Article(id=1243879678851793590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879674670072443, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.07.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1705852800000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774493625605, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1721404800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774493625605, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774493625605, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774493625605, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243879674670072443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='7', pageStart='967', pageEnd='1132', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774493624607, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774493869111, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243880700257087675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879674670072443, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243880700257087676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879674670072443, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1008, endPage=1017, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243879679128617665, articleId=1243879678851793590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Influence of ice ridges on the flow field characteristics of the polar subglacial channel, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Ice ridges are one of the typical features of polar ice underlying surface. Understanding the interaction between ice ridge and fluid flow is important for the navigation of submersibles. Five groups of typically spaced ice ridges were established based on the polar field data to investigate the influence of ice ridges on the fluid flow beneath the ice surface and its influence range. By solving the steady-state Reynolds stress equation model (RSM) through Fluent software, the effect of ice ridge spacing on fluid flow beneath the ice was studied. The relationship between spacing and wake vortex oscillation was explored. The radiation depth of ice ridge interference with the ice flow field was also studied. The numerical result shows that the continuous ice ridges have a tensile effect on the tail vortex. Depending on the level of interference, radiation depth can be divided into three ranges: strong radiation area, stable radiation area and no influence area.

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冰脊是极地冰层下表面典型结构特征之一,掌握冰脊与冰下流场的相互作用规律,对于理解极地冰下航道适航特性及近冰面潜水器操纵运动具有重要的指导意义。为了探究冰脊对近冰面流场的影响及作用范围,本文基于极地实测数据建立五组典型分布间距冰脊流场,利用Fluent软件平台,通过稳态求解Reynolds应力方程模型(RSM)进行数值研究,重点分析冰脊间距对冰下流场特性的影响规律。同时,探究冰脊对冰下流场干扰的辐射深度。研究表明:连续冰脊对冰脊间尾涡具有拉伸效应;根据冰脊对冰下流场的干扰程度,辐射深度可分为强辐射区、稳定辐射区和无影响区三个区间。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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孙盛(1993-),男,硕士

李志富(1990-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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figureFileBig=Ro3Cxhg90QKqJW9DbFqsFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243879690545512712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879678851793590, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Velocity inlet parameters

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u/(m·s-1)ReIk/(m2·s-2)ε/(m2·s-2)
0.1873 616.70.028 9371.256 03 E-056.966 17 E-09
0.32 620 850.30.025 2248.589 41 E-051.245 77 E-07
0.54 368 083.90.023 6642.099 90 E-044.762 01 E-07
0.76 115 317.40.022 6893.783 75 E-041.151 80 E-06
1.08 736 167.70.021 7007.063 19 E-042.937 61 E-06
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速度入口参数

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u/(m·s-1)ReIk/(m2·s-2)ε/(m2·s-2)
0.1873 616.70.028 9371.256 03 E-056.966 17 E-09
0.32 620 850.30.025 2248.589 41 E-051.245 77 E-07
0.54 368 083.90.023 6642.099 90 E-044.762 01 E-07
0.76 115 317.40.022 6893.783 75 E-041.151 80 E-06
1.08 736 167.70.021 7007.063 19 E-042.937 61 E-06
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Meshes of ice ridge with spacing of 200 m

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网格编号进口边节点数/个冰脊边节点数/个脊间边节点数/个网格数/个
A502510042 960
B10050200120 410
C150100250240 410
D200150300400 410
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L=200 m工况下网格无关性参数

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网格编号进口边节点数/个冰脊边节点数/个脊间边节点数/个网格数/个
A502510042 960
B10050200120 410
C150100250240 410
D200150300400 410
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冰脊对极地冰下航道流场特性影响研究
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孙盛 , 石玉云 , 李志富
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024,28(7): 1008-1017
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024, 28(7): 1008-1017
冰脊对极地冰下航道流场特性影响研究
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孙盛, 石玉云, 李志富
作者信息
  • 江苏科技大学 船舶与海洋工程学院,江苏 镇江 212001
  • 孙盛(1993-),男,硕士

