Article(id=1243879754961630167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879752042398333, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.08.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1708185600000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774493643750, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1724083200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774493643750, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774493643750, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774493643750, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243879752042398333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='8', pageStart='1133', pageEnd='1296', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774493643055, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774493947997, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243881031133147325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879752042398333, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243881031133147326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879752042398333, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1141, endPage=1154, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243879755347506140, articleId=1243879754961630167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Numerical investigation on the flow structures during vertical water-entry of a sphere, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the boundary data immersion method (BDIM) and the fluid-structure coupling algorithm for rigid body motions, a numerical program for the vertical water-entry of a sphere was developed. The accuracy and effectiveness of the numerical method were verified by comparison with the experimental results. Based on the analysis of the numerical calculation results, the cavity development and corresponding flow structures with different impact velocities during vertical water entry, as well as the development of the splash were obtained. Different vortex identification criteria were adopted to investigate the development of vortex structures. The results show that the impact velocity of the sphere has a significant effect on the closure of the splash, the cavity shape and the evolution of the flow structures inside the cavity. The Q criterion can identify the complex vortex structure more accurately, and the entry velocity of the sphere will affect the vortex intensity inside the cavity.

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基于边界数据浸入法(BDIM)和刚体运动流固耦合算法,开发一套球体垂直入水数值计算程序,通过与实验结果对比,验证数值方法的准确性和有效性。基于对数值计算结果的分析,获得球体垂直入水空泡、喷溅发展、空泡内部流场结构随入水冲击速度的变化规律,对比不同涡识别准则对流场内涡结构的识别效果。结果表明:入水冲击速度对喷溅闭合、空泡形态和内部流场随时间的演变具有显著影响;Q准则可以较为准确地识别流场中的复杂涡结构,入水气流速度会影响空泡内部尾涡的数量、尺寸和强度。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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郭智溥(1997-),男,硕士

刘涛涛(1989-),男,副研究员,通讯作者,E-mail:

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球体垂直入水空泡内部流场特性的数值模拟研究
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郭智溥 1 , 黄彪 1, 2 , 吴钦 1, 2 , 李达钦 3 , 刘涛涛 1, 2
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024,28(8): 1141-1154
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024, 28(8): 1141-1154
球体垂直入水空泡内部流场特性的数值模拟研究
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郭智溥1, 黄彪1, 2, 吴钦1, 2, 李达钦3, 刘涛涛1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.北京理工大学 机械与车辆学院,北京 100081
  • 2.北京理工大学 重庆创新中心,重庆 401120
  • 3.北京机电工程总体设计部,北京 100854
  • 郭智溥(1997-),男,硕士

    刘涛涛(1989-),男,副研究员,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Numerical investigation on the flow structures during vertical water-entry of a sphere
Zhi-pu GUO1, Biao HUANG1, 2, Qin WU1, 2, Da-qin LI3, Tao-tao LIU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
  • 2.Chongqing Innovation Center, Beijing Institute of Technology, Chongqing 401120, China
  • 3.The System Design Institute of Mechanical-Electrical Engineering, Beijing 100854, China
出版时间: 2024-08-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.08.002
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基于边界数据浸入法(BDIM)和刚体运动流固耦合算法,开发一套球体垂直入水数值计算程序,通过与实验结果对比,验证数值方法的准确性和有效性。基于对数值计算结果的分析,获得球体垂直入水空泡、喷溅发展、空泡内部流场结构随入水冲击速度的变化规律,对比不同涡识别准则对流场内涡结构的识别效果。结果表明:入水冲击速度对喷溅闭合、空泡形态和内部流场随时间的演变具有显著影响;Q准则可以较为准确地识别流场中的复杂涡结构,入水气流速度会影响空泡内部尾涡的数量、尺寸和强度。

球体入水  /  入水空泡  /  流场特性  /  入水冲击速度  /  数值计算

Based on the boundary data immersion method (BDIM) and the fluid-structure coupling algorithm for rigid body motions, a numerical program for the vertical water-entry of a sphere was developed. The accuracy and effectiveness of the numerical method were verified by comparison with the experimental results. Based on the analysis of the numerical calculation results, the cavity development and corresponding flow structures with different impact velocities during vertical water entry, as well as the development of the splash were obtained. Different vortex identification criteria were adopted to investigate the development of vortex structures. The results show that the impact velocity of the sphere has a significant effect on the closure of the splash, the cavity shape and the evolution of the flow structures inside the cavity. The Q criterion can identify the complex vortex structure more accurately, and the entry velocity of the sphere will affect the vortex intensity inside the cavity.

