Article(id=1243879680701477251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879674670072443, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.07.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1705593600000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774493626046, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1721404800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774493626046, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774493626046, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774493626046, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243879674670072443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='7', pageStart='967', pageEnd='1132', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774493624607, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774493869111, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243880700257087675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879674670072443, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243880700257087676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879674670072443, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=967, endPage=980, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243879680974107023, articleId=1243879680701477251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Analysis on hydrodynamic response of a tethered underwater robot under two control manipulations, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper proposes a hydrodynamic mathematical model of a tethered underwater robot system by introducing boundary conditions and coupling relations into the existed governing equations for umbilical cable systems. A feed-forward and feedback control method was used for adjusting the length of the umbilical cable while the incremental PID algorithm was applied on regulating rotating speeds of propellers for establishing the integral hydrodynamic and control model of a tethered underwater robot. The experimental validation and hydrodynamic responses under the two control manipulations were simulated numerically. The simulation results showed that the proposed model was valid and reliable. In the depth control, the maximum errors of pitch, roll and submerged depth of the underwater robot between simulation and experiment are 2°, 1° and -50 mm respectively. The errors of trajectory tracking simulations in X direction and Z direction are 10% and 15% respectively. The motion in Z direction of the underwater robot is determined mainly by the feed-forward and feedback control strategy for the cable, and the motion in X direction of the underwater robot is primarily controlled by the PID algorithm for regulating the rotational speeds of the duct propellers. The hydrodynamic loadings on the robot are influenced by the flow fields around the robot, and the changes of the flow fields are determined by the changes of the robot velocity and the propellers rotating speed.

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本文首先根据已有的脐带缆运动控制方程,通过引入与工作船和水下机器人连接点处边界条件和速度耦合关系,与水下机器人运动方程一同构成完整的水动力数学模型;其次提出收放脐带缆的前馈-反馈控制方法和调节螺旋桨转速的增量式PID(Proportion Integration Differentiation)算法,建立完整的带缆水下机器人系统水动力与控制模型;最后对所提出的模型进行数值模拟实验验证与运动控制操纵下的水动力分析。数值计算结果表明:本文所提出的带缆水下机器人系统水动力与控制模型是有效可靠的,垂向运动控制过程中,水下机器人纵摇角、横摇角和沉深的模拟值与实验值最大误差分别为2°、1°和-50 mm;对于PID算法,调节螺旋桨转速控制水下机器人对给定位置信息的跟踪响应效果,模拟值与实验值相差均不大;轨迹跟踪模拟计算沿水平(X轴)方向和竖直(Z轴)方向最大相对误差分别为10%和15%;水下机器人竖向(沿Z轴)运动主要由调节脐带缆长度的前馈-反馈策略决定,沿水平(X轴)方向的运动主要由调节螺旋桨转速的PID算法控制;机器人水动力载荷受其周围流场变化的影响,而流场的变化主要由机器人运动速度的改变和螺旋桨转速变化二者共同决定。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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陈东军(1987-),男,讲师,通讯作者,E-mail:

吴家鸣(1957-),男,教授,博士生导师。

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Time response results in X direction

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指标PID(仿真)PID(实验)FL(实验)指标PID(仿真)PID(实验)FL(实验)
OS(%)19.3613.1611.98Ts/s32.1824.947.02
Tr/s9.956.833.77eSS/m0.00690.00830.0056
Tf/s5.863.172.18
), ArticleFig(id=1243879694450406325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879680701477251, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

系统沿X轴方向响应结果

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指标PID(仿真)PID(实验)FL(实验)指标PID(仿真)PID(实验)FL(实验)
OS(%)19.3613.1611.98Ts/s32.1824.947.02
Tr/s9.956.833.77eSS/m0.00690.00830.0056
Tf/s5.863.172.18
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Time response results in Z direction

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指标PID(仿真)PID(实验)FL(实验)指标PID(仿真)PID(实验)FL(实验)
OS(%)2.622.965.92TS/s13.8017.807.93
Tr/s2.552.742.27eSS/m0.00490.00630.0020
Tf/s2.781.702.52
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系统沿Z轴方向响应结果

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指标PID(仿真)PID(实验)FL(实验)指标PID(仿真)PID(实验)FL(实验)
OS(%)2.622.965.92TS/s13.8017.807.93
Tr/s2.552.742.27eSS/m0.00490.00630.0020
Tf/s2.781.702.52
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Primary parameters of the underwater robot system

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脐带缆直径/m0.01
长度/m8
单位长度空气中重量/(kg·m-10.1
机器人主体直径/m0.01
长度/m8
单位长度空气中重量/kg0.1
直径/m0.3
长度/m0.8
空气中重/kg12.5
重心坐标/m(0,0,0.06)
浮心坐标/m(0,0,0.0)
拖点坐标/m(0.0,0.0,-0.13)
螺旋桨型号Ka 4-70/19A
螺距比P/D1
直径/mm1,2号:0.18;3号:0.15
1号(0,-0.29,0)
旋转中心/m2号(0,0.29,0)
3号(0,0,0)
), ArticleFig(id=1243879694769173433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879680701477251, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

