Article(id=1243879679371887305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879674670072443, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.07.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1704902400000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774493625729, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1721404800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774493625729, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774493625728, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774493625728, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243879674670072443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='7', pageStart='967', pageEnd='1132', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774493624607, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774493869111, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243880700257087675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879674670072443, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243880700257087676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879674670072443, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1124, endPage=1132, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243879679694848727, articleId=1243879679371887305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Distributed energy absorbing composite structure for sonar dome design, columnId=1241023038381158513, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydro/Structural Acoustics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this paper, for the demand of low-frequency hydrodynamic noise control in submarine sonar dome, based on the coupled vibration equations of the plate and acoustic cavity, the hydrodynamic self-noise calculation model of the multi-layer composite plate was established by using the acoustic vibration transfer matrix, modal expansion method and wave vector-frequency spectrum of turbulence boundary layer pressure. According to the analysis of dynamic vibration absorption characteristics, the vibration and noise equations of the plate under the control of distributed energy absorption unit were formed, and the hydrodynamic self-noise of the distributed power absorption composite sonar domes was evaluated. The hydrodynamic self-noise reduction effect was verified through the large cavitation channel tests, providing technical support for the design of advanced low-noise sonar domes.

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本文针对潜艇声纳透声窗低频水动力噪声控制需求,基于平板与声腔的耦合振动方程,利用声振传递矩阵、模态展开法以及湍流边界层脉动压力频率波数谱等,建立多层复合平板的水动力自噪声计算模型。根据动力吸振特性分析,形成分布式吸能单元控制下的平板振动噪声方程,评估分布式吸能复合结构透声窗水动力自噪声,通过循环水槽试验验证其水动力自噪声降噪效果,为新型低噪声透声窗设计提供技术支撑。

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沈琪(1988-),男,高级工程师,E-mail:

耿佳傲(1996-),男,工程师

时尚(1999-),男,助理工程师。

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分布式动力吸能复合结构声纳透声窗设计研究
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沈琪 1, 2 , 耿佳傲 1, 2 , 时尚 1, 2
船舶力学 | 流体与结构声学 2024,28(7): 1124-1132
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船舶力学 | 流体与结构声学 2024, 28(7): 1124-1132
分布式动力吸能复合结构声纳透声窗设计研究
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沈琪1, 2 , 耿佳傲1, 2, 时尚1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 2深海技术科学太湖实验室,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 沈琪(1988-),男,高级工程师,E-mail:

    耿佳傲(1996-),男,工程师

    时尚(1999-),男,助理工程师。

Distributed energy absorbing composite structure for sonar dome design
Qi SHEN1, 2 , Jia-ao GENG1, 2, Shang SHI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, China
  • 2.Taihu Laboratory of Deep-sea Technological Science, Wuxi 214082, China
出版时间: 2024-07-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.07.015
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本文针对潜艇声纳透声窗低频水动力噪声控制需求,基于平板与声腔的耦合振动方程,利用声振传递矩阵、模态展开法以及湍流边界层脉动压力频率波数谱等,建立多层复合平板的水动力自噪声计算模型。根据动力吸振特性分析,形成分布式吸能单元控制下的平板振动噪声方程,评估分布式吸能复合结构透声窗水动力自噪声,通过循环水槽试验验证其水动力自噪声降噪效果,为新型低噪声透声窗设计提供技术支撑。

水动力自噪声  /  声纳透声窗  /  动力吸振

In this paper, for the demand of low-frequency hydrodynamic noise control in submarine sonar dome, based on the coupled vibration equations of the plate and acoustic cavity, the hydrodynamic self-noise calculation model of the multi-layer composite plate was established by using the acoustic vibration transfer matrix, modal expansion method and wave vector-frequency spectrum of turbulence boundary layer pressure. According to the analysis of dynamic vibration absorption characteristics, the vibration and noise equations of the plate under the control of distributed energy absorption unit were formed, and the hydrodynamic self-noise of the distributed power absorption composite sonar domes was evaluated. The hydrodynamic self-noise reduction effect was verified through the large cavitation channel tests, providing technical support for the design of advanced low-noise sonar domes.