water-entry  /  cavitation  /  flow characteristics  /  impact velocity  /  numerical simulation
郭智溥, 黄彪, 吴钦, 李达钦, 刘涛涛. 球体垂直入水空泡内部流场特性的数值模拟研究. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (8) : 1141 -1154 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.08.002
Zhi-pu GUO, Biao HUANG, Qin WU, Da-qin LI, Tao-tao LIU. Numerical investigation on the flow structures during vertical water-entry of a sphere[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (8) : 1141 -1154 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.08.002
入水运动是指物体以一定的初速度从空气中撞击并穿越水界面进入水中的过程,从物体头部触及气液交界面瞬间开始,在触及点附近水域产生扰动并在水中传播,直至物体完全进入水中达到稳定运动状态而结束[1-2]。入水现象在生活中极为常见,在工程应用中也广泛涉及,如船舶入水冲击、航天器返回舱回收以及飞机水上降落[3-5]等。
最早的入水问题研究可以追溯到十九世纪末期,Worthington等[6-7]首次系统描述了入水过程中所产生的各类流动现象。随后,Richardon[8]、Moghisi等[9]以球体为研究对象,测量了入水过程中的冲击载荷和压力,并分析了空泡形态演变规律。May等[10-12]展开了大量具有军事应用背景的入水机理实验研究,开展了球体几何外形、傅汝德数等因素对球体高速入水过程中空泡形态及球体所受阻力的影响研究。上世纪90年代后,配套设备的逐步成熟以及高速摄像等实验技术打破了人们对入水现象的认知局限,入水问题的实验研究开始围绕不同入水物体的空泡形态和动力特性展开。Wei等[13]应用高速数字摄像系统细致研究了圆柱长细比以及入水角度对入水空泡演化特性的影响;何春涛[14]和Hou[15]分别总结了锥角头型圆柱体和空心圆柱入水空泡闭合方式与入水速度之间的关系;Vincent等[16]测量了1.7<Fr<5范围内不同角度楔形体入水时受到的水动力载荷;Panciroli等[17]实验研究了柔性圆柱体入水过程中的流体-结构相互作用,发现变形发生在水动力载荷方向,振动振幅随入水速度增大而增大;魏英杰[18]和杨柳[19]发现了弹性球体入水形成的典型空泡形态,揭示了球体变形规律和内部应力分布情况;Truscott等[20]、Li等[21]、王恒等[22]对不同密度和表面润湿性的球体垂直入水空泡发展规律及相应流体动力进行了研究;Rabbi等[23]通过令两个球体连续地进入水中,达到减少尾球入水冲击力的目的。
在实验研究发展的同时,计算流体力学方法在入水问题的研究中伴随计算机技术的发展也得到了广泛应用。