松岭(1991-),男,硕士,工程师,通讯作者,E-mail:

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不同偏流板角度的冲击射流噪声特性
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覃晨 1, 2 , 吴松岭 1, 2 , 赵佳锡 1, 2 , 张俊龙 1, 2 , 赵鲲 1, 2
船舶力学 | 流体与结构声学 2024,28(8): 1265-1276
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船舶力学 | 流体与结构声学 2024, 28(8): 1265-1276
不同偏流板角度的冲击射流噪声特性
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覃晨1, 2, 吴松岭1, 2 , 赵佳锡1, 2, 张俊龙1, 2, 赵鲲1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国空气动力研究与发展中心 空天飞行空气动力科学与技术全国重点实验室,四川 绵阳 621000
  • 2.中国空气动力研究与发展中心 气动噪声控制重点实验室,四川 绵阳 621000
  • 覃晨(1991-),男,硕士,工程师

    吴松岭(1991-),男,硕士,工程师,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Noise characteristics of jet impingement on a blast deflector at different angles
Chen QIN1, 2, Song-ling WU1, 2 , Jia-xi ZHAO1, 2, Jun-long ZHANG1, 2, Kun ZHAO1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Aerodynamics, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Aerodynamic Noise Control, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China
出版时间: 2024-08-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.08.013
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舰载机尾喷流冲击偏流板(挡焰板)产生高强度噪声。为研究不同偏流板角度对噪声的影响,在全消声室进行射流冲击实验。实验时收缩喷口直径D=56.4 mm,受冲击的偏流板长、宽均为600 mm,射流马赫数Ma=1.01。在偏流板角度β=45°、55°和65°条件下,利用传声器和流动显示对远场噪声和冲击流动进行观测。结果表明,不同冲击角度下壁面射流结构明显不同,总声压级及噪声辐射特性存在明显区别,随着冲击角度的增加,上游和下游极角总声压级分别出现上升和下降,β=65°时,下游总声压级最多降低7 dB,上游相应增加15 dB。流动和频谱结果表明下游主要受到后缘分离噪声影响,该噪声来自壁面射流从偏流板后缘分离产生的大尺度涡结构,低频占主导,并且互相关分析表明,偏流板角度越小,该噪声指向性越明显。上游噪声被冲击噪声所主导,虽然偏流板角度显著影响冲击噪声强度,但是相关分析表明,冲击噪声向各个极角辐射的指向性结构较为稳定。此外偏流板对边线形成低通高阻效应,边线噪声频谱最为陡峭,而且边线观测到的总声压级、频谱在不同冲击角度的差别均较小。本研究可为航母甲板噪声治理提供一定参考。

偏流板  /  射流冲击噪声  /  冲击角度  /  噪声特性  /  相关分析  /  流动显示

Hazardous noise of flight deck due to jet blast deflector impingement causes a serious damage to the health of crew members. An experiment of jet impinging on a blast deflector was carried out in a full anechoic chamber to study the acoustic characteristics. With a diameter (D) of 56.4 mm, a convergent nozzle was used to investigate a Mach number of 1.01 jet impingement. Flow visualization and far-field microphones were employed to observe the flow field and measure the far-field noise, respectively. The test was performed on a 600 mm×600 mm deflector and with three inclined angles (β) of 45°, 55°and 65°. The results show that the impact angle has a significant influence on the wall jet structure and overall sound pressure level (OASPL). With the increase of impact angle, the OASPL of upstream and downstream rise and fall respectively. It is found that the OASPL increases by 15 dB in the upstream direction and decreases by 7 dB in the downstream direction for β=65°. Flow visualization and spectra analysis indicate that downstream directions are radiated by low frequency noise originated from trailing edge of the deflector due to separation of the large scale vortex. Specifically, it can be illustrated by correlation analysis that the directivity of the trailing separation noise becomes more significant when the impact angle reduces. Upstream directions are dominated by impingement noise. Although impingement noise is significantly affected by impact angle, the radiation structure of impingement acoustic wave under different impact angles is similar to each other according to the correlation analysis. In addition, the deflector forms a low-pass filtering effect on the impingement noise, and the sideline spectra have steep peaks. The OASPL and spectra of sideline directions are less affected by the impact angle. The research results are expected to be helpful for noise pollution control on carrier deck.