    李志富(1990-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Influence of ice ridges on the flow field characteristics of the polar subglacial channel
Sheng SUN, Yu-yun SHI, Zhi-fu LI
Affiliations
  • College of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212001, China
出版时间: 2024-07-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.07.004
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冰脊是极地冰层下表面典型结构特征之一,掌握冰脊与冰下流场的相互作用规律,对于理解极地冰下航道适航特性及近冰面潜水器操纵运动具有重要的指导意义。为了探究冰脊对近冰面流场的影响及作用范围,本文基于极地实测数据建立五组典型分布间距冰脊流场,利用Fluent软件平台,通过稳态求解Reynolds应力方程模型(RSM)进行数值研究,重点分析冰脊间距对冰下流场特性的影响规律。同时,探究冰脊对冰下流场干扰的辐射深度。研究表明:连续冰脊对冰脊间尾涡具有拉伸效应;根据冰脊对冰下流场的干扰程度,辐射深度可分为强辐射区、稳定辐射区和无影响区三个区间。

冰脊  /  冰下航道  /  适航特性  /  RSM  /  尾涡

Ice ridges are one of the typical features of polar ice underlying surface. Understanding the interaction between ice ridge and fluid flow is important for the navigation of submersibles. Five groups of typically spaced ice ridges were established based on the polar field data to investigate the influence of ice ridges on the fluid flow beneath the ice surface and its influence range. By solving the steady-state Reynolds stress equation model (RSM) through Fluent software, the effect of ice ridge spacing on fluid flow beneath the ice was studied. The relationship between spacing and wake vortex oscillation was explored. The radiation depth of ice ridge interference with the ice flow field was also studied. The numerical result shows that the continuous ice ridges have a tensile effect on the tail vortex. Depending on the level of interference, radiation depth can be divided into three ranges: strong radiation area, stable radiation area and no influence area.

