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In order to select and optimize the skin friction reduction scheme for high-speed underwater vehicles, a better technical scheme of skin friction reduction test, the expression method of characteristic parameters and the technical way to improve the measurement accuracy were put forward in this paper. The feasibility of the above scheme and approach was demonstrated by the actual skin friction reduction test of PEO. The results can provide support for the selection and optimization of the skin friction reduction scheme for high-speed underwater vehicles.

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为了支撑高速水下航行器减摩擦阻力(摩阻)方案的选型和优化,本文提出较好的减摩阻试验研究技术方案和特征参量表达方法以提高测量精度的技术途径,并以聚氧化乙烯(PEO)减摩阻实际试验演示上述方案和途径的可行性。相关结果可为高速水下航行器减摩阻方案的选型和优化提供支撑。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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孙海浪(1987-),男,硕士,高级工程师,通讯作者,E-mail:

张华(1969-),男,硕士,研究员。

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Repeatability test results of total resistance of the smooth model

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水速U/(m⋅s-1 ReL总阻力Rt/N重复性(极差/均值)
1#2#3#均值极差
64.8×10618.8618.9118.8518.870.070.4%
86.4×10632.0232.1032.0232.050.080.2%
108.0×10648.7649.0448.8448.880.270.6%
129.6×10669.2469.6069.4669.430.360.5%
141.1×10793.3594.3194.1693.940.971.0%
), ArticleFig(id=1243879765380285439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879754068247176, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

光滑模型总阻力重复性测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水速U/(m⋅s-1 ReL总阻力Rt/N重复性(极差/均值)
1#2#3#均值极差
64.8×10618.8618.9118.8518.870.070.4%
86.4×10632.0232.1032.0232.050.080.2%
108.0×10648.7649.0448.8448.880.270.6%
129.6×10669.2469.6069.4669.430.360.5%
141.1×10793.3594.3194.1693.940.971.0%
), ArticleFig(id=1243879765459976198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879754068247176, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

CFD results of resistances of the smooth rotating body model

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水速U/(m⋅s-1总阻力Rt/N与试验差别摩擦阻力Rf/N摩阻占比a
620.076.3%9.0445.0%
833.043.1%15.0545.5%
1049.421.1%22.5845.7%
1268.97-0.7%31.4045.5%
1493.29-0.7%41.6844.7%
), ArticleFig(id=1243879765535473672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879754068247176, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

光滑回转体模型阻力CFD结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水速U/(m⋅s-1总阻力Rt/N与试验差别摩擦阻力Rf/N摩阻占比a
620.076.3%9.0445.0%
833.043.1%15.0545.5%
1049.421.1%22.5845.7%
1268.97-0.7%31.4045.5%
1493.29-0.7%41.6844.7%
), ArticleFig(id=1243879765648719884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879754068247176, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Test accuracy of the skin friction reduction effect

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水速U/(m⋅s-168101214
减摩阻功效测试精度Qf0.8%0.5%1.2%1.1%2.3%
), ArticleFig(id=1243879765724217362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879754068247176, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

减摩阻功效测试精度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水速U/(m⋅s-168101214
减摩阻功效测试精度Qf0.8%0.5%1.2%1.1%2.3%
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水下高速外流减摩擦阻力功效测试方案设计与验证
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孙海浪 1, 2, 3 , 张华 1, 2, 3 , 徐良浩 1, 2, 3 , 陈默 1, 2, 3 , 李永成 1, 2, 3
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024,28(8): 1155-1161
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024, 28(8): 1155-1161
水下高速外流减摩擦阻力功效测试方案设计与验证
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孙海浪1, 2, 3 , 张华1, 2, 3, 徐良浩1, 2, 3, 陈默1, 2, 3, 李永成1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 2.水动力学全国重点实验室,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 3.深海技术科学太湖实验室,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 孙海浪(1987-),男,硕士,高级工程师,通讯作者,E-mail:

    张华(1969-),男,硕士,研究员。

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Design and verification of the skin friction reduction test scheme for underwater high-speed external flow
Hai-lang SUN1, 2, 3 , Hua ZHANG1, 2, 3, Liang-hao XU1, 2, 3, Mo CHEN1, 2, 3, Yong-cheng LI1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, China
  • 2.National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Hydrodynamics, Wuxi 214082, China
  • 3.Taihu Laboratory of Deepsea Technological Science, Wuxi 214082, China
出版时间: 2024-08-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.08.003
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为了支撑高速水下航行器减摩擦阻力(摩阻)方案的选型和优化,本文提出较好的减摩阻试验研究技术方案和特征参量表达方法以提高测量精度的技术途径,并以聚氧化乙烯(PEO)减摩阻实际试验演示上述方案和途径的可行性。相关结果可为高速水下航行器减摩阻方案的选型和优化提供支撑。

减摩阻  /  测试  /  外流  /  水下  /  高速

In order to select and optimize the skin friction reduction scheme for high-speed underwater vehicles, a better technical scheme of skin friction reduction test, the expression method of characteristic parameters and the technical way to improve the measurement accuracy were put forward in this paper. The feasibility of the above scheme and approach was demonstrated by the actual skin friction reduction test of PEO. The results can provide support for the selection and optimization of the skin friction reduction scheme for high-speed underwater vehicles.