carrier blast deflector  /  jet impingement noise  /  impact angle  /  acoustic characteristics  /  correlation analysis  /  flow visualization
覃晨, 吴松岭, 赵佳锡, 张俊龙, 赵鲲. 不同偏流板角度的冲击射流噪声特性. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (8) : 1265 -1276 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.08.013
Chen QIN, Song-ling WU, Jia-xi ZHAO, Jun-long ZHANG, Kun ZHAO. Noise characteristics of jet impingement on a blast deflector at different angles[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (8) : 1265 -1276 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.08.013
火箭发射[1-2]、舰载机起飞[3-5]和垂直起降飞机[6-7]面临高强度射流冲击噪声问题,其中后两者均与航母甲板声环境密切相关,特别是舰载机起飞时需要利用偏流板(挡焰板)改变高温尾流方向,航母甲板噪声峰值可达到150 dB[3-5]。高强度噪声严重损伤船员听力,干扰甲板作业,威胁起降安全,相关噪声产生机理和辐射特性复杂,亟需开展相关研究。
湍流混合噪声是自由射流噪声的重要组成部分[8-9],不少文献研究了相关频谱特性和辐射特性。Chu[10]和万振华[11]对高亚声速射流的研究表明核心区末端的湍流脉动产生了大部分的噪声;Tam[12]和Viswanathan[13]发现湍流噪声源可分为大尺度湍流结构和小尺度湍流结构,前者主要向下游辐射而后者指向性不明显;张俊龙等[14]研究了矩形射流的声源分布和辐射特性。相对自由射流,射流冲击相关的文献明显较少。早期的研究主要关注垂直冲击,其中Olsen等[15]发现射流冲击产生的声功率明显高于自由射流,Ginzburg等[16]和Donaldson等[17]发现冲击几何中心点附近是冲击噪声的主要产生区域,Marsh[18]发现射流冲击能够产生离散噪声(纯音)。之后很多文献围绕射流冲击中的离散噪声进行研究,如Ho和Nossier[19]以及Henderson等[20]分别对亚声速和超声速射流冲击的离散噪声机理进行了研究。
射流速度(喷管压比)[21]、冲击距离[22-23]、射流温度[24]和冲击角度[25-26]等对射流冲击噪声均具有显著的影响,特别是中等冲击角度时,平板一般被当作偏流板使用,顺流侧流动比较明显,流动结构和噪声产生机制复杂。很明显射流冲击偏流板存在多种声源,数值模拟[27-28]和实验观测[29-30]表明其中主要存在3种声源——主射流、射流冲击和壁面射流。图1是流动和声源构成示意图,射流冲击形成尾流四散,主要包括冲击产生的近壁区、流向偏流板上方的壁面射流、流向两侧的横向流动和流向底部的反流。Nonomura等[27]和Akamine等[29]分别通过数值模拟和高速纹影实验证明冲击噪声源紧靠着冲击点顺流侧剪切层位置,主要向上游传播;Worden等[30]观察到壁面射流从偏流板上方后缘分离也能够向下游辐射声波;基于火箭缩比模型发射实验,Tsutsumi等[28]认为尾焰冲击导流板产生的马赫波反射也是噪声的重要来源。这些研究进一步加深了对射流冲击偏流板噪声产生机理和辐射特性的认识,但近年来由于对噪声关注度不断提高,国外这方面的研究开始从实验室向真实模型发展。如Erwin等[31]利用大涡模拟(Large Eddy Simulation,LES)对双喷管热射流冲击航母偏流板进行了噪声预测,Worden等[30]和Powers等[32]针对偏流板缩比模型开展了噪声测量,Pilon[33]直接对F-35C舰载机进行了实测,并获得了真机在航母甲板起飞时的噪声数据。国内目前处于缩比模型研究[21-2326]阶段,重要参数的影响规律尚未得到澄清。