ice ridge  /  subglacial navigation  /  seaworthiness  /  RSM  /  trailing vortex
孙盛, 石玉云, 李志富. 冰脊对极地冰下航道流场特性影响研究. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (7) : 1008 -1017 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.07.004
Sheng SUN, Yu-yun SHI, Zhi-fu LI. Influence of ice ridges on the flow field characteristics of the polar subglacial channel[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (7) : 1008 -1017 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.07.004
北极航道的开发对我国经济发展和国家安全具有重要意义[1],其中冰下航道适航性研究是极地开发的一个重要方面。受海洋动力环境影响,北冰洋形成了复杂的冰层结构,其中冰脊是其典型结构特征之一。Leppäranta[2]通过大量数据证实,北冰洋大部分海域冰脊的分布占全部冰面的10%~40%。掌握冰脊与冰下流场的相互作用规律,对于理解极地冰下航道适航特性及近冰面航行潜水器操纵运动具有重要的指导意义。
冰脊主要包括脊帆和龙骨,其中龙骨由固结层和碎冰两部分组成[3]。Timco和Burden[4]在1997年分析了一年海冰冰脊和多年海冰冰脊的统计数据,得出了脊帆高度与龙骨深度的关系,为冰脊水下特性的研究奠定了基础。Johnston等[5]对比了一年冰与多年冰的冰脊厚度,发现多年冰脊的厚度主要集中在40~50 m的范围内。孙波等[6]利用雷达探测分析了北冰洋海冰下表面形态特征,其结果直观地展现了海冰截面结构。随着有关北极海冰和冰脊形态科考研究的逐渐深入,关于冰脊水动力特性研究具备了一定的数据基础。在冰脊水动力研究中,洋流的拖曳力是关键问题之一,根据海冰拖曳系数参数化的思想,冰-水总拖曳力由摩拖曳力和形拖曳力两部分组成[7]。摩拖曳力主要是指由海冰表面均匀分布的小凸起物引起的剪切力。孙惠等[8]通过稳态求解RNG k-ε湍流模型,与实验对比分析了冰底形态扰动流场特性,发现同种水深下,粗糙冰底浮冰模型的冰下流场受影响区域范围随底纹角度的增加而增大。形拖曳力描述的是由海冰表面非均匀分布的较大凸起物(如冰侧、冰脊)引起的流场变化而导致的水平方向压力差[9]。卢鹏等[10]综合考虑冰脊高度、冰底粗糙度及浮冰尺寸等影响,建立了各部分分量拖曳力的冰-水拖曳系数参数化模型。此外,Baines[11]根据无量纲拖曳速度和冰脊入水深度的变化,研究了分层流下冰脊的水动力特性,并将双层流流况分为亚临界区、跨临界区和超临界区。Mortikov[12]利用浸没边界法对双层流体中的冰脊拖曳力特性进行了数值研究,并重点分析了波浪的影响。
目前,对于极地冰下航道流场特性问题,已有一定认识,但主要限于单个冰脊对流场的扰动及冰脊尺寸对冰脊所受拖拽力分析[13]。为了掌握极地冰下航道适航特性,确定适航区域,并进一步探究适航区域的流速及压力特性,本文基于极地实测数据建立五组典型分布间距冰脊流场。由于适航区域可近似处理为流态稳定的层流场,因此通过稳态求解Reynolds应力方程模型(RSM),重点研究不同冰脊间距的适航区范围、冰脊间距对适航区流场特性的影响规律,以及不同流速下的冰下适航区流场特性。
对湍流流动进行适当的简化处理,从而解析流场的特征,是湍流计算模型的核心思想。基于系综平均化方法[14]的雷诺平均(RANS)模型在工程上有较强的适用性,将流体控制方程中的各项分解为时间平均项和脉动项两部分,得到雷诺时均方程组,其表达式[14]如下:
式中:为时均值;为脉动值;为雷诺应力项,来自于湍动过程中不规则的脉动。
雷诺应力的求解是雷诺时均方程组封闭的主要问题,由此产生了两类RANS模型:基于Boussinesq假设的涡黏性模型和直接推导雷诺应力输送方程的RSM模型。在冰脊流场的研究中普遍采用涡黏性模型中的RNG k-ε湍流模型,RNG k-ε模型用函数形式替代了标准k-ε模型中湍动能产生项的常数系数,使得在求解瞬变流以及流线弯曲的情况时更接近真实,但其本质依旧是用黏性应力比拟雷诺应力,从而确定雷诺应力项的表达形式,即