水下机器人系统主要参数

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脐带缆直径/m0.01
长度/m8
单位长度空气中重量/(kg·m-10.1
机器人主体直径/m0.01
长度/m8
单位长度空气中重量/kg0.1
直径/m0.3
长度/m0.8
空气中重/kg12.5
重心坐标/m(0,0,0.06)
浮心坐标/m(0,0,0.0)
拖点坐标/m(0.0,0.0,-0.13)
螺旋桨型号Ka 4-70/19A
螺距比P/D1
直径/mm1,2号:0.18;3号:0.15
1号(0,-0.29,0)
旋转中心/m2号(0,0.29,0)
3号(0,0,0)
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双控制方式下带缆水下机器人轨迹跟踪与水动力响应分析
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陈东军 1 , 吴家鸣 2 , 拜永征 3
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024,28(7): 967-980
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024, 28(7): 967-980
双控制方式下带缆水下机器人轨迹跟踪与水动力响应分析
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陈东军1 , 吴家鸣2, 拜永征3
作者信息
  • 1.扬州工业职业技术学院 建筑工程学院,江苏 扬州 225127
  • 2.华南理工大学 土木与交通学院,广州 510640
  • 3.江苏智仝建设科技有限公司,江苏 扬州 225009
  • 陈东军(1987-),男,讲师,通讯作者,E-mail:

    吴家鸣(1957-),男,教授,博士生导师。

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Analysis on hydrodynamic response of a tethered underwater robot under two control manipulations
Dong-jun CHEN1 , Jia-ming WU2, Yong-zheng BAI3
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Architectural Engineering, Yangzhou Polytechnic Institute, Yangzhou 225127, China
  • 2.College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
  • 3.Jiangsu Zhitong Construction Technology Co., Ltd., Yangzhou 225009, China
出版时间: 2024-07-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.07.001
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本文首先根据已有的脐带缆运动控制方程,通过引入与工作船和水下机器人连接点处边界条件和速度耦合关系,与水下机器人运动方程一同构成完整的水动力数学模型;其次提出收放脐带缆的前馈-反馈控制方法和调节螺旋桨转速的增量式PID(Proportion Integration Differentiation)算法,建立完整的带缆水下机器人系统水动力与控制模型;最后对所提出的模型进行数值模拟实验验证与运动控制操纵下的水动力分析。数值计算结果表明:本文所提出的带缆水下机器人系统水动力与控制模型是有效可靠的,垂向运动控制过程中,水下机器人纵摇角、横摇角和沉深的模拟值与实验值最大误差分别为2°、1°和-50 mm;对于PID算法,调节螺旋桨转速控制水下机器人对给定位置信息的跟踪响应效果,模拟值与实验值相差均不大;轨迹跟踪模拟计算沿水平(X轴)方向和竖直(Z轴)方向最大相对误差分别为10%和15%;水下机器人竖向(沿Z轴)运动主要由调节脐带缆长度的前馈-反馈策略决定,沿水平(X轴)方向的运动主要由调节螺旋桨转速的PID算法控制;机器人水动力载荷受其周围流场变化的影响,而流场的变化主要由机器人运动速度的改变和螺旋桨转速变化二者共同决定。

运动方程  /  水动力与控制模型  /  带缆水下机器人  /  前馈-反馈控制  /  PID算法

This paper proposes a hydrodynamic mathematical model of a tethered underwater robot system by introducing boundary conditions and coupling relations into the existed governing equations for umbilical cable systems. A feed-forward and feedback control method was used for adjusting the length of the umbilical cable while the incremental PID algorithm was applied on regulating rotating speeds of propellers for establishing the integral hydrodynamic and control model of a tethered underwater robot. The experimental validation and hydrodynamic responses under the two control manipulations were simulated numerically. The simulation results showed that the proposed model was valid and reliable. In the depth control, the maximum errors of pitch, roll and submerged depth of the underwater robot between simulation and experiment are 2°, 1° and -50 mm respectively. The errors of trajectory tracking simulations in X direction and Z direction are 10% and 15% respectively. The motion in Z direction of the underwater robot is determined mainly by the feed-forward and feedback control strategy for the cable, and the motion in X direction of the underwater robot is primarily controlled by the PID algorithm for regulating the rotational speeds of the duct propellers. The hydrodynamic loadings on the robot are influenced by the flow fields around the robot, and the changes of the flow fields are determined by the changes of the robot velocity and the propellers rotating speed.