根据文献调研,射流冲击的大部分资料主要关注垂直冲击问题,偏流板(斜板)方面的研究相对较少。并且正如Worden等[30]指出,很多文献聚焦于射流冲击自持振荡引发的离散噪声现象[718-20],在一定程度上忽略了对宽频噪声特性的研究。在射流冲击角度影响研究方面,部分文献[25]对其中流场结构进行过测量,最近齐龙舟等[26]通过数值模拟预测了不同冲击角度时的温度场和噪声辐射特性,认为45°偏流板具有较好的性能,不过并没有提供完整的实验数据对比。总的来说,射流在不同冲击角度时噪声特性的系统研究仍存在不足,特别是缺乏相同实验条件下的对比分析。本研究针对射流冲击不同角度偏流板模型,系统开展远场噪声测试和分析,进一步揭示其中的宽频噪声特性。
实验在中国空气动力研究与发展中心气动噪声控制实验室的校准消声室进行,如图2所示,该消声室净空10.8 m(长)×8.4 m(宽)×7.0 m(高),安装600 mm高的吸声尖劈,截止频率为100 Hz(1/3倍频程),在大门打开而通行门关闭时本底噪声小于15 dBA(1/3倍频程)。全消声室内安装有单喷管冷射流模拟装置(Single Cold Jet Simulator,SCJS),压缩空气经过两级减压阀组进行压力控制,最高供气压力为600 kPa,压力控制精度优于0.1%,流量控制范围为0.2~2 kg/s。利用缓冲罐(体积1.18 m3)和消声器(内径0.6 m,长度1.6 m),能够有效降低管道自噪声,确保SCJS在消声室内能够产生足够纯净的射流噪声。消声室内的管道为直线排列,并设计有扩散段、蜂窝器和阻尼网等,有效提高气流均匀性。实验时使用移轴维托辛斯曲线收缩喷口,稳定段直径为200 mm,出口直径D=56.4 mm,实验时大气压为96 kPa,气流总温和总压通过稳定段的测量耙实时测出,分别为300 K和87.5 kPa,对应射流名义马赫数Ma=1.01,射流速度Vj=315 m/s,气流接近理想膨胀,基于喷口直径的射流雷诺数ReD=1.5×106,根据Viswanathan[34]的研究,属于完全湍流射流。
图3是消声室配套的射流冲击试验台,主要由两自由度移测架、支撑装置组成,其中支撑装置上半部分可安装偏流板,并通过型材和线切割角度片固定,角度精度优于±0.1°。移测架可沿着射流轴线和竖直方向分别调整冲击距离和高度,定位精度优于±0.5 mm,经过校核,该平台能够承受1200 N·m的倾覆力矩,最大变形小于1 mm,射流冲击测试期间没有监测到明显的振动。
此次实验偏流板为7075铝合金材质,长和宽设计为600 mm,厚度为20 mm,表面粗糙度为Ra6.3。偏流板的特征长度和喷口直径之比为10.6,与实际偏流板[32-33]的比例相当。图3给出了冲击角度和距离的定义,实验时偏流板角度β为45°、55°和65°,处于中等角度范围,冲击距离L取30D、15D、8D和4D
利用传声器弧阵列测量远场噪声,图4是测量方案,以喷口为中心,弧阵列半径r=355 cm,r≈63D,满足声学远场要求[35]。约定射流轴线方向的极角α=0°,传声器可布置在α=0°~140°。噪声数据采集系统包括传声器、采集板卡和数采计算机等。其中传声器为GRAS 1/4英寸自由场传声器,型号为46BE,该传声器声压动态响应范围为35~160 dB,标称灵敏度为4 mV/Pa。配合NI 4499数据采集板卡,可以实现24 bit的模数转换,精确度优于±0.1 dB,动态测量范围大于120 dB,抗混叠保护大于110 dB。实验时噪声信号采集频率为204.8 kHz,采样时间为20 s。为了获得噪声频域数据,利用基于welch方法的功率谱密度分析(power spectrum density,PSD)对声压数据进行处理,步骤是:(1)将声压信号分为多段,每一段信号有部分重叠;(2)对每段数据选用窗函数进行平滑,以防止频谱泄露;(3)对每一段信号进行PSD分析;(4)对多段结果求平均。数据处理使用的窗函数为Hann窗,见式(1),wn)为每一段声压离散信号,数据块大小为N=8192,分段数据重叠率为0.5。频域结果以dB的形式给出,参考声压为2×10-5 Pa,其中窄带声压级(narrow-band sound pressure level,Lp)的间隔为25 Hz,根据频谱积分得到100~20 000 Hz的总声压级(overall sound pressure level,Loa)。经过重复性测试,频谱和总声压级的不确定度分别为±0.5 dB和±0.3 dB。