Ahmadzadeh等[24]应用商业软件ABAQUS中的欧拉-拉格朗日(CEL)耦合公式,分析了不同密度的球体自由落体入水后球体位移、入水空泡形状、夹断时间和深度等空泡流动特性;夏维学等[25]应用商业CFD软件并结合动网格技术,重点讨论了旋转球体入水速度和旋转速率对入水空泡闭合深度、最大直径等特征尺寸的关系;何春涛等[26-27]采用Fluent软件中的VOF多相流模型和空化模型,针对回转体高速入水开展了数值计算研究,探讨了环境空气压强对高速入水过程的影响;张伟伟等[28]通过与实验、理论数据对比,证明多物质ALE(Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian)仿真方法可以较好地反映入水过程中密度、冲击速度及表面亲水性等因素的影响;Yan等[29]采用SPH方法对刚体弹跳过程进行了数值模拟研究,并且将三维弹跳过程简化为二维运动,获得的结果与理论结果吻合良好;周波等[30]基于雷诺时均方法的SST k-ω模型和重叠网格技术,对低傅汝德数条件下不同旋转方向球体倾斜入水过程进行了三维数值模拟研究,发现了马格努斯效应对空泡发展、闭合时间的影响。
综上所述,国内外学者已对入水问题做了大量的实验研究和数值计算工作,并开始逐渐关注不同入水物体形状、运动方式对入水空泡形态特征及其流体动力特性的影响,然而,相关数值研究大多是基于商业软件进行计算分析,且针对入水空泡内部流场演变和涡流结构的研究较少。虽然Yakimov[31]、Richardson[32]、Gordillo[33]、Marston等[34]通过实验研究指出内部气流对空泡的动力学和飞溅的演化起着重要的作用,但入水空泡内部流场特性仍有待进一步研究。
本文的研究对象为实心刚性球体,将气、液两种流体介质均视为不可压缩流体,即流体的密度为常数。对于不可压缩流体,笛卡尔坐标系下的连续性方程和动量方程可表述为
式中,ρ为混相流体密度,ν为混相动力粘性系数,σ是表面张力系数,k为气液界面的局部曲率,δs为气液交界面的Dirac函数。
曲率k可表述为
式中,αl为液相体积分数。
本文采用VOF(Volume of Fluid)方法[35]进行气液相截面捕捉,通过容积跟踪法对相界面进行追踪,计算在每个单元网格中各相的体积分数,进而通过相分布可获得相界面的位置和方向。
以液相体积分数αl为例,满足连续性方程:
式中,液相体积分数αl代表的是每一个单元网格中液相所占体积与该单元网格总体积的比值,并满足以下定义:
VOF方法计算相对简单且保证了质量守恒,所以本文采用VOF方法对球体入水过程中气液两相界面进行追踪捕捉。
本文采用边界数据浸入法(BDIM)[36]求解球体入水过程中流体和刚体的耦合作用。如图1所示,球体入水过程的原始计算域由固体子域Ωb、流体子域Ωf和流固边界σs组成,每个子域的控制方程分别为
式中,为球体速度矢量,为流体速度矢量,p为流体压力。
BDIM方法通过使用厚度为2ε的界面平滑过渡区域,取代原有的流固边界,将流体子域Ωf和固体子域Ωb合并,实现整个物理区域在等效单域Ω中对Euler描述下的N-S方程进行求解。研究假定球体与流体之间的界面为无滑移边界,边界子域忽略不计,则整体域的控制方程为
函数定义为
式中,d为固体子域Ωb内任一点到边界σs的距离,d < 0和d > 0分别指实体的内部和外部。
对于固体域Ωb而言,固体与流体之间为无滑移边界条件,则两者接触的区域可以认为速度相同,同时假定球体入水运动过程中无旋转运动,其运动方程可表述为
球体在下落过程中除受到自身重力外,还受到压力和粘性力作用,则合力F和加速度a分别为
式中,A是球体表面的面积,是指从球体中心到球体表面所考虑位置的向量,为气液交界面的法向量,m为球体质量,g是重力加速度。
法向量可表述为
选用恰当的接触角模型和准确计算液体的表面张力,是入水问题数值模拟的一个重点。本文选用了CSF(Continuum Surface Force)方法[37]求解表面张力,其计算公式如下:
式中,σ = 0.072 N/m是水的表面张力系数,κ表示气液界面的局部曲率,它可通过下面的公式计算:
在固、液、气三相接触区域,入水物体表面的接触角会有很大的变化,因此必须对三相接触区域的界面法向量进行修正。当气液两相的接触线与入水物体之间没有相对运动时,入水物体的表面形成了一个静态接触角θ。然而,在圆球的入水过程中,三相接触线存在相对运动,因此静态接触角不再适用,应该采用动态接触角θD来更加精准地描述物体表面的湿润性。本文选用了动态接触角模型,其计算公式可以表示为