motion equation  /  hydrodynamic and control model  /  tethered underwater robot system  /  feed-forward and feedback control  /  PID algorithm
陈东军, 吴家鸣, 拜永征. 双控制方式下带缆水下机器人轨迹跟踪与水动力响应分析. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (7) : 967 -980 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.07.001
Dong-jun CHEN, Jia-ming WU, Yong-zheng BAI. Analysis on hydrodynamic response of a tethered underwater robot under two control manipulations[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (7) : 967 -980 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.07.001
带缆水下机器人在海洋研究、海洋开发与海洋工程水下作业中得到了越来越广泛的应用,为发挥它在水下作业中稳定有效工作的能力,需要对水下机器人进行精确快速的轨迹控制。对带缆水下机器人轨迹控制问题的研究涉及水下机器人水动力学与控制技术等多个交叉学科领域,其中主要包括自动控制原理、智能控制算法、计算机编程和计算流体水动力学等[1-2]
一直以来,研究人员对水下机器人轨迹和姿态控制问题开展了许多研究:Leeena[3]用传递函数法建立了双轮差速机器人数学控制模型,机器人的线速度由外环的运动控制器调节,机器人的角速度由内环的比例控制器控制;Ismail[4]应用自适应鲁棒控制算法为水下潜器操纵系统(UMVS)设计了一个非线性控制器,并通过数值模拟验证了该控制器的有效性;吴家鸣[5]根据人工神经网络的LMBP算法建立了水下潜器的数学模型,对水下拖曳潜器系统的水动力和控制行为进行了预测分析,同时设计了一个基于模拟退火遗传算法的神经网络鉴别器,作为水下潜器系统的轨迹控制工具;Daniel[6]提出了模型预测控制技术来预测和抵消海洋波浪场的干扰,实验证明了该方法相比传统的反馈控制拥有更快的计算速度和更小的计算误差。这些水下机器人的控制手段是推进机构操纵方式,除了螺旋桨这一主要的轨迹操纵机构外,还有采用脐带缆自动收放系统的设计[7]、可伸缩缆绳系统的调节机构[8]、电力驱动缆绳绞车系统[9-10]等来实现对水下机器人的轨迹控制。然而,从控制算法的角度分析通过脐带缆的收放动作来实现机器人轨迹控制的相关研究并不多见。
带缆水下机器人系统在水下作业过程中,机器人主体、螺旋桨推进器和脐带缆等各种水动力因素的非线性突出,整个系统各种水动力要素呈现出一种复杂的相互耦合关系。因此,对带缆水下机器人控制问题的研究只有建立在完整的水动力数学模型的基础上,才能准确描述水下机器人在控制机构作用下的轨迹跟踪特性。现有关于带缆水下机器人轨迹控制问题的部分研究中,虽然在一定程度上考虑了水下机器人系统的水动力因素,但这些研究主要聚焦在控制理论与控制手段的运用,因而对控制模型中的水动力因素都做了不同程度的简化[11-14]
基于上述背景,本文从建立带缆水下机器人系统的水动力数学模型出发,在此基础上提出以收放缆控制动作和调节螺旋桨转速的联合操纵方式,构建完整的带缆水下机器人系统轨迹跟踪控制的水动力与控制模型,观察双控制方式下带缆水下机器人系统的水动力响应与轨迹跟踪控制特性。
在收放缆动作与调节螺旋桨转速联合操纵方式下带缆水下机器人水动力与控制模型的构建过程中,首先给出脐带缆运动方程,脐带缆在水面上末端与工作船连接点处的运动速度、下末端拖点处水下机器人水动力方程作为脐带缆控制方程上下端边界条件,通过脐带缆两端动力边界条件耦合,构成带缆水下机器人系统水动力数学模型。然后,采用前馈-反馈控制技术操纵脐带缆收放动作,以增量式PID(Proportion Integration Differentiation)算法控制螺旋桨转速的双重策略,耦合到水动力模型中形成完整的带缆水下机器人系统水动力与控制模型。
脐带缆上任一节点在其局部坐标系中的运动方程为
式中,T为脐带缆张力,vtvnvb分别为脐带缆上某一节点在其局部坐标系中相对于水流的三维运动速度分量,ϑφ为脐带缆局部坐标系与固定坐标系之间的方向角,s是未伸长的脐带缆单位长度,MN是6阶方阵,Q为6阶列阵。关于MNQ的具体展开式可见参考文献[15],本文不再赘述。
水下机器人在其局部坐标系中的水动力方程[16]
式(3)~(8)中:等号左边代表惯性力和惯性力矩,右边为水下机器人在运动过程中受到的合外力与合外力矩;(xGyGzG)为机器人重心坐标;IxIyIz为质量惯性矩,IxyIyzIxz为极惯性矩;(uvw)和(pqr)分别是水下机器人的线速度和角速度;(XYZ)和(IJK)分别是水下机器人受到的合外力与合外力矩。作用在水下机器人的合外力F0=(XYZT与合外力矩M0=(IJKT由静水回复力FW、脐带缆张力FT、机器人主体水动力FH,以及螺旋桨推力FTH和相应的力矩组成。因此,