skin friction reduction  /  model test  /  external flow  /  underwater  /  high speed
孙海浪, 张华, 徐良浩, 陈默, 李永成. 水下高速外流减摩擦阻力功效测试方案设计与验证. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (8) : 1155 -1161 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.08.003
Hai-lang SUN, Hua ZHANG, Liang-hao XU, Mo CHEN, Yong-cheng LI. Design and verification of the skin friction reduction test scheme for underwater high-speed external flow[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (8) : 1155 -1161 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.08.003
航速是水下航行器的重要性能指标,现代水下航行器正逐渐向高速化方向发展。就提高航速而言,在推进效率一定的情况下,可通过增加动力和减少阻力两种途径来实现。采用减小阻力的方式,理论上可在保持航行器排水量和主机功率不变的前提下,达到与单纯加大功率同样的提速效果,是一种更具发展潜力的技术途径[1-4]
一般可将水下航行器的阻力分为摩擦阻力(摩阻)和粘压阻力,其中,摩阻约占总阻力的50%至80%。经过多年的技术发展,通过常规的线型优化技术减小粘压阻力的空间和幅度越来越小,而大幅降低占比高达50%~80%的摩擦阻力,是显著提高水下航行器航速的重要突破口[3-4]。近年来,逐渐形成了表面微沟槽[5]、柔性表皮[6]、喷注高分子聚合物[7]、低表面能涂层、超疏水涂层等多种减摩阻技术方案[8-10]
上述技术方案的减阻机理涉及微纳表界面力学、多物理场、流变学等复杂物理机制,目前尚难以采用数值计算的方法进行准确模拟,开展试验测量研究尤为必要。因此,对上述技术方案的减摩阻功效进行准确的试验测量是减摩阻方案优选和优化设计的前提和基础。由于目前摩阻的测量技术尚不成熟,通常在实验室通过测量总阻力来评价减阻功效[11-13]。对大量文献中的测量结果进行对比分析表明,各技术方案的减阻功效整体较为分散[10]。造成这种分散性的原因一方面是总阻力测量的精度有待提高,另一方面是未进行减摩阻功效的分析。由于不同形状水下航行器的摩阻占比差别较大,采用同样减摩阻功效的技术措施时,实现的减总阻功效差别同样较大。因此,对于减摩阻技术措施的功效测量,不应局限于仅获得减总阻功效。
本文面向高速水下航行器减摩阻方案的选型和优化,开展空泡水筒中回转体模型高速外流减摩阻功效测试方案的设计与验证。
由于减摩阻试验为对比性试验,因此,首先需确保“测试样”和“对照样”在模型尺寸、形状、表面粗糙度等方面的一致性(即严格的几何相似性)。其次,还需确保模型安装姿态角(特别是攻角和漂角)的一致性以及测试系统(包括水洞/水筒流场、电测系统)的稳定性。此外,由于高水速下湍流脉动增强,引起包括阻力在内的模型各分力载荷脉动增强,进而引起测力天平的结构振动增强,导致其安全性下降,容易在试验中损坏失效。而采用传统的增加测力天平弹性敏感元件刚度以提高其安全性的措施,往往导致天平量程大幅增加。在满足阻力载荷测量范围、同等标称精度的情况下,将导致测力天平实际测量精度降低。
综合考虑上述因素,为兼顾结构安全性和测量精度,本文采用多个测力天平组成的框架式整体结构(复支杆结构),设计空泡水筒中的回转体模型减摩阻试验方案,如图1所示。中国船舶科学研究中心(CSSRC)高速空泡水筒试验段长、宽、高分别为1600 mm、225 mm、225 mm,收缩比为12.61,湍流度小于0.5%,最高水速为25 m/s,流场品质良好。试验方案主要由洞壁连接板、天平底座(导流罩)、单分力天平、模型连接板和回转体模型组成。其中,洞壁连接板用于固定整套测试系统,与水洞底壁平齐安装。采用两个单分力天平并联测量阻力,结构振动小,天平实际测量精度高,天平绝大部分位于导流罩内。
回转体模型长为800 mm,中体直径为65 mm。为了提高对比试验中模型加工的一致性、降低后续减摩阻方案的加工难度,模型连接板没有采用传统的在模型上开凹槽并平齐安装到模型内部的方式,而是作流线型处理后外露在模型表面,较完整地保留了回转体的线型。回转体模型通过流向排列的螺纹孔与模型连接板固连,更换模型时,其余部分均无需拆装,无需额外调整即可较好地满足模型攻角和漂角的一致性。
需要说明的是,虽然天平导流罩、模型连接板等对回转体模型本身的流动会存在一定干扰,但其并不妨碍在相当条件下进行减阻方案的对比。
为验证上述方案的有效性,在开展减摩阻方案的功效测试前,首先进行表面光滑回转体模型的总阻力重复性测试。试验方法、环境条件、电测系统等与后续试验保持一致。模型采用铝合金(LY12)制作,尺寸/形貌偏差≤0.1 mm,表面粗糙度Ra≤3.2 μm,共3件,编号分别为1#、2#、3#。试验水速范围为6~14 m/s,间隔2 m/s。试验特征雷诺数范围为4.8×106~1.1×107,远大于通常认为的层流临界雷诺数(5×105~3×106),因此,所有试验工况下模型表面均可视为充分发展湍流状态。试验结果如表1所示。
试验结果表明,光滑回转体模型总阻力的测量重复性(以极差/均值表示)较好,6~14 m/s水速范围内,测量重复性优于1%。水速为14 m/s时的重复性偏差最大,可能原因是高水速下流动脉动量的绝对值较大,引起结构振动幅度的增加,进而导致测试结果偏离值的增加。