式中,Cacl是毛细数(或称界面张力数),定义为
式中,Ucl为三相接触线的移动速度。在入水的过程中可视为水以相对速度U冲击球体的表面,故本文中的Ucl可以取值为球体的运动速度U
是Hoffman函数[38]的反函数形,
将式(18)建立的动态接触角模型引入VOF方法中,可以对三相接触位置的界面法向量进行修正,改进后界面法向量的计算公式为
式中,分别表示圆球表面的单位法向量和单位切向量。
图2给出了数值求解计算流程。为了模拟球体的入水过程,计算域由水、气体和球三相介质组成。在设置网格和计算初始化之后,开始迭代计算,其中流体控制方程(2)中的对流项和扩散项分别采用二阶迎风方法和中心差分方法进行离散化,采用“两步投影法”求解压力场,该法是基于Helmholtz-Hodge分解方法改进后得到。同时,为了获得高精度的时间离散结果,采用了具有二阶精度的Adams-Bashforth-Moulton预测器和校正器方法。
将各子域控制方程公式(2)和(11)代入整体域的控制方程,定义当前时间步的流体速度和球体运动速度分别为unUn,提取N-S方程中的压力项,通过对流项、粘性项、表面张力项和重力项获得流体过程速度
根据速度与压力关系,求解得到下一时间步中流体速度un+1
根据不可压缩连续性方程可以得到公式(17)左端的速度微分项等于零,即
流体速度采用松弛迭代方法求解,通过两步投影法得到泊松方程(24),由此获得流场压力分布情况,将流场压力值代入公式(23)求解得到下一个时间步的速度un+1,如此循环计算。
图3给出了计算流域及边界条件设置,其中球体直径D=25 mm,计算域长为8D、宽为8D、高为10D。计算域包含液相和气相,其高度分别为8D和2D,初始球心位置与水面距离为D。流域顶部边界为压力出口,侧面、底面边界以及球体表面均为无滑移壁面。计算时间步长Δt满足库朗数CFL=umaxΔtx=0.1,其中umax为当前时间步流场最大速度,Δx为沿x方向网格均布尺寸。
为了进行网格无关性验证,针对球体密度比m*=1.14(球体密度比m*=ρs/ρl,其中ρs为球体密度,ρl为水体密度)、傅汝德数Fr=U0/(gD0.5=4.12的入水工况,对比了不同网格尺寸下球体无量纲入水深度x/D随时间变化,并与实验结果进行了对比,如图4所示。定义球体底部刚接触到水面时刻t=0 ms,以球体底部距球心0.5D处顶点坐标表征球体位置。采用的三种网格沿x方向尺寸分别为∆x=0.020D、0.025D和0.040D,沿y方向和z方向网格尺寸均与x方向最小尺寸相同。结果表明,当网格尺寸小于0.025D时,位移轨迹的差异可以忽略不计,并与实验数据吻合较好。因此,考虑计算精度和效率,选择∆x = 0.025D作为均一网格尺寸,对应的流域总网格数为8000万(500×400×400)。
本文针对密度比m*=1.14,傅汝德数Fr=4.12的工况开展数值方法验证。图5给出了球体入水过程空泡形态与实验图像[21]的对比,数值结果较好地捕捉到了水面的入水喷溅现象以及入水空泡的形成、发展、闭合和溃灭阶段。伴随着球体位移的增加,入水空泡不断拉长,液面逐渐向空泡中心轴线收缩直至夹断。在夹断处形成的两股射流,使球体短暂地向下加速。
图6给出了数值计算方法预测的球体无量纲入水深度x/D、瞬时速度v随时间变化及其与实验结果的对比。数值预测的球体入水深度与实验结果吻合较好,数值预测的球体瞬时速度与实验结果趋势相同,平均误差在5%以内。