当水下机器人在运动过程中重心和浮心不在同一铅垂线上时,就会产生静水回复力FW;脐带缆张力FT通过求解方程(1)~(2)得出,其大小和方向随着机器人运动状态的改变而不断变化;机器人在运动过程中受到的水动力FH和螺旋桨发出的推力FTH及相应的力矩MHMTH则是采用计算流体力学(CFD,Computational Fluid Dynamics)方法,用CFD商业软件Fluent计算得到。
脐带缆在水面上端与工作船连接点处的速度耦合关系为
式中,vXvYvZ为固定坐标系中工作船与脐带缆连接点处速度分量,vtvnvb为方程(2)给出的在脐带缆局部坐标系中脐带缆运动速度分量,[D]为固定坐标系与脐带缆局部坐标系之间的转换矩阵[15]
脐带缆下末端与机器人连接点处的速度耦合关系为
式中,V0=(uvwT分别为水下机器人局部坐标系中机器人的线速度和角速度,rT=(xTyTzT)为机器人局部坐标系中连接点坐标,Va为脐带缆局部坐标系中连接点处的速度,[E]为固定坐标系和机器人局部坐标系之间的转换矩阵[15]
式(11)~(12)即为脐带缆运动方程(1)在上下端的运动边界条件。由于式(12)的引入,使得原本可解的脐带缆控制方程组又多出了9个未知量,即V0 =(uvwT和机器人三个欧拉角θφψ。为使方程组可求解,需要再次引入9个方程。
在固定惯性坐标系下,水下机器人三个欧拉角的变化速率与在机器人局部坐标系中机器人角速度的关系为
式中,θφψ分别为水下机器人的纵摇角、横摇角和艏摇角,(pqr)为机器人局部坐标系中水下机器人主体三维角速度分量。
将式(13)与机器人运动方程组(3)~(8)耦合到脐带缆运动方程(1)以及边界条件(11)~(12)中,构成了闭合可解的带缆水下机器人系统水动力数学模型。
本文采用前馈-反馈控制技术调节脐带缆的收放动作、增量式PID算法控制螺旋桨转速的双控制策略对带缆水下机器人系统进行轨迹操纵。在每一个时间步内水下机器人轨迹跟踪数值模拟中,由前馈-反馈控制技术调节脐带缆长度的操纵作为“大尺度”控制,而增量式PID调节螺旋桨的转速则作为其后续的“精细微调”操纵。以这种耦合的双控制方式实现对水下机器人快速、精准的轨迹操纵。
前馈调节方法高度依赖被控对象精确的数学模型,一般设计为专用调节器,不涉及反馈环节。本文应用的前馈调节方法将每个时间步内水下机器人指定轨迹的位移坐标作为干扰项加入到控制系统的输入端,前馈调节执行收放缆控制动作以消除干扰,具体数学表达式为
式中,Lff是以前馈调节方法确定的脐带缆单位长度,Sp是水下机器人指定运动轨迹的位置坐标,t为当前时间步。
收放缆反馈控制则是在用CFD方法计算出机器人主体的水动力与螺旋桨的推力之后,由运动控制方程计算更新机器人实时位置坐标与运动参数,并与指定轨迹的位置坐标进行比较得到位移偏差,根据位移偏差执行反馈收放缆控制动作,以达到精确控制的目的。
本文提出的收放缆反馈控制方法数学表达式为
式中:Lfb是由反馈控制计算得到的脐带缆单位长度;e=Sr-Sp是比较水下机器人实际位置坐标Sr和指定轨迹位置坐标Sp得到的位移偏差,计算过程中在深度控制方向和水平运动控制方向上分别计算位移偏差;αα0为修正系数;t为当前时间步。
螺旋桨转速的改变将会引起周围旋转流场的变化,同时会引起水下机器人运动速度改变,从而影响到机器人的水动力响应。为使流场变化不过于复杂,同时为方便分析机器人在一定控制操作下的水动力载荷,本文对于螺旋桨转速的调节采用增量式PID控制算法,令螺旋桨在一定控制指令下旋转产生推进力,推动水下机器人沿指定轨迹运动。
调节螺旋桨转速的增量式PID控制律数学表达式为
式中,Δr为螺旋桨期望的转速增量,Δe为水下机器人位移偏差的变化,KPKIKD分别为PID算法的比例系数、积分系数和微分系数,t为当前时间步。
上式中,水下机器人在每个时间步的位移偏差et)由受力情况(式(9))控制,每个时间步机器人的水动力与螺旋桨推力通过CFD方法计算得到。通过调整式(16)中PID算法的三个参数KPKIKD可以得到该时间步内螺旋桨转速的增量值,进而得到螺旋桨实时转速。通过求解脐带缆与机器人运动控制方程组,并与CFD软件Fluent进行数据交换与更新,即可得到螺旋桨实时转速下所发出的推力,以达到精确控制水下机器人沿指定轨迹运动的控制目标。
前馈调节律(式(14))、反馈控制律(式(15))和PID算法(式(16))一同组成了带缆水下机器人系统轨迹跟踪的控制模块。
为求解带缆水下机器人系统运动方程,将脐带缆沿长度方向平均分成Nd段,第j微段长度为Δsj,计算时间步长表示为Δti,脐带缆节点编号为0~Nd,0、Nd分别为上、下末端点,则每一脐带缆微段节点包含6个待求未知变量,即Yj=(TvtvnvbθφTjj=0~Nd)。将脐带缆运动控制方程分别对时间与空间进行中心差分,近似地求解带缆遥控水下机器人系统运动方程。将式(1)在时间上与空间上进行离散,得到差分方程[17]