本研究还利用流动显示系统对射流冲击的流动进行观察。图5是该系统主要构成,包括激光器、高速相机和导光臂等,其中图5(a)是该系统配套的工作站,用于数采和数据处理,图5(b)是激光器的电源。实验使用示踪粒子葵二酸二辛酯(C26H50O4)对高速射流进行显示,测试表明粒子直径约1 μm,满足跟随性要求,粒子从消声器末端注入(消声器位置见图2)。该系统双光路激光器功率为2×30 mJ,拍摄曝光时间为50 μs,分辨率为1024×1024,测试时每个实验状态采集2000张照片。
图6是自由射流流动显示,其中图6(a)是瞬时粒子灰度图,可以看到随着射流向下游发展,剪切层失稳形成大尺度涡结构,图6(b)是2000张瞬时流动显示计算得到粒子灰度的标准差,由于自由射流核心区(平均流速等于出口速度的区域)大致呈三角形,而剪切层是灰度变化最剧烈的位置,通过剪切层位置可大致估计核心区末端位置,计算表明核心区末端大致位于喷口下游10D处,与已有亚声速射流的研究结果[1136]吻合。
Worden等[30]通过高速纹影发现后缘附近产生向下游辐射的声波,相关噪声特性值得深入研究。图7是射流冲击流动显示粒子图片,拍摄截面通过射流轴线和偏流板竖直方向中心线,可见射流冲击之后形成壁面射流,壁面射流从偏流板上方后缘分离会形成大尺度涡结构。流动显示结果能够印证Worden等[30]的发现,因此我们分析该声波和壁面射流与后缘分离有关(后缘分离噪声)。图8是不同偏流板角度时的流动显示,当α=45°时,壁面射流非常强劲,能够观察到极其显著的大尺度涡结构,随着偏流板角度的增加,壁面射流中大尺度涡结构的尺寸变小,流动显示表明反流增加,而顺流侧的流量下降,这也暗示横向流动随冲击角度的增加而增加(尾流四散效应)。
图9是典型冲击角度下总声压级分布对比。需要指出的是,自由射流扩张可能会直接冲刷下游α<20°的区域,无法用传声器进行观测,而射流冲击β=45°和β=65°状态给出了α=0°的噪声水平。
当冲击距离很远时,如L=30D图9(a)),冲击状态总声压级在α>30°范围与自由射流(图中Baseline)相似,说明此时偏流板对射流原有声源的影响较小。冲击距离减小至L=15D时(图9(b)),不同冲击角度的总声压级曲线存在差异,上游噪声强度有所增加。图9(c)L=8D时的结果,可以看出此时不同偏流板角度的总声压级分布明显不同,冲击角度越大,上游噪声越强,而下游噪声也越弱。继续减小冲击距离至L=4D时(图9(d)),不同冲击角度的总声压级分布差异更加明显,偏流板使噪声指向性发生根本改变。特别是与自由射流相比,β=65°时在α=20°的总声压级降低了7 dB左右,而α=130°的总声压级则增加约15 dB,上游极角噪声水平远远超过自由射流状态。流动显示(图8)表明β=65°偏流板的导流作用较弱,说明尾流四散效应较强,从噪声和流动两方面分析,β=65°工况对于舰载机、飞行员和地勤人员而言均是不利的。
图9的数据表明,当冲击位置大致在射流核心区以外时,偏流板角度引起的噪声辐射差异并不明显,而当偏流板进入射流核心区时,总声压级分布则明显不同。因此,接下来主要针对L=4D分析典型观测极角的频谱特性。需要指出的是,由于自由射流湍流混合噪声源主要集中在核心区末端[10-11]L=4D时由于偏流板的截断,主射流噪声的贡献可以忽略不计。图10L=4D时上游、边线和下游典型观测角度的频谱对比,横坐标为无量纲频率St=fD/Vj,其中f为频率,图中列出St≤6的结果,对应f=33.5 kHz。由于观测距离较远,f>20 kHz的声波(对应St>3.6)受到空气吸声影响,可能会产生较为严重的失真[13],不过图10表明St<3.6频段已经完全覆盖关心的频谱范围,因此所有频谱均没有进行空气吸声修正。
图10(a)α=120°是上游典型极角,可以发现随着偏流板角度的增加,St=0.21前后的频谱呈现几乎相反的规律,冲击角度越大,St>0.21频段的幅值越高。参考Akamine等[29]对射流冲击的研究,St>0.21频段为冲击噪声,这是上游总声压级随冲击角度增加而显著增加的原因。