为了分析入水空泡非定常演化特性,针对m*=7.86,Fr=4.4、6.6、8.6三种小球入水工况进行了数值计算,图7~8分别给出了不同入水工况球体加速度与速度随时间变化曲线。由图可知,球体入水主要分为三个阶段:(I)入水冲击阶段(t=0~21 ms),球体与周围水体存在动量交换,球体加速度在触水后迅速升高且在加速度值达到峰值后仍有小幅波动,且每个工况下的加速度峰值与入水速度U0正相关。这一阶段球体速度也因加速度的剧烈变化而陡然减小。入水冲击在自由液面上形成了水平方向的入水喷溅;(II)空泡发展阶段(t=21~48 ms),随着球体向下运动,加速度逐渐趋于稳定,且加速度随着傅汝德数Fr增大而增大,速度也保持着缓慢线性下降的趋势。同时喷溅进一步在径向和轴向生长并形成冠状溅射,空泡不断拉长,其横向与纵向尺寸同样随着傅汝德数Fr增大而增大。但在发展阶段末期,低速入水空泡受到水位影响在靠近球体一侧开始收缩;(III)空泡闭合阶段(49 ms后),低速入水空泡在距离球体较近位置处发生夹断,引起球体速度和加速度出现明显波动。反观高速入水空泡,仅在其入口处发生闭合。由于闭合位置距离球体过远,球体加速度与速度未受到明显影响。闭合后,球体继续向下运动,空泡尺寸不断拉长,并出现收缩趋势。
结合数值计算结果,图9进一步给出了不同傅汝德数条件下球体入水空泡非定常演化过程。在球体入水初期,随着入水深度增加,入水空泡体积和冠状溅射不断扩张。随着入水空泡的稳定生长,空泡顶部溅射明显回落,入水空泡在周围静水压力的作用下逐渐向中心收缩。但在空泡闭合阶段,入水空泡受傅汝德数影响呈现出三种不同的闭合过程。
Fr=4.4时,如图9(a)所示,为了平衡泡内外压强,空泡从其中部靠近球体位置开始收缩,并发生夹断,最终形成上下两部分空泡,即深闭合。一部分空泡附着在球体上继续向下运动,另一部分空泡则通过冠状溅射间的缺口进行泄气,导致溅射出现二次涨鼓现象。当Fr=6.6时,如图9(b)所示,较高的入水速度影响下气流可以迅速进入空泡,溅射回落的速率增大且存在由溅射前端向空泡内部发展的趋势,溅射首先发生闭合,即水冠闭合(穹顶闭合)。闭合后不再有空气流入空泡,继续下落的球体会拉扯着空泡趋于细长形状,直至空泡中段发生夹断。当Fr=8.6时,如图9(c)所示,入水空泡的尺寸更大,且溅射在空泡出现明显收缩趋势之前回落至自由液面,最终在自由液面处出现闭合现象,即面闭合。面闭合后球体下落形态长时间保持稳定,空泡轮廓在球体拉扯下逐渐演变成梭型。
在入水空泡演变过程中,流域中始终存在复杂的湍流流动。图10给出了不同傅汝德数条件下入水空泡内部流场演化过程。如图所示,在小球入水之初,空泡内部由于外界气流快速流入而出现分流速大且分布不均匀的现象,空泡内部靠近入口处形成了一对明显的对称涡结构。当气体与空泡壁面接触时,涡流外缘受到影响。涡结构在空泡发展过程中沿气流方向发生脱落。对比可以发现,入水初期涡结构大小随入水速度增大而减小,但其数量随入水速度增大而增加。在空泡发展和闭合阶段,数量逐渐增多的小尺度涡结构被气流吹向空泡壁面,使得原本光滑的空泡边界变得凹凸不平。而空泡入口处的涡结构受空泡闭合方式的影响较大,深闭合空泡在喷溅发生二次涨鼓时产生较多的小尺度涡结构,而在面闭合前后,闭合位置附近开始产生大尺度涡结构。
为了更好地分析球体入水过程中空泡的内部流场变化过程,采用不同涡结构识别准则来表征流场中不同尺度的旋涡结构,涡量ωQ准则[39]定义如下:
式(26)中,Ωij为反映旋转效应的涡量张量,Sij为表征变形效应的应变速率张量。
图11分别给出了三种工况下,xoy平面流域内瞬时涡量ωz分布、Q分布和三维流域的Q分布。对比不同涡识别准则可发现,ωz准则在空泡近壁面处出现过预测现象,将空泡壁面的拉伸和剪切均识别为涡结构,Q准则较好地反映了旋转和剪切效应的影响。当Q > 0时,表示该区域的旋转强度大于剪切强度,旋转效应起主导作用;当Q < 0时,意味着该区域剪切强度大于旋转强度,剪切效应占主导地位。