hydrodynamic self-noise  /  sonar dome  /  dynamic vibration absorption
沈琪, 耿佳傲, 时尚. 分布式动力吸能复合结构声纳透声窗设计研究. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (7) : 1124 -1132 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.07.015
Qi SHEN, Jia-ao GENG, Shang SHI. Distributed energy absorbing composite structure for sonar dome design[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (7) : 1124 -1132 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.07.015
声纳是利用声波在水中的远程传播特性,探测海洋中目标的方向、位置及特征的设备,它是舰艇尤其是潜艇的耳目,具有对水中目标进行警戒、探测、跟踪、识别和定位的功能。潜艇和水面舰航行时,为了避免水流对声纳基阵的直接干扰,通常在声纳基阵外面配置具有良好水动力线型的外罩,称为声纳罩或者声纳透声窗。安装在罩内的声纳基阵往往工作在由多种因素引起的嘈杂声学环境中,使其探测性能受到严重的影响。随着潜艇进入安静型时代以及消声瓦的广泛应用,潜艇机械噪声得到有效控制,中高频声目标强度逐渐降低,低频声纳探测成为潜艇水下目标搜索的重要手段。舰载声纳低频化的技术变革,扩展了声纳自噪声控制的低频范围,而满足声纳低频化探测需要的新型低噪声透声窗设计也成为了如今研究的重要方向。
动力吸振装置是降低机械设备和结构低频振动的一种经典方法,国内外对动力吸振器早就有广泛的研究。Igusa等[1]将多个不同的吸振器配置在主振设备上,通过以主振设备振动响应为目标函数的优化设计后发现,多动力吸振装置比单个装置更加有效,而且在非调谐状态下,多动力吸振性能也没有单个装置的性能退化明显。Ashrafiuon[2]考虑设备安装在弹性基座上后基座弹性对动力吸振器性能的影响,其得到的优化参数使吸振性能明显增加。Huang[3]采用多个动力吸振器布置在弹性圆柱壳上,研究其降低壳体振动和内部声场的作用,取得了20 dB以上的降噪效果。Nagaya[4]以辐射噪声为目标函数,采用神经网络技术,对布置在平板上的多个动力吸振器的位置、质量、弹性常数和阻尼系数进行优化设计,使平板前五阶振动模态的声辐射明显降低。
声纳部位的自噪声主要考虑湍流脉动压力激励声纳透声窗振动引起的二次辐射,由于透声窗曲率较大,一般把声纳罩当做平板来处理,Dyer[5]、Dowell[6]和Leibowitz[7]分别建立了弹性平板矩形腔透声窗模型,计算弹性平板在湍流脉动压力激励下矩形腔中的噪声。对于任意不规则壳体,俞孟萨[8]针对潜艇舷侧准矩形腔声纳罩,采用虚拟膜技术和模态法,考虑声纳罩内外声场与结构振动的耦合以及非正交界面产生的声模态耦合阻抗,建立了基于集成模态法的声纳罩透声窗受随机湍流边界层脉动压力激励产生的水动力噪声分析方法。刘进等[9]结合有限元法求解的结构振动模态和解析法求解的声腔内部声场,建立声振耦合方程,形成了数值/解析混合的声纳水动力自噪声快速计算方法。刘孝斌等[10]在循环水槽中试验测量了腔体内水动力自噪声,并与模态法建立的湍流脉动压力引起的腔体自噪声预报结果进行比较验证。
本文建立湍流脉动压力激励下的多层复合平板水动力自噪声计算模型,首次把动力吸振特性与声纳部位透声窗水动力低频降噪需求相结合,根据动力吸振单元振动吸能特性,设计分布式动力吸能复合结构透声窗构型,通过循环水槽试验,验证水动力降噪效果。
新型声纳透声窗往往采用复合结构形式,首先建立夹芯复合平板-矩形腔体耦合模型(如图1所示),计算复合透声窗的水动力自噪声。假设夹芯复合平板处复合平板长度为lx,宽度为ly,腔体深度为lz,嵌入在无限大障板中,上方为无限大水域,上层平板在外部湍流脉动压力Ptxy)作用下产生振动位移W1xy),平板参数为杨氏模量E1、厚度h1、密度ρ1、泊松比γ1和损耗因子η1。中间粘弹性层上下表面应力振速分别为σ1xy)、v1xy)、σ2xy)和v2xy),参数为声速c3、厚度h3、密度ρ3和损耗因子η3。下层平板位移为W2xy),参数为杨氏模量E2、厚度h2、密度ρ2、泊松比γ2和损耗因子η2。透声窗在激励力作用下外场辐射声压为Paxyz),腔内声压为P3xyz),透声窗面积为S,腔体体积为V,水中声速为c0,水的密度为ρ0