图10(b)是边线α=90°的频谱,在St>0.21频段,不同冲击角度下α=90°的噪声水平比较接近,因此该极角总声压级随冲击角度的变化较小(图9)。众所周知,上游主要受到冲击噪声的辐射[27-30],将α=90°和α=120°频谱进行对比可以发现,两者的峰值均在0.2<St<0.6频段之内,但是两个极角噪声在更高频段(St>0.6)的趋势完全不同,其中α=120°方向冲击状态频谱远远超过自由射流,而α=90°方向冲击状态频谱的峰值右侧存在很大衰减速率,St>0.6频段甚至低于自由射流。此外,图11给出了β=65°偏流板噪声频谱,可以发现随着观测极角的减小,St>0.6频段迅速下降(粗箭头方向)。根据上游和边线频谱数据,初步分析冲击噪声中低频段成分由于波长较大能够向边线辐射,而随着频率的增加,冲击噪声向边线辐射的能力迅速减弱。后文将通过相关分析证明冲击噪声对边线方向具有一定辐射作用。
图10(c)和(d)分别是下游α=30°和α=0°极角频谱,在冲击状态下,两个极角的频谱非常相似,因此只分析α=30°的频谱。下游方向频谱明显呈现低频特性,根据Worden等[30]的纹影结果以及此次研究的流动显示(图7图8),低频噪声对应偏流板后缘流动分离产生的后缘分离噪声。结合总声压级分布(图9)分析,冲击角度越小,后缘分离噪声幅值越高,因为壁面射流的健壮性与冲击角度明显呈负相关(图8),冲击角度较小时顺流侧能够产生更强劲的壁面射流,导致后缘分离噪声上升。此外α=30°总声压级(图9(d))和频谱(图10(c))表明,β=55°和β=65°偏流板使下游方向噪声出现一定程度的下降,但是β=45°偏流板下游方向的噪声水平与自由射流相差较小。因此β=45°偏流板可能会对航母甲板声环境产生不利影响,因为真实舰载机尾喷管和偏流板尺寸较大,射流冲击在下游会产生更低频率的噪声,而低频噪声在传播时损耗小,能够影响远距离区域。
考虑到射流冲击状态的噪声来源复杂,对声压信号进行相关处理,利用时域信号相关分析进一步研究其噪声特性。其中设第i个传声器的声压信号为pit),第j个传声器的声压信号为pjt),归一化的自相关函数和互相关函数分别定义为
式中,〈〉表示取时间平均,τ是延迟时间。
自相关函数可以提供随机信号的内在特征,对声压进行自相关分析,能够揭示声场的“结构”信息。在延迟时间τ=0时,根据定义相关函数为1,对于完全随机的声压信号,给定很小的τ,相关函数都会变成0。由于声波在空气的传播速度为常数,因此相关函数衰减到0对应的τ值反映了声波空间上的结构和声源的特性。图12给出了自由射流典型极角的归一化自相关函数,自相关函数为偶函数,在此仅给出正半轴的结果。根据曲线特征,自由射流自相关函数和Tam等[37]的结果相吻合,可分为截然不同的两类,其中下游极角如α=30°的自相关函数波峰半宽度较大,并且具有较明显的负峰值,代表了大尺度湍流噪声,而其他极角的自相关函数几乎重合,波峰半宽度很小,负峰值不明显,代表了小尺度湍流噪声。该结果表明大尺度湍流噪声的指向性非常明显,而小尺度湍流噪声向所有方向辐射,这也已经被很多文献[10-1137]所证实。
类似地,声压信号的自相关函数能够反映冲击状态的噪声信息。图13图14分别给出β=45°和β=65°冲击状态不同观测极角的自相关函数。由于存在多种声源,射流冲击使自相关函数变得复杂。随着观测极角的增加,不同冲击角度自相关函数的变化趋势相似,这说明虽然偏流板角度对射流冲击相关噪声频谱和总声压级产生显著影响,但是其辐射的声波结构却具有相似性。根据曲线特征大致可将图13图14中的自相关函数分为3组,对应α为30°、90°和120°三个典型极角。
在冲击状态下冲击噪声在上游占据主导地位[27-30],因此图13图14α=120°的自相关函数能够反映冲击噪声特性,图中观测极角越大,自相关函数的波峰半宽度越小,α=120°的自相关函数其波峰半宽度最小,表明该方向声波的特征尺度最小[37],这与之前的频谱分析相吻合。而α=30°的自相关函数的波峰半宽度最大,表明该方向声波的特征尺度最大,这也与α=30°时噪声的低频特性相符。值得注意的是α=40°和α=30°的自相关函数几乎重叠,很明显α=40°和α=30°一样,主要受到后缘分离噪声的辐射,但α=60°的自相关函数与α=30°完全不同,说明随着观测极角的增大,后缘分离噪声的影响迅速下降,这反映后缘分离噪声具有明显的指向性。
另一方面,自相关函数的负峰值水平反映了噪声频谱的峰值特征,负峰值越小,频谱的宽频特性越明显[37]图13图14α=80°和α=90°的负峰值达到甚至超过-0.4,是其他极角的两倍左右,说明边线方向噪声的宽频特性最弱,换言之,边线噪声频谱的峰值最明显,这也与图10(b)的频谱特性相符。