图11所示,不同傅汝德数条件下,空泡内部的球体尾迹区均形成了以环状旋转效应为主的涡对。涡对关于空泡中心轴线对称分布,其后续尺度随着球体运动的速度降低而减小。随着入水空泡进一步发展,导致在球体后方形成一个正负Q值交替的碎片化区域,说明旋转效应和剪切效应涡结构共同影响入水空泡的扩张。同时,球体下落和空泡边界扩张促使球体附近出现较多剪切涡流,剪切涡流也随着球体速度变化趋于平缓而消失。在空泡发展过程中,剪切涡流同样存在于喷溅附近且主要分布在喷溅上侧。
随着空泡的演变,当Fr=4.4和6.6时,如图11(a)和(b)所示,深闭合和穹顶闭合空泡在夹断和收缩部位出现旋转涡流;而当Fr=8.6时,如图11(c)所示,对于面闭合空泡,在入水初期泡腔内接近自由液面的部分形成了多种尺度的涡流结构,同时对空泡壁面产生了扰动。在泡腔的下部区域,仅在球体后出现小尺度涡对。面闭合后的高速水射流给泡腔内部带来了显著的扰动,在空泡下部区域开始形成尺度较小的涡流结构。综合对比三个工况,较高入水速度带来的高速气流,在空泡生长的各个阶段里均带来了数量更多、强度更高的以剪切效应为主的涡流结构。同时,剪切效应和旋转效应在入水空泡的各个阶段均发挥了重要的作用。
为进一步分析空泡内部涡流结构的成因,本文在计算过程中,通过引入流场压力变化和流体速度矢量来观测流场变化,如图12图13所示。其中,图13为空泡内部压力场的变化过程。可以观察到,在入水空泡生成时,在球体头部会形成高压,即滞止压强。而在球体尾流区由于流动分离在背压面形成了对涡结构,对应的气流流速高、压强低。随着球体的下落,气流流动速度方向平行于空泡的表面,球体头部的高压区面积逐渐减小,空泡内外气体压强基本相等,有明显的压力梯度区域分布在溅射周围,从而在溅射附近和空泡顶部出现了较大的涡流结构。在空泡扩张生长时,其内部压力场受入水深度影响较大,竖直方向上梯度变化较为明显,速度矢量表明周围流体向外部排开,而当空泡发生收缩和闭合时,水体回流并在收缩夹断位置出现高压,促生了较多涡流,此高压区在空泡夹断后的一段时间内仍继续存在。
Fr=6.6和8.6时,穹顶闭合和面闭合空泡的流场结构变得更为复杂,这主要是由于空泡的生成,腔内因外界高速气流灌入而导致在空泡上部区域流速大且分布不均匀。当溅射在自由液面闭合时,其闭合处形成了较小的高压区,且此时空泡内部压强明显高于上方气体压强,流域内的压力梯度促使气流向远离自由液面方向运动,形成剪切涡流。闭合后,空泡内部压力下降。
对比三种工况可以发现,高速入水会在初始入水阶段导致高速气流涌入空泡,高速气流又引发喷溅过程中压力梯度的变化及大尺度涡流的产生,空泡内涡结构的运动趋势也与气流运动一致,渐渐由液面向球体移动,最后逐渐消失。
根据图12图13的分析结果,空泡内部流场变化对喷溅有着不可忽视的影响,因此下面进一步对空泡喷溅过程进行了受力分析。图14(a)~(c)给出了球体入水过程中喷溅生长各个阶段的形态和受力示意图,以及相对应的数值计算结果;图14(d)则给出了Fr=6.6时入水空泡典型时刻内外压差变化。在图14中,Uc为液膜顶端的运动速度,对应的喷溅加速度记为ac,液膜所承受的受力主要包括自身重力Fg、阻力Fd(与运动速度平方成正比)、由高速气流灌入空泡内部形成的压差力FΔp,以及阻碍原本运动状态的表面张力Fσ1Fσ2。将入水喷溅和空泡近似认为是轴对称结构,并与入水球体共轴。喷溅形态经历了远离轴线—趋向轴线—弯曲闭合三个阶段。在远离轴线阶段,如图14(a)所示,大量气体涌入空泡,沿球体运动方向推动空泡膨胀,喷溅开始远离轴线,压差力因气流流速增加而增大,与重力、表面张力等阻碍喷溅运动,喷溅的扩张速率也随之减缓。在趋向轴线阶段,如图14(b)所示,随着球体运动速度减缓,涌入的气流迫使球体周围气流沿空泡边界向上运动,空泡横向尺寸也随之增大,喷溅继续受到压差力和重力的影响向轴线靠拢。喷溅的运动速度因压差力的增大而增大,故压差力越大,喷溅向轴线收缩越快,空泡喷溅越早发生闭合趋势。在弯曲闭合阶段,如图14(c)所示,空泡的形态继续拉长,其内部气流由于夹断趋势分为上下两个部分,下部气流在高压区的影响下加速向球体两侧运动,上部气流则在运动至夹断处时发生回转,继续沿壁面运动,维持空泡形态,尽管压差力越来越小,但喷溅继续在重力影响下向自由液面和轴线回落,其顶端在闭合前也发生了弯曲现象。
