Article(id=1243879678096814394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879674670072443, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.07.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1705680000000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774493625424, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1721404800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774493625424, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774493625424, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774493625424, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243879674670072443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='7', pageStart='967', pageEnd='1132', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774493624607, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774493869111, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243880700257087675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879674670072443, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243880700257087676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879674670072443, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=995, endPage=1007, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243879678365249854, articleId=1243879678096814394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Influence of bow configuration on the motion response and green water loads of tumblehome hull, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The bow configuration of the tumblehome hull has a certain influence on the motion and the characteristics of green water loads in waves. In this paper, based on the inclination angle of stem, three kinds of bow configurations with inclination angles of 30°, 45° and 60° were selected. The motion response of the tumblehome hull in regular waves and the load characteristics of green water were studied by using the CNT-CGFDM method. The simulation of object boundary and motion was realized by immersed boundary method, and the free surface was captured by THINC/SW method. The ship models with 45° and 60° inclination angles of stem were selected for model test. The numerical simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results. The results show that the bow configuration has little effect on the motion response of the tumblehome hull in regular waves, and show that some local differences exist only in some sea conditions. It has a certain influence on the slamming load of green water on the tumblehome hulls. Compared with the configuration scheme with the inclination angles of 30° and 60°, the load performance of green water on tumblehome hull with the inclination angle of 45° is more excellent.

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内倾船型的艏部构型对船舶在波浪中的运动和上浪载荷特性具有一定的影响。本文基于艏柱倾斜角度选取了倾角为30°、45°和60°的三种艏部构型方案,采用中国数值水池-直角网格有限差分方法(CNT-CGFDM),研究了在不同的艏部构型方案下内倾船型在规则波中的运动响应以及甲板上浪载荷特性。其中物体边界及运动的模拟采用浸没边界法来实现,并利用THINC/SW方法来捕捉自由液面。选取艏柱倾角为45°和60°的船型进行模型试验研究,与试验值相比,本文的数值模拟结果吻合良好。结果表明:艏部构型对内倾船型在规则波中的运动响应总体上影响较小,只在某些海况下表现出一定的局部差异,但对内倾船型的上浪砰击载荷则有一定的影响,相较于倾角为30°和60°的构型方案,艏柱倾角为45°的内倾船型在甲板上浪中的载荷性能更加优异。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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周辉(1998-),男,硕士研究生

胡开业(1980-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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胡开业(1980-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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胡开业(1980-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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Ship Technology Research, 2006, 53(2): 74-87., articleTitle=Application of CIP method for strongly nonlinear marine hydrodynamics, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1243879685059359335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879678096814394, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1243879685063553640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879678096814394, companyId=1243879685059359335, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1243879685071942250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879678096814394, companyId=1243879685059359335, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=哈尔滨工程大学 船舶工程学院,哈尔滨 150001)])], 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articleId=1243879678096814394, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Wave slamming pressure at different measuring points in Condition 3, figureFileSmall=rpg1wdGgBOe+xo6FM67nzw==, figureFileBig=yB2ZjltvJJ4axR7WPlU3vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243879689975083854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879678096814394, language=CN, label=图14, caption=工况3不同测点上浪砰击压力, figureFileSmall=rpg1wdGgBOe+xo6FM67nzw==, figureFileBig=yB2ZjltvJJ4axR7WPlU3vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243879690079941457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879678096814394, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Main parameters of real ship and model

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名称实船模型名称实船模型
设计水线长/m180.0004.500重心高(距基线)/m7.7800.195
设计水线宽/m20.9900.525重心纵向位置(距船中)/m-3.301-0.083
型深/m15.0000.375纵向转动惯性半径/m43.8021.095
吃水/m7.0000.175横向转动惯性半径/m7.3500.184
设计排水量/t14000.00.2134
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实船与模型的主要参数