式中,i表示时间步数,j表示空间步数。脐带缆微段单元个数一共为Nd,因此类似方程(19)的式子一共有6Nd个;而脐带缆节点个数一共为(Nd+1)个,每一个节点处都有6个待求的未知变量,因此Yj中一共有6(Nd+1)个待求的未知变量。方程求解的必要条件是未知变量个数等于方程个数,因此为求解式(19)所表示的方程组,引入方程组(11)和(12),此时又有9个多余的未知变量V0=(uvw)、ω=(pqr)、θφψ被引入,再次引入方程组(13)、机器人动力学方程组(3)~(8),得到所有未知量的个数与方程组个数相等,此时方程组闭合,带缆水下机器人系统运动方程可数值求解。
将机器人轨迹跟踪控制模块耦合到上述水下机器人水动力数学模型中,构成了完整的带缆水下机器人系统水动力与控制模型。对这一模型采用一定的数值方法进行离散,就可以用仿真模拟的方式,完全确定带缆水下机器人系统在一定的操纵控制动作下的水动力与控制响应特征。在水动力与控制模型中,输入的控制参数为前馈-反馈方法确定的脐带缆收放长度、增量式PID算法计算得到的螺旋桨转速,并由转速转化为推力;输出参数为双重控制策略下系统的动力响应参数,包括水下机器人特征点(机器人重心、机器人与脐带缆连接点等)的三维空间坐标与机器人的欧拉角、脐带缆沿长度方向的张力等力学参数,以及脐带缆空间位置坐标等几何参数等。
对机器人系统的水动力与控制模型进行数值离散后,就能对带缆水下机器人系统在一定轨迹控制要求下的水动力响应进行时域模拟。仿真模拟中,以前馈-反馈算法调整脐带缆长度和增量式PID控制技术调节螺旋桨转速,实现对水下机器人的轨迹跟踪控制目标。
本文的数值模拟计算由求解带缆水下机器人系统运动方程的主程序、计算机器人主体水动力和螺旋桨推力的水动力计算模块,以及控制程序模块混编组成。在每个时间步中,主程序计算水下机器人实时位置坐标、机器人与脐带缆运动参数,Fluent利用机器人实时运动参数计算机器人主体受到的水动力载荷和螺旋桨的实时推力,控制程序根据式(9)~(10)得到的水下机器人实时受力情况,更新机器人位置坐标,并与指定轨迹的位置坐标进行对比,得到实时位移偏差et),通过执行控制律式(14)~(16)完成轨迹跟踪的控制目标。
整个数值模拟计算分为三个模块,分别为主程序模块:以本文构建的水动力与控制模型为核心搭建的算法模块。主程序模块运算中,应用有限差分方法来求解耦合了水下机器人水动力方程(式(3)~(8))的脐带缆运动方程(式(1))。通过主程序模块每一时间步的运算,可以分别得到水下机器人特征点(机器人重心、机器人与脐带缆连接点等)的三维空间坐标与机器人的欧拉角、脐带缆沿缆长方向的张力等力学参数,以及脐带缆空间坐标的几何参数等。
水动力计算模块:该计算模块主要采用CFD商业软件Fluent,在每一个时间步中,根据主程序模块求解得到的机器人运动参数,计算机器人主体实时受到的水动力载荷;同时根据控制模块指令输出的各螺旋桨转速,计算各螺旋桨所发出的推进力。
控制模块:根据1.4节建立的“前馈-反馈方法”和“增量式PID算法”为核心的双重控制策略,构建水下机器人轨迹跟踪运动控制模块,以此确定数值模拟中每一时间步脐带缆收放的操纵动作和螺旋桨转速的调节输出,以实现对水下机器人的轨迹操纵。
采用上述三个模块进行数值模拟计算流程如下:
(1)初始时刻,时间步t=0,由主程序模块在给定初始值条件下迭代计算至初始稳定的流场状态,时间步t=n
(2)执行控制律式(14),计算水下机器人实时位置坐标;
(3)将式(2)计算的机器人实时位置坐标与指定轨迹位置坐标作比较,得到位移偏差en);
(4)执行控制律式(15),更新系统运动参数;
(5)将运动参数传递到水动力计算模块,计算机器人水动力与螺旋桨推力;
(6)将水动力计算模块计算得到的机器人主体水动力载荷与螺旋桨推进力数据传递到主程序模块,执行主程序模块运算,根据式(9)~(10)计算水下机器人受到的合外力,更新水下机器人实时位置坐标和运动参数,更新位移偏差en);
(7)如果更新的位移偏差不满足给定的误差范围,返回步骤(4),否则继续;
(8)执行控制律式(16),计算各个螺旋桨转速的增量,得到各螺旋桨期望转速值;
(9)将各个螺旋桨期望转速值传递到水动力计算模块,计算各个螺旋桨在期望转速下发出的推进力,同时更新作用在机器人主体上的水动力载荷;
(10)将各个螺旋桨所发出的推进力与更新后的作用在机器人主体上的水动力载荷传递回主程序模块,更新机器人实时位置坐标与运动参数,更新位移偏差en);
(11)如果位移偏差en)不满足给定的误差范围,返回步骤(4),否则继续;
(12)时间步t=n+1,如果t<N,返回步骤(2),否则保存并输出计算结果,数值模拟计算结束。其中,N为数值模拟计算的最大时间步数。
图1给出了数值模拟计算流程图。
为检验本文所建立的水动力与控制模型用于预报带缆水下潜器系统在特定控制动作下动力响应的可靠性,在已有的拖曳式带缆水下潜器系统深度控制、球形水下机器人对指定轨迹位置信息控制效果的实验数据基础上[18-19],分别以相同的实验条件,采用本文所提出的带缆遥控水下机器人水动力与控制模型对以上实验进行数值模拟,将数值模拟结果与实验结果进行比较,观察本文所提出的水动力与控制模型用于预报带缆水下机器人系统水动力与控制特性的可靠性。