式中,νt为涡黏性系数,δij为克罗内克函数,k为湍动动能。为封闭方程组,需用湍动动能k和湍动动能耗散ε表示涡黏性系数νt,而在湍动动能k的输送方程中,湍动动能的生成项会过大估计与壁面的冲突,导致整体流动的失真,湍动动能的生成项是主要的误差来源。为了得到更接近真实的冰脊近冰面流场,本文采用RSM模型,即在推导得出雷诺应力输送方程后,再对之进行进一步建模,实现方程组封闭[15]
通过不可压纳维斯托克斯方程和式(2)的雷诺时均方程可推导出雷诺应力输送方程:
式中,Pij为雷诺应力的产生项,
ϕij为压力应变项,
Dij为扩散项,
εij为耗散项,
根据北极冰脊形态参数有关实地科考数据,建立冰脊模型,如图1所示,其中,L为冰脊间距,Hk为冰脊龙骨深度,Hs为冰脊脊帆高度。统计数据[2-5]显示,Hs的范围一般在0~3 m内,Hk集中分布在0~15 m内,L通常是Hs的50~10 000倍,且北冰洋大部分海域冰脊的分布占全部冰面的10%~40%。
本文主要探究冰脊下近冰面流场的特性,重点分析冰脊间间距及水流速度对流场特性的影响,因此,简化冰脊模型,建立如图2所示的计算模型。利用Fluent软件,入口边界及下边界设置为速度入口条件;出口设置为自由出流边界条件;共设置三个相同尺寸冰脊,冰脊宽为50 m、高为15 m,冰脊间距为L;冰脊下表面为无滑移壁面,采用标准壁面函数。
速度入口边界条件涉及的流动参数如表1所示。其中,雷诺数计算公式为Re=uh/ν,特征长度h定义为冰脊入水深度,特征速度u为进口平均流速,ν为1 ℃时水的运动粘性系数,I为湍流强度。
本文采用结构化网格生成方式建立离散域。为了精确地模拟近冰脊区域的分离流动及尾涡细节,在近冰面区域进行自适应加密,确保y+值在300以内。图3L=200 m时整体网格及局部加密网格示意图。
五组计算模型的冰脊尺寸与数量相同,即五组模型网格的生成方式及特征参数相同。因此,可以采用其中一组模型做网格无关性检验。选取L=200 m的模型建立A/B/C/D四套网格做无关性分析,网格参数如表2所示。迭代10 000次,监测冰层下表面所受合力,做收敛性验证。网格无关性及收敛性分析的统计结果如图4~5所示。图4中四条曲线分别表示四套网格冰面下表面所受合力均值随迭代次数的变化规律,四套网格在迭代6000次左右时收敛。图5为四套网格在迭代过程中,监测每次迭代求解出的冰层下表面总受力的正态分布统计情况。结果显示,随着网格的细化,总受力的期望值趋于稳定,并且稳定在2000 N左右。因此,网格C在保证精确性的同时实用性强,为最优解,迭代6000次可保证收敛。
设定两组计算工况:第一组,参考北极海冰漂移速度,设定流速为0.3 m/s,计算1-L~5-L五组冰脊间距(分别对应冰脊间距L=100、125、150、175、200 m)下的流场;第二组,针对冰脊间距L=200 m的情况,分别计算u=0.1、0.3、0.5、0.7、1.0 m/s五组流速的流场。
观察冰脊间流场,在冰脊尖端会发生流场分离及再附着的现象,并在冰脊背风面产生漩涡即尾涡。由于冰脊的存在,尾涡的形态受到冰脊的干扰,其形态与冰脊间距和冰脊龙骨深度的比值有关,1-L~5-L五组工况下冰脊间距/龙骨深度比分别为2、2.5、3、3.5和4。
图6是五组冰脊间距下冰面2下表面的流场情况对比,随着冰脊间距的增大,尾涡的中心略微向下游移动,尾涡逐渐被拉伸,当冰脊间距为150 m时,拉伸效应达到最大,继续增大冰脊间距,拉伸效应逐渐减弱。由5-L工况结果可知,宽度为50 m,龙骨深度为15 m的冰脊,在水流速度为0.3 m/s时,产生的尾涡尺度沿流动方向在150 m左右。此外,冰脊间距对尾涡的垂向尺度并无明显影响。
图7分别是五组冰脊间距下在迭代6000次的过程中,监测每次迭代求解出的冰面2-1的受力,所得后4500组数据的正态分布统计情况。其中,分布的期望值反映了监测面所受冲击力的强度,随着冰脊间距的增大,冰面2-1面受力逐渐减小。同时对比图6可以发现,1-L~3-L三组工况下冰面2-1面处于尾涡区,主要受尾涡的冲击力;4-L和5-L两组工况下冰面2-1面远离尾涡区,主要受水流的冲击力。由此可知,对于本文所设置的冰脊来讲,在水流速度为0.3 m/s时,尾涡对冰脊的冲击力大于水流对冰脊的冲击力,且尾涡中心与冰脊受力面距离越近冲击力越大。