图15为基于同一极角不同偏流板角度声压信号的自相关函数对比。不同冲击角度条件下,自相关函数之间的差异主要体现在下游极角,上游和边线自相关函数受到偏流板角度的影响相对不明显,特别是α=80°(图15(c))和α=90°(图15(d))时,不同冲击角度自相关函数几乎重合,这说明边线至上游的声场结构对偏流板角度的依赖性较小。
β=45°和β=65°不同极角声压信号进行互相关分析,进一步分析冲击角度对远场噪声特性的影响。互相关系数与两个传声器之间的相对位置有关,当距离足够远时,互相关系数趋向于零。但是对于较近的两个传声器,互相关分析能够揭示相干声源特性。图16给出典型极角归一化互相关函数的最大值,其中图16(a)α=30°表示以α=30°为基准的最大互相关系数,其他依此类推。
通过互相关分析可以进一步确定后缘分离噪声的指向性。注意到冲击角度较小即β=45°时,图16(a)α=30°的最大互相关系数从α=40°到α=60°存在一个突降,图16(b)α=60°的最大互相关系数从α=60°到α=40°也降低至0.2以下,这说明α=40°和α=60°方向的噪声来源相关性较小,互相关分析表明后缘分离噪声具有明显的指向性,该噪声主要指向α≤40°的范围,这与自相关分析、频谱分析以及Worden等[30]的流动显示相印证。此外,增加冲击角度至β=65°时,类似的现象有所缓解,这说明偏流板角度越小,壁面射流越强劲,后缘分离噪声指向性越强。
冲击噪声在上游占据绝对主导地位,因此上游噪声的互相关分析能揭示冲击噪声的相干特性。图16(d)α=120°的最大互相关系数在β=45°和β=65°工况下基本一致,且图16(c)中两个偏流板角度α=90°的最大互相关系数在α>90°时几乎重叠,这都表明射流冲击角度对冲击噪声的辐射结构影响较小。此外,两个偏流板角度下α=90°与α=120°噪声最大互相关系数均达到0.4,说明边线和上游方向受相干冲击噪声源的影响显著。根据α=90°的互相关分析,结合已有的频谱分析(图10图11)可以发现,在边线方向偏流板对冲击噪声形成了低通高阻的高频滤波作用。
本文在全消声室进行射流冲击偏流板实验,利用高速相机和传声器分别进行流动显示和远场噪声测量,综合流动、指向性、频谱和相关分析,研究了不同偏流板角度(β=45°、β=55°和β=65°)的噪声特性,得到以下结论:
(1)偏流板明显改变远场噪声辐射特性,其角度越大,上游总声压级越高,相应的下游总声压级越低。
(2)射流冲击产生强劲的壁面射流,偏流板及其后缘出现大尺度涡结构,形成后缘分离噪声,该噪声具有低频性质,主要向下游传播。互相关分析表明,偏流板角度越小,后缘分离噪声指向性越强。
(3)相关分析表明,冲击噪声的指向性结构较为稳定,基本不受冲击角度的影响。特别是从边线观测时,偏流板对冲击噪声具有低通高阻效应,只有低频部分能够向边线辐射,这导致边线噪声具有最为陡峭的峰值。
(4)研究表明β=65°偏流板上游噪声增加过大且对尾流的偏转作用不明显,而β=45°偏流板后缘流动强大,下游低频噪声较强。从偏流板热气导流和甲板噪声治理出发,初步判断选择β=55°偏流板比较合理。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(12234015; 11902340)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.08.013
  • 接收时间:2024-02-25
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2024-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-25
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(12234015; 11902340)
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    1.中国空气动力研究与发展中心 空天飞行空气动力科学与技术全国重点实验室,四川 绵阳 621000
    2.中国空气动力研究与发展中心 气动噪声控制重点实验室,四川 绵阳 621000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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