根据文献[18],实验室使用的水下潜器主要由可控攻角的迫沉水翼与一水平设置的翼型主体组成,可控攻角迫沉水翼作为操纵水下潜器沿深度方向轨迹运动的主要控制机构,对称机翼型切面的迫沉水翼攻角通过一个伺服控制机构来操纵,水下潜器的总长×总宽×总高=920 mm×944 mm×700 mm。拖曳式带缆水下潜器以0.8 m/s的速度进行直线拖曳,同时迫沉水翼绕其固定轴以振幅为10°、周期为48 s的方式做摆动,控制水下潜器做升沉运动。拖曳脐带缆总长度为6 m。其他实验条件描述见参考文献[18]。
在数值模拟中,拖曳式水下潜器系统的几何参数和实验参数与参考文献[18]所述的实验条件一致。仿真实验中,设置水下潜器系统于迎流速度为0.8 m/s来流环境中,这一速度值与实验室实验采用的直线拖曳速度一致。数值模拟采用本文所提出的水动力数学模型与数值模拟方法。显然,根据运动相对性原理,将水下潜器系统设置于迎流工况条件与拖曳工况下进行升沉运动的操纵相比较,得到的运动效果与实验室拖曳实验是一致的。
图2图3分别给出了在上述操纵动作下拖曳水下潜器的纵摇角、横摇角与沉深(淹没深度)的数值模拟和实验结果相比较得到的绝对误差。其中,沉深的测定位置为拖曳潜器的上顶点。
图2图3的绝对误差结果对比可以看到:数值模拟所得到的水下拖曳潜器纵摇角、横摇角和沉深与实验结果对比相差不大,纵摇角的绝对误差最大值约为2°,横摇角的绝对误差最大值不超过1°,均在合理范围之内;沉深模拟值与实验值相比最大误差约为-50 mm,在实际深度控制实验中,拖曳潜器的沉深在2.7 m左右,绝对误差的数值与沉深相比很小,同时最大误差值与拖曳潜器主体尺度相比影响也较小,可以认为最大误差在合理范围之内。误差的来源主要是由数值模拟计算所用的几何模型和拖曳潜器实体之间的差异性造成的。数值模拟结果与实验结果的比较在符合工程计算要求的误差之内,说明本文使用的数学模型用于水动力数值模拟是有效可靠的。
根据已有的球形水下机器人水箱轨迹操纵实验[19]建立对应的几何模型,并在与实验室相同条件下进行数值仿真模拟实验。实验室水箱实验内容为分别给定球形水下机器人沿X轴方向(前进与后退)与沿Z轴方向(上浮与下潜)指定轨迹位置,设计PID控制器与状态反馈控制器(FL),观察对比两种控制方法对于给定位置信息指令的控制响应效果。其中操纵机器人前进和后退运动以及上浮和下潜运动的机构均为螺旋桨推进器。
本文根据文献[19]的实验内容,建立相同参数的几何模型,并将本文提出的水下机器人水动力数学模型和控制算法与该几何模型关联起来,进行与实验室相同实验条件下的数值仿真模拟计算,机器人沿X轴方向的控制响应结果对比如图4~5以及表1所示,机器人沿Z轴方向的结果对比如图6~7以及表2所示。
根据图4图5结合表1可以看到,仿真实验得到的轨迹响应曲线(图4虚线)与实验室应用PID算法得到的轨迹响应曲线变化规律非常相似。在仿真实验中,以增量式PID算法调节螺旋桨转速、控制机器人按照指定位置运动的过程中,系统超调百分比OS%、上升时间Tr、下降时间Tf和调节时间Ts的模拟值均比实验用PID控制方法得到的结果大。原因是在仿真实验中,Fluent根据螺旋桨转速计算实时推进力,涉及螺旋桨旋转流场的变化以及机器人运动产生周围流场的变化,流场由变化至稳定需要一定的时间积累,这就导致了仿真实验中控制系统响应具有一定的延迟性;而在实际实验中,机器人沿X轴方向的位置响应是利用布置在水箱中的相机通过图像处理技术实时监测得到的,不涉及运动流场的变化过程,因此仿真实验各项指标均不及实验数据。但稳态误差eSS的模拟值优于实验值(0.0069<0.0083),这是因为仿真实验中不涉及人为因素,没有系统误差和随机误差,仿真精度主要由参数设置和计算条件决定,而实际实验会存在测量误差与扰动因素等作用的影响,使得稳态误差实验值高于模拟值。
图6图7表2中可以看到,在深度轨迹控制中,仿真实验得到的位置响应曲线(图6虚线)与实验室采用PID算法得到的轨迹响应曲线同样具有非常相似的变化规律。仿真实验中机器人沿Z轴方向的系统超调百分比OS%、上升时间Tr与实际实验结果较为接近;下降时间Tf相比实际实验多了1 s左右,与线性反馈控制器(FL)的结果较为接近;而调节时间Ts为13.80 s,介于实际PID实验值(17.80 s)和线性反馈控制器实验值(7.93 s)之间;稳态误差eSS与实验结果相比差别不大,说明数值仿真模拟计算可靠度较高。
从仿真实验与实际实验结果的对比来看,数值仿真模拟计算对指定位置信息的响应过程与实验结果较为一致,说明本文提出的水动力数学模型可以用于水下机器人的水动力计算,本文提出的增量式PID算法用于调节螺旋桨转速同样适用于水下机器人水动力控制的数值仿真模拟计算。
第3章对比仿真实验与实际实验的结果表明:利用本文提出的带缆水下机器人系统水动力与控制模型对水下机器人进行数值模拟可以得到与实验条件相近的结果。因此可以推断,采用本文提出的水动力数学模型对带缆水下机器人系统在一定控制动作下的水动力特性进行数值模拟,可以得到有效可靠的结果。
以本文建立的水动力与控制模型和数值计算方法,对带缆水下机器人系统在收放缆动作与调节导管螺旋桨转速的联合操纵方式下,进行水下机器人轨迹跟踪的水动力与控制响应特性仿真模拟,观察在双控制方式下水下机器人系统的动力响应特性。