上下层平板满足小振幅振动方程,外部声场和腔体内部声场满足声波小振幅波动方程,外场声辐射与上层平板、内部声辐射声压与下层平板满足如下声压与振速运动方程:
式中,D1为上板弯曲刚度,D2为下板弯曲刚度,为上板面密度,为下板面密度,ω为角频率,j为虚数单位。
采用模态叠加法,将上板位移按模态展开,mn为平板模态阶数:
简支边界条件下模态函数ψmn的形式为
利用正交归一化条件求得展开系数:
同理可得下板模态位移W2mn,中间层模态应力σ1mnσ2mn,中间层模态振速v1mnv2mn,模态激励力Ptmn以及模态声压P3mn
因此上下板的模态振动方程如下:
式中,为上板的机械阻抗,为下板的机械阻抗,Zamn为辐射阻抗,ω1mnω2mn为模态频率。
中间粘弹性层的声压振速模态传递矩阵为
通过中间层的声波波动方程和上下边界的连续条件,可得传递矩阵元素T11mnT12mnT21mnT22mn。湍流边界层脉动压力激励上层平板振动,上层平板振动作用到中间层的上表面处,振动通过传递矩阵传递到中间层的下表面处,进而激励下表面产生振动,因此需要建立外面湍流激励力与下层平板位移的振动方程。通过振速和位移的关系以及中间层模态传递矩阵,可得
由Green公式可建立透声窗下层平板与内部腔体耦合振动为
式中,为内部声场本征函数解,定义为q1q2q3为腔体声模态阶数。
利用声压方程、边界条件、模态展开及正交性条件等,得到腔内声压与平板位移的关系为
式中,为腔内模态声阻抗,为腔内模态声压,为耦合系数矩阵,表达式为
根据公式(15)和腔内声压展开的系数P3mn表达式,有
式中,
根据式(13)、(16)和(17)可以获得矩阵形式方程:
式中,{W2}是(m×n)阶列向量,向量元素为W2mn;{P3}是p×q×l阶列向量,向量元素为;[Zp]是(m×n)阶对角方阵,元素为;[G]是(m×n)×(q1×q2×q3)阶矩阵,元素为;[D]是(m×n)阶对角方阵,元素为;[Zq]是(q1×q2×q3)阶对角方阵,元素为腔内模态声阻抗;[H]是(q1×q2×q3)×(m×n)阶矩阵,元素为
根据式(18)消去下板位移W2,可得腔内模态声压响应与模态激励的关系为
式中,
腔体内部声场为
式中,[ϕ]是组成的行向量。最后,可得腔体内部声压的功率谱密度为
式中,[ϕFF]为模态激励力互功率谱密度函数矩阵。
假设有一有限大平板,平板表面有吸能单元与其点连接,如图2所示,MdKdCdfcfmfp分别为吸能单元质量、弹簧劲度系数、阻尼系数、吸能单元与平板接触点的力和振速、吸能单元受到的反作用力和振速、平板受到的激励力。
通过受力分析可得
式中,Ycc为接触点处振动物体的输入导纳,Ycp为外界激励力到接触点处的传递导纳,Yd为质量块的导纳,Zd为弹簧的阻抗。通过式(19)可以获得平板振速与激励力之间的关系为
假设振动物体为简支均匀平板,密度为ρ,厚度为h,面积为S,结合上述研究内容,考虑一面为无限水域,一面为有限方腔时有
式中,(xcyc)为吸能单元与简支平板的接触点位置坐标,(xpyp)为外界激励力的位置坐标。
当吸能单元数量为L个时,平板任意位置a处的振速表达式为
式中,Yap为外界激励力到a处的传递导纳,Yac为接触点到a处的传递导纳。
当激励由点力变为湍流脉动压力,激励力Ycpfp中的ψmnxpypfp转化为广义模态激励力fpmn时,湍流脉动压力模态激励力功率谱密度函数为
式中,Φppkω)为湍流边界层压力起伏波数-频率谱,Smnk)为模态波函数。
受分布式动力吸能单元控制的板-腔流激自噪声计算公式及推导过程与第一章复合平板类似,但是广义阻抗项增加了涉及吸能单元的修正项,表达式为
通过上述推导过程建立了受分布式动力吸能单元控制的板-腔流激自噪声计算模型。为了具体分析分布式吸能单元噪声控制效果,假设板-腔模型流向长1 m,宽1.3 m,高1 m,流激面为复合平板,厚度为30 mm,材料为4 mm碳纤维、22 mm透声橡胶和4 mm碳纤维,碳纤维杨氏模量为14.4 GPa,密度为1800 kg/m3,泊松比为0.3,损耗因子为0.005;透声橡胶杨氏模量为20 MPa,密度为1200 kg/m3,泊松比为0.49,损耗因子为0.5。湍流边界层脉动压力自功率谱采用中国船舶科学研究中心循环水槽平板实测数据,互功率谱函数采用Smolyakov-Tkackenko经典公式[11],如图3所示。随着流速的增大,湍流脉动压力自功率谱随之增大;随着频率的增大,湍流脉动压力自功率谱随之减小。