图14(d)展示了闭合前各阶段空泡内外压差变化。在远离轴向阶段,空泡内外压强基本相等,压差趋近于零。进入趋向轴线阶段后,空泡内外压差开始小于0,压差在数值上呈现出先减小、后增加的趋势,并在进入弯曲闭合阶段前回到0附近。在后续的弯曲闭合阶段中,空泡内压强已大过外部压强,并将不断增加。
空泡夹断处液膜与气流运动趋势如图15所示。在空泡发展的过程中,继续下落的球体会拉扯着空泡趋于细长形状,与此同时空泡周围的静水压力逐渐增加,而空泡内部的压强相对减小,空泡周围液体开始向着空泡流动,因此入水空泡开始逐渐收缩。为了平衡内外压强,空泡会从其中间位置开始收缩,这一收缩位置附近的气体会在挤压作用下向远离夹断处的方向流动,从而造成在收缩位置上下两部分的空泡发生微弱的膨胀。
本文基于边界数据浸入法(BDIM)和刚体运动流固耦合算法,开发了球体垂直入水数值计算程序,通过与实验结果对比,验证了数值方法的准确性和有效性。基于数值计算结果,分析了不同速率下球体入水过程的流体动力特性,对比了不同涡识别准则对流场内涡结构的识别效果,精确捕捉了入水空泡以及空泡内部流场特性与复杂涡流结构,获得了球体垂直入水空泡、喷溅发展、空泡内部流场结构随入水冲击速度的变化规律。主要研究结论如下:
(1)本文建立的数值方法具有良好的收敛性和准确性,其数值结果得到了实验验证,且球体入水过程中的瞬态空泡形态以及动力学参数的预测结果与实验结果具有良好的一致性,尤其是喷溅、空泡夹断、溅射闭合等复杂的流动现象均能精确捕捉。
(2)在入水冲击阶段,加速度急剧增加,并随着入水速率的增加其最大值随之增大,入水空泡体积和冠状溅射也不断扩张。随着球体下降,入水加速度逐渐趋于恒定。同时空泡顶部溅射明显回落,入水空泡在周围静水压力的作用下逐渐向中心收缩。在空泡闭合阶段,入水空泡受傅汝德数影响,分别呈现出深闭合、穹顶闭合和面闭合,球体加速度也因此出现波动。
(3)Q准则可以准确识别流场中的复杂涡结构。入水喷溅处灌入的高速气流造成了强湍流、强剪切状态,在流场内压力梯度作用下,空泡内部产生大尺度旋涡结构,周围伴随分布着强度较小的小尺度旋涡结构。当球体入水速度增加时,气体灌入速度增大,空泡内涡流强度也随之增强。
  • 国防基础科研计划项目(JCKY2021203B003)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.08.002
  • 接收时间:2024-02-18
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2024-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-18
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国防基础科研计划项目(JCKY2021203B003)
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    1.北京理工大学 机械与车辆学院,北京 100081
    2.北京理工大学 重庆创新中心,重庆 401120
    3.北京机电工程总体设计部,北京 100854

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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