综上所述,连续冰脊对冰脊间尾涡有拉伸效应,在一定范围内,随着冰脊间距的增大,拉伸效应逐渐增强;在本文的工况下,尾涡对冰脊的冲击力大于水流对冰脊的冲击力,且尾涡中心与冰脊受力面距离越近冲击力越大。
由于冰脊绕流的影响,近冰面的流场变化剧烈,因此研究冰脊干扰的辐射深度对潜水器近冰面航行有重要意义。本文通过数值计算发现,冰脊干扰的辐射深度与冰脊尺寸相关。
图8所示,在计算域中选两组垂直于流动方向的截面1和截面2,分别位于冰面2的起始处和1/2 L处。图9是五组间距下截面1和截面2的速度分布情况,位于冰脊间前端的截面流场在水深25 m内影响明显,流速随水深变化剧烈;冰脊间中部的截面流场在水深35 m内影响明显,两截面在30~90 m之间流速有所增大,但随水深无明显变化,90 m以下冰脊对速度场干扰很小。
图10所示为五组冰脊模型的压力场结果。由于冰脊的存在,水流在冰脊迎流面尖端部位与冰脊分离,在冰脊背流面形成低压区,使得冰脊后方的水流在竖直方向产生较大速度梯度,从而形成尾涡区。此外,冰脊迎流面的高压区压力场向冰脊前下方辐射,使冰脊下方的流场受到干扰。图11是五组间距下截面1和截面2的压力分布情况,与速度场结论基本一致,30 m以上的压力场分布有明显扰动,主要受尾涡的影响。
由上述结论可知,水下30~90 m为稳定干扰区域,在此区域中,冰脊扰动对速度场和压力场的影响随深度的增加而稳定减弱。因此,截取计算域中水深50 m的等值线截面3,分析其流场特性沿流动方向的变化。结果如图12所示,流场随冰脊的出现产生波动,随着冰脊间距的增大,速度和压力的波动区间逐渐增大。
为了进一步探究流速对冰下流场的影响,针对冰脊间距L=200 m的情况,分别计算五种流速u=0.1、0.3、0.5、0.7、1.0 m/s的流场。图13为五种流速下流场速度分布。由图可知,流速对流场形态无明显影响。
图14是五组流速下截面2的压力和速度分布情况,五组流速下冰下流场的影响深度基本一致,但影响强度随流速增大而增大。图9图14中90 m至100 m深度的速度变化较为明显,这是由于本文设定整体流场流速为理想的均匀流动,下边界给定环境流速与进口相同,因此,在90 m至100 m形成了较大的速度梯度。
图15是五组流速下截面3的压力和速度分布情况,五组流速下冰下流场在50 m深度时,沿流动方向的压力和速度分布呈现相同的变化规律,但变化的强度随流速增大而增大。
本文对五组典型分布间距冰脊流场进行了数值模拟,分析了冰脊间尾涡的变化特征和冰脊间流场截面的流态特性,研究发现:
(1)连续冰脊对冰脊间尾涡有拉伸效应,在一定范围内,随着冰脊间距的增大,拉伸效应逐渐增强;宽度为50 m,龙骨深度为15 m的冰脊,在水流速度为0.3 m/s时,尾涡对冰脊的冲击力大于水流对冰脊的冲击力,且尾涡中心与冰脊受力面距离越近,冲击力越大。
(2)冰脊对冰下流场干扰的辐射深度受冰脊间尾涡的影响,冰脊龙骨深度为15 m,冰脊宽度为50 m时,根据冰脊对冰下流场的干扰程度,可将其辐射深度分为三个区域:0~30 m为强辐射区,处于尾涡区域;30~90 m为稳定辐射区,该区域流场无明显扰动涡,冰脊扰动对速度场和压力场的影响随深度的增加而减弱;90 m以下为无影响区。
(3)流速对辐射区域的范围无明显影响,但与辐射区域的扰动强度密切相关。
本文所得结论对理解极地冰下航道适航特性及近冰面航行潜水器操纵运动具有重要的指导意义。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52071162)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.07.004
  • 接收时间:2024-01-22
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2024-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-22
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52071162)
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    江苏科技大学 船舶与海洋工程学院,江苏 镇江 212001

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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