本文使用的带缆水下机器人系统主体为一鱼雷状浮体,主体两侧对称布置一对导管螺旋桨推进器,主体中央腔体内布置一个螺旋桨推进器,几何建模过程中忽略对水动力计算影响不大和尺寸较小的构件,螺旋桨型号为Ka 4-70+No.19A。图8~9表3分别为水下机器人组合体和导管螺旋桨的几何模型与基本参数,在图8中,数字“1”、“2”、“3”分别表示1、2、3号螺旋桨。
本节对带缆水下机器人系统在收放缆动作与调节导管螺旋桨转速的联合操纵方式下,沿指定轨迹路线进行运动跟踪控制的仿真模拟计算。应用的数学模型由脐带缆运动控制方程(公式(1))、水下机器人动力学方程(公式(3)~(8))、脐带缆与螺旋桨控制算法(公式(14)~(16))加上边界耦合条件(公式(11)~(13))一同组成。如图10所示,水下机器人从自由释放到稳定状态,轨迹跟踪初始位置坐标为(1.20,0.00,7.90)。数值模拟计算时间为12 s,轨迹跟踪包含沿X轴方向和沿Z轴方向的合成运动,指定运动过程具体表述如下。
第一阶段:0~3 s,水下机器人沿X轴负方向匀速运动,以1、2号导管螺旋桨的推进控制为主,沿Z轴方向无运动,从(1.20,0.00,7.90)运动到(0.80,0.00,7.90);
第二阶段:3~6 s,水下机器人沿X轴方向保持与阶段1同样的匀速运动,沿Z轴方向以-0.3 m/s的速度做匀速上浮运动,从(0.80,0.00,7.90)运动到(0.40,0.00,7.00);
第三阶段:6~9 s,与阶段1相同,机器人从(0.40,0.00,7.00)运动到(0.00,0.00,7.00);
第四阶段:9~12 s,水下机器人沿X方向停止运动,沿Z轴方向以0.3 m/s的速度匀速下潜,从(0.00,0.00,7.00)运动到(0.00,0.00,7.90)。
指定运动轨迹写成随时间变化的数学表达式的形式,有
水下机器人实际运动轨迹与指定运动轨迹及对应的误差分别如图10图11所示。仿真计算中时间步长取为0.2 s。螺旋桨实时转速、推力以及机器人组合体的实时线速度分别如图12~14所示。由图12图13可知,导管螺旋桨(1、2号)正向旋转时,产生沿X轴负方向的推力;中央腔体螺旋桨(3号)正向旋转产生沿Z轴负方向的推力。
图10中可以看到,在前馈-反馈收放缆和PID算法耦合控制作用下,水下机器人实际运动轨迹与指定运动轨迹较为吻合。
(1)第一阶段(0~3 s):水下机器人从静止开始运动,由于系统响应存在延迟,导致水下机器人沿X轴方向的运动误差呈现出小范围上下波动的变化规律,机器人沿Z轴方向无运动,伴随沿X轴方向的运动执行收放缆控制动作;
(2)第二、第三运动阶段(3~9 s):水下机器人沿X轴方向的位移偏差先变大后变小,相对变化幅度不大,说明通过PID算法调节螺旋桨转速进而控制机器人沿指定轨迹运动的效果较为稳定可靠;由于第二阶段加入了沿Z轴方向的运动,系统延迟响应,导致第二阶段初期的第4 s内,机器人沿Z轴方向的运动出现了最大位移误差0.08 m,随后持续交替变化,在第8 s左右趋于稳定;
(3)第四阶段(9~12 s):由于水下机器人沿X轴方向指定运动速度突然减至零,实际控制过程需要一定的调节时间,从而导致机器人沿X轴方向的运动误差出现了一个较大的振荡,最大位移偏差约为±0.1 m;同时由于PID算法与前馈-反馈收放缆控制的耦合作用,使得机器人沿Z轴方向的运动轨迹也出现了振荡,最大位移偏差为-0.12 m;相比于机器人几何模型尺度与实际运动轨迹,误差均在可以接受的范围之内。
机器人沿X轴方向的运动主要由1、2号导管螺旋桨控制,通过调节螺旋桨转速输出实时推力来决定机器人的实时运动速度;机器人沿Z轴方向的运动由收放缆动作和3号螺旋桨共同控制,3号螺旋桨的推进作用对机器人沿Z轴方向的实时运动速度有一定影响。图12~14分别列出了螺旋桨转速、螺旋桨推力和水下机器人组合体运动线速度随时间变化的关系。
通过图12~14可以看到,水下机器人主体线速度、螺旋桨转速以及螺旋桨推力三者之间有较强的关联性:螺旋桨转速越大,发出的推力也越大,二者表现出直接的正相关性;水下机器人沿X轴方向运动的线速度由1、2号导管螺旋桨发出的推力决定,说明机器人沿X方向的运动由1、2号导管螺旋桨直接控制;3号螺旋桨在机器人运动的第二阶段(3~6 s)和第四阶段(9~12 s)分别发出正向推力和反向推力,且推力数值均不大,与机器人沿Z轴方向运动的线速度变化规律呈现一定的相似性,说明机器人沿Z轴方向的运动主要由前馈-反馈收放缆控制,3号螺旋桨为协同控制。
图12~14在10.5 s左右发生较大的跳变,对比图10图11可知,机器人指定运动轨迹在第9 s时要求沿X轴方向线速度突降为零,而机器人实际运动惯性使得9~10 s仍然沿X轴方向运动了一小段位移(图10实际轨迹第④段、图11中9~10 s机器人沿X轴方向位移误差反向增大),当位移偏差超过给定阈值时,螺旋桨转速控制律(公式(16))开始反向调节,表现为第9.5 s左右螺旋桨转速开始反向迅速增大(图12),对应推力和机器人沿X轴方向线速度反向迅速增大(图13~14);而控制律的调节过程同样需要一定的时间积累,加之控制律过补偿机制,共同引起了1、2号螺旋桨转速、沿X轴方向的推力以及机器人水平方向线速度在10.5 s发生明显跳变。