在复合平板的透声橡胶层嵌入邵氏硬度为35A的聚氨酯圆柱体作为等效弹簧(直径50 mm),在聚氨酯圆柱体内又插入10 mm深的铅柱质量块(直径20 mm,高度10 mm或30 mm,见图4),密度为11 340 kg/m3。吸能单元以间距200 mm进行分布式排列,沿流向方向4个,垂直流向方向5个,共20个,安装吸能单元后复合平板重量增加约2.7%。根据经验公式和有限元计算[12],可以估算出吸能单元的共振频率(150 Hz和250 Hz左右)和等效弹簧劲度系数。根据吸能单元的质量、阻尼以及位置,针对100~400 Hz的有效吸能频段进行流激板腔系统水动力自噪声计算,获得6 m/s、8 m/s和10 m/s流速下腔内水动力自噪声均方声压谱(图5)。比较相同流速下安装吸能单元前后的水动力自噪声,结果表明在100~400 Hz频段内,多个自噪声峰值降低了3~5 dB,水动力自噪声总级降低了1.7~2 dB。
针对上文的计算分析模型,设计流激复合透声窗水动力自噪声降噪效果试验,试验在中国船舶科学研究中心(CSSRC)循环水槽进行,见图6,该水槽试验段长10.5 m、宽2.2 m、高2 m,水速可调节范围为1~15 m/s,可进行各种舰艇模型的水动力性能、噪声、空泡观察和脉动压力等试验。
设计矩形消声腔体模拟声纳舱,见图7,总长为6 mm,宽为1.3 m,高为1 m,腔体内壁敷设50 mm吸声材料以降低循环水槽背景噪声的影响。腔体下端面开口沿流向方向每隔1 m安装一根T型材作为支撑结构,开口内可以嵌入6块1000 mm×1300 mm的平板透声窗模型,可以与循环水槽天花板保持齐平。
测试对象为分布式吸能复合结构透声窗,其尺寸为1 m×1.3 m×30 mm(如图8所示),共六块,采用4 mm碳纤维、22 mm透声橡胶和4 mm碳纤维结构,透声窗四边通过螺栓与腔体连接,吸能单元参数与计算模型保持一致。腔内沿来流方向布置20个水听器,水听器间距为200 mm,相对流激面高度为400 mm。图9为6 m/s、8 m/s和10 m/s流速下腔内水动力自噪声均方声压谱,比较相同流速下安装吸能单元前后声腔内部的水动力自噪声,结果表明在100~400 Hz频段内多个自噪声峰值降低了2~6 dB,总声级降低了1.4~2.6 dB,试验结果验证了分布式吸能结构可以有效降低声纳部位透声窗的低频水动力自噪声。为了在试验过程中降低其他噪声的干扰,尽可能提高水动力自噪声的信噪比,试验模型腔体内壁敷设了吸隔声材料,而计算模型假设为刚性壁面,同时透声窗夹芯粘弹性材料计算参数也无法保证完全与实际参数一致,因此试验结果与理论计算得到的自噪声在量级上存在一定差异,但不影响降噪效果的相对比较。
本文通过建立平板与腔体的耦合振动方程,利用声振传递矩阵、模态展开法以及湍流脉动压力频率波数谱等,建立了多层复合平板的水动力自噪声计算模型。首次把动力吸振特性与声纳部位透声窗水动力低频降噪需求相结合,提出了分布式动力吸能结构透声窗构型,根据动力吸振单元的吸能特性分析,形成分布式吸能单元控制平板振动噪声的系统方程,计算比较了相同流速下安装吸能单元前后的水动力自噪声,结果表明在100~400 Hz频段内的多个自噪声峰值降低了3~5 dB,水动力自噪声总级降低了1.7~2 dB。在中国船舶科学研究中心循环水槽内开展了分布式动力吸能复合结构透声窗降噪效果试验,试验结果表明在100~400 Hz频段内多个自噪声峰值降低了2~6 dB,水动力自噪声总级降低了1.4~2.6 dB。本研究可为新型低噪声透声窗设计提供技术支撑。
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2024年第28卷第7期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.07.015
  • 接收时间:2024-01-11
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2024-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-11
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    1.中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
    2深海技术科学太湖实验室,江苏 无锡 214082
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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