通过对比试验,可测量获得相应减阻方案的减总阻率。而对于水下航行器模型,阻力R包含摩擦阻力Rf和粘压阻力Rp。目前,常见的减摩阻方法(如表面微纳结构、柔性表皮、涂层等)对摩擦阻力有一定影响,但对粘压阻力影响较小,可忽略。当模型周围流动流态不变时,粘压阻力仅与模型线型相关。具体到本文中的测试方案,试验测量获得的总阻力Rt除了模型阻力R外,还包括模型连接板阻力r。由于模型及模型连接板均为流线型,因此二者的流动相互影响较小,可忽略,模型连接板总力同模型粘压阻力一样,在对比分析中可作为固定的基础值存在。
因此,对于减摩阻试验而言,在充分发展的湍流状态下,试验测得的减总阻力量ΔRt等于减摩擦阻力量ΔRf
若将减总阻率δ表示为
则减摩阻率δf可表示为
式中,a为模型表面摩擦阻力在测量总阻力中的占比(摩阻占比),
目前,通过试验测量摩阻占比难度极大,而通过数值模拟(CFD)获得摩阻占比不确定度较高。本文采用试验和CFD相结合的方法,通过试验测量总阻力,验证CFD方法的有效性,进而以CFD获得准确的摩阻占比。
数值模拟方面,对上述测试方案的主要结构进行几何建模,而连接块、导流罩上的细小结构(如螺栓/螺钉孔等)对试验测量结果影响较小,可不进行模拟。所建立的几何模型如图2所示。
计算域横截面为225 mm×225 mm(宽×高),与水筒试验段相同;纵截面如图2所示,其中,入口距模型前缘0.5 m,出口距模型后缘1.2 m。入口设置为速度入口,出口设置为压力出口,其余表面设置为壁面。
近壁面附近采用边界层网格,共12层,第一层网格高度Y+设为30,网格增长率设为1.1。此外,模型周围网格加密,如图3所示。计算网格总数约为180万。
采用RANS方法结合RNG k-ε湍流模型开展计算,计算结果如表2图4所示,其中,试验值取表1中测试结果的平均值。
可以发现,总阻力Rt的数值模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好,最大差别小于6.3%,且二者差别随水速的增加呈下降趋势,原因可能是随着水速的增加,试验模型表面更加接近数值模拟所假设的完全湍流状态。另外,不同计算工况下的摩阻占比值(如图5)较为稳定,均值为45.3%,波动量小于1%。
根据前文分析结果,由于减摩阻方案仅影响模型表面摩擦阻力,因此,相较于分析减总阻力测试精度,进一步分析减摩阻功效测试精度更具有实际意义。上述测试方案的减摩阻功效测试精度Qf可按以下公式计算:
式中,Qt为总阻力测量精度。
光滑回转体模型总阻力的试验测量结果和数值模拟结果较为一致,因此,表1中的“均值”可作为其总阻力的参考真值,“重复性”可作为总阻力测量精度的参考指标。上述重复性测试综合考虑了模型加工、模型安装、重复测量等对总阻力测量结果的影响,因此,当后续减摩阻方案样件的加工质量不低于光滑回转体样件时,该“重复性”指标可定量反映各减摩阻方案样件的总阻力测量精度。
最后,计算获得上述测试方案的减摩阻功效测试精度,如表3所示。
采用本文中的减摩阻功效测试方案,进行回转体模型喷注高分子聚合物的减摩阻功效测试。在模型中体前部布置环形喷缝,缝宽0.8 mm,喷口方向与壁面法向夹角为60°,如图6~7所示。通过高压气源提供0.4 MPa的驱动压力,将0.5‰的聚氧化乙烯(PEO)水溶液以13.5 ml/s的流量喷注至模型表面,测量获得了不同流速下的减摩阻功效,如图8所示。
测试结果表明,减摩阻率随着试验水速和试验雷诺数的减小而增加。测试结果验证了以往学者的结论——PEO边界层减阻有效。若令
式中,q为PEO喷注流量,l为喷缝宽度,U为来流速度。则k可以定性表示单位表面积的PEO覆盖率。
图8可以看出,k同样随着试验水速和试验雷诺数的减小而增加,δfk正相关。雷诺数可能影响含PEO边界层结构,进而影响摩阻。
本文采用的双复支杆、双天平设计,可有效抑制高水速时模型的振动;双天平可增加测力的灵敏度和分辨力,提高天平实际测量精度,更换模型时易于保持安装姿态一致。由于试验主要关注模型阻力相对变化量,双支杆对模型流场的干扰对于对比试验是相同的,所以降为极次要影响因素。
针对不同绕流体摩阻与压阻占比各异、用总减阻率不足以比较评价减摩阻效果的问题,引入减摩阻率及减摩阻功效测试精度对减阻研究很有效。
提高减摩阻功效测试精度的技术途径为:(a)单天平改为多天平;(b)提高每台天平的精度;(c)选择摩阻占比大的绕流体作为试验对象(如平板)。
再次证实了PEO减摩阻的有效性,减摩阻率与单位表面积PEO覆盖率正相关,与流速、雷诺数引起的PEO边界层结构变化密切相关,在这两个方向上尚有很大研究空间。
  • 中船重工集团公司联合基金资助项目(6141B042705)
  • 稳定支持项目(WDZC70202010202)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.08.003
  • 接收时间:2024-02-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2024-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-15
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中船重工集团公司联合基金资助项目(6141B042705)
稳定支持项目(WDZC70202010202)
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    1.中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
    2.水动力学全国重点实验室,江苏 无锡 214082
    3.深海技术科学太湖实验室,江苏 无锡 214082

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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