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名称实船模型名称实船模型
设计水线长/m180.0004.500重心高(距基线)/m7.7800.195
设计水线宽/m20.9900.525重心纵向位置(距船中)/m-3.301-0.083
型深/m15.0000.375纵向转动惯性半径/m43.8021.095
吃水/m7.0000.175横向转动惯性半径/m7.3500.184
设计排水量/t14000.00.2134
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Parameters of different grid schemes

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编号波长方向网格尺寸/m波高方向网格尺寸/m网格数(万)
Mesh10.040.010474.68
Mesh20.020.005637.91
Mesh30.010.003820.09
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不同网格方案参数

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编号波长方向网格尺寸/m波高方向网格尺寸/m网格数(万)
Mesh10.040.010474.68
Mesh20.020.005637.91
Mesh30.010.003820.09
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Working conditions of motion response

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波高/m浪向角/(°)实船航速/kn船模航速/(m·s-1波长/船长
0.118000.000.6、0.8、0.9、1.0、1.2、1.5、2.0
100.810.6、0.8、0.9、1.0、1.2、1.5、2.0
181.460.6、0.8、0.9、1.0、1.2、1.5、2.0
302.440.6、0.8、0.9、1.0、1.2、1.5、2.0
), ArticleFig(id=1243879690574869348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879678096814394, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

运动响应工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
波高/m浪向角/(°)实船航速/kn船模航速/(m·s-1波长/船长
0.118000.000.6、0.8、0.9、1.0、1.2、1.5、2.0
100.810.6、0.8、0.9、1.0、1.2、1.5、2.0
181.460.6、0.8、0.9、1.0、1.2、1.5、2.0
302.440.6、0.8、0.9、1.0、1.2、1.5、2.0
), ArticleFig(id=1243879690662949736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879678096814394, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Motion responses and errors of Model B

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波长/船长垂荡(Z/ζa纵摇θ/(a
模型试验数值模拟误差模型试验数值模拟误差
0.60.1270.14211.81%0.0220.019-13.64%
0.80.3670.361-1.63%0.2540.29716.93%
0.90.5900.6022.03%0.4040.47517.57%
1.00.7430.726-2.29%0.5810.6318.61%
1.20.8120.769-5.30%0.8380.8390.12%
1.50.7580.748-1.32%0.8900.9587.64%
2.00.7950.8324.65%0.9270.9815.83%
), ArticleFig(id=1243879690784584557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879678096814394, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

模型B运动响应及误差

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波长/船长垂荡(Z/ζa纵摇θ/(a
模型试验数值模拟误差模型试验数值模拟误差
0.60.1270.14211.81%0.0220.019-13.64%
0.80.3670.361-1.63%0.2540.29716.93%
0.90.5900.6022.03%0.4040.47517.57%
1.00.7430.726-2.29%0.5810.6318.61%
1.20.8120.769-5.30%0.8380.8390.12%
1.50.7580.748-1.32%0.8900.9587.64%
2.00.7950.8324.65%0.9270.9815.83%
), ArticleFig(id=1243879690889442160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879678096814394, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Motion responses and errors of Model C

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波长/船长垂荡(Z/ζa纵摇θ/(a
模型试验数值模拟误差模型试验数值模拟误差
0.60.1380.1422.90%0.0180.0195.56%
0.80.4080.359-12.01%0.2640.29310.98%
0.90.6190.617-0.32%0.4280.4668.88%
1.00.7260.7553.99%0.5730.6218.38%
1.20.7690.8125.59%0.7880.8477.49%
1.50.7370.7724.75%0.8650.96611.68%
2.00.8000.8384.75%0.9180.9837.08%
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模型C运动响应及误差