图15给出了仿真模拟计算过程中脐带缆长度变化的时间历程。从图15的数值模拟结果对比可以看出,脐带缆的实际长度与规划长度变化曲线非常接近,表明前馈调节与反馈控制耦合策略调节脐带缆长度能够实现对机器人深度轨迹的有效操纵并在深度轨迹控制中起主导作用。从图15的结果还可以发现,深度轨迹控制过程中,收放缆最大绝对误差出现在第9 s时刻,其值为0.2 m,此时最大相对误差约为2.5%左右,对比图10机器人实际运动轨迹与指定运动轨迹的关系可知,误差在可以接受的范围之内。
在轨迹跟踪任务运行的同时,Ansys Fluent实时输出轨迹跟踪数值模拟过程中水下机器人主体受到的水动力响应,如图16所示。
分析对比水下机器人运动过程受到的水动力响应(图16)与螺旋桨转速(图12)和水下机器人运动速度(图14)可知:
(1)水下机器人在运动过程中受到的沿X轴方向的水动力载荷,其变化规律与布置在机器人主体两侧的一对导管螺旋桨转速的变化规律相似:当1、2号导管螺旋桨转速为正时,产生的推力沿X轴负方向,推动水下机器人沿X轴负方向运动,此时机器人主体受到的水动力载荷将沿着X轴正方向,反之亦然。
(2)水下机器人仿真计算过程中沿Z轴方向的水动力响应,与机器人沿Z轴方向线速度变化规律相似。由于在0~3 s和6~9 s的两个时间段水下机器人沿Z轴方向无位移,机器人沿Z轴运动速度接近于零,3号螺旋桨转速接近于零,因此受到的沿Z轴方向的水动力响应也在零附近变化,但在6~9 s的运动阶段其值有一定范围的振荡变化,幅值约为±30 N。这是由于在3~6 s的时间段水下机器人沿Z轴方向运动速度不为零,从而产生了变化的流场,流场再次趋于稳定需要一定时间的累积。
(3)对比图12~14图16可知,水下机器人沿X轴方向的运动主要由布置在机器人主体两侧的导管螺旋桨控制,1、2号导管螺旋桨旋转引起的变化流场决定了机器人沿X轴方向的水动力载荷变化。
(4)水下机器人沿Z轴方向的水动力响应,与机器人沿Z轴方向的运动线速度直接相关,说明机器人沿Z轴方向的运动主要是由脐带缆收放动作来控制,3号螺旋桨的旋转发挥了协同推进控制的作用。
本文根据已有带缆遥控水下机器人水动力数学模型,提出了一种前馈-反馈控制方法调节脐带缆长度,同时应用增量式PID算法调节螺旋桨转速的双重耦合控制策略,与数学模型共同构成了完整的带缆水下机器人系统水动力与控制数值模型,并对提出的数值模型进行了仿真实验验证与轨迹跟踪数值模拟,对实际应用具有一定的参考意义。
在深度控制中,机器人纵摇角、横摇角和沉深的模拟值与实验值变化规律一致,最大误差分别为2°、1°和-50 mm,均在合理范围内,说明所提出的数学模型用于水动力仿真计算是有效可靠的;本文采用的增量式PID算法调节螺旋桨转速,来操纵水下机器人对于给定位置信息的控制响应效果,模拟值与实验值各项指标相差均不大,说明本文使用的控制算法能够适用于水下机器人的控制与水动力响应计算。
基于前馈-反馈控制方法调节脐带缆长度与PID算法调节螺旋桨转速的耦合控制策略对水下机器人轨迹跟踪数值仿真模拟计算是有效可靠的,机器人沿X轴方向的运动主要由布置在主体两侧的一对导管螺旋桨控制,机器人沿Z轴方向的运动以前馈-反馈收放缆控制为主、螺旋桨协同推进为辅的耦合方法控制;轨迹跟踪沿X轴方向与Z轴方向的最大误差分别为0.1 m和-0.12 m,均在可以接受的范围之内;水下机器人主体在运动控制过程中的水动力响应,主要由机器人运动线速度产生的平动流场和螺旋桨旋转产生的旋转流场共同决定:当螺旋桨转速较大时,旋转流场对机器人水动力响应的影响也较大;螺旋桨转速较小时,由机器人运动线速度形成的平动流场对机器人水动力载荷的变化起主导作用。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51979110)
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2024年第28卷第7期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.07.001
  • 接收时间:2024-01-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2024-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-19
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(51979110)
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    1.扬州工业职业技术学院 建筑工程学院,江苏 扬州 225127
    2.华南理工大学 土木与交通学院,广州 510640
    3.江苏智仝建设科技有限公司,江苏 扬州 225009

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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