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波长/船长垂荡(Z/ζa纵摇θ/(a
模型试验数值模拟误差模型试验数值模拟误差
0.60.1380.1422.90%0.0180.0195.56%
0.80.4080.359-12.01%0.2640.29310.98%
0.90.6190.617-0.32%0.4280.4668.88%
1.00.7260.7553.99%0.5730.6218.38%
1.20.7690.8125.59%0.7880.8477.49%
1.50.7370.7724.75%0.8650.96611.68%
2.00.8000.8384.75%0.9180.9837.08%
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Spatial positions of pressure measuring points for Models A/B/C

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编号船型剖面位置x/m横向位置y/m垂向高度z/m测量内容
PA模型A1.99600.375甲板上浪压力
模型B1.88300.375
模型C1.77100.375
PB模型A1.883-0.0550.325舷侧砰击压力
模型B1.883-0.0430.325
模型C1.883-0.0330.325
PC模型A0.51600.425上建前壁压力
模型B0.51600.425
模型C0.51600.425
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模型A/B/C压力测点空间位置

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编号船型剖面位置x/m横向位置y/m垂向高度z/m测量内容
PA模型A1.99600.375甲板上浪压力
模型B1.88300.375
模型C1.77100.375
PB模型A1.883-0.0550.325舷侧砰击压力
模型B1.883-0.0430.325
模型C1.883-0.0330.325
PC模型A0.51600.425上建前壁压力
模型B0.51600.425
模型C0.51600.425
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Numerical simulation results and errors of Model B

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测试内容模型试验数值模拟误差
甲板上浪压力/Pa2177.141879.9013.65%
舷侧砰击压力/Pa2165.612217.802.41%
上建前壁压力/Pa2426.502106.3013.20%
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模型B数值模拟结果及误差

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测试内容模型试验数值模拟误差
甲板上浪压力/Pa2177.141879.9013.65%
舷侧砰击压力/Pa2165.612217.802.41%
上建前壁压力/Pa2426.502106.3013.20%
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艏部构型对内倾船型运动响应和上浪砰击压力的影响研究
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周辉 , 胡开业 , 毛丽君
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024,28(7): 995-1007
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024, 28(7): 995-1007
艏部构型对内倾船型运动响应和上浪砰击压力的影响研究
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周辉, 胡开业 , 毛丽君
作者信息
  • 哈尔滨工程大学 船舶工程学院,哈尔滨 150001
  • 周辉(1998-),男,硕士研究生

    胡开业(1980-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Influence of bow configuration on the motion response and green water loads of tumblehome hull
Hui ZHOU, Kai-ye HU , Li-jun MAO
Affiliations
  • College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
出版时间: 2024-07-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.07.003
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内倾船型的艏部构型对船舶在波浪中的运动和上浪载荷特性具有一定的影响。本文基于艏柱倾斜角度选取了倾角为30°、45°和60°的三种艏部构型方案,采用中国数值水池-直角网格有限差分方法(CNT-CGFDM),研究了在不同的艏部构型方案下内倾船型在规则波中的运动响应以及甲板上浪载荷特性。其中物体边界及运动的模拟采用浸没边界法来实现,并利用THINC/SW方法来捕捉自由液面。选取艏柱倾角为45°和60°的船型进行模型试验研究,与试验值相比,本文的数值模拟结果吻合良好。结果表明:艏部构型对内倾船型在规则波中的运动响应总体上影响较小,只在某些海况下表现出一定的局部差异,但对内倾船型的上浪砰击载荷则有一定的影响,相较于倾角为30°和60°的构型方案,艏柱倾角为45°的内倾船型在甲板上浪中的载荷性能更加优异。

内倾船型  /  艏柱倾角  /  直角网格  /  浸没边界法  /  THINC/SW方法

The bow configuration of the tumblehome hull has a certain influence on the motion and the characteristics of green water loads in waves. In this paper, based on the inclination angle of stem, three kinds of bow configurations with inclination angles of 30°, 45° and 60° were selected. The motion response of the tumblehome hull in regular waves and the load characteristics of green water were studied by using the CNT-CGFDM method. The simulation of object boundary and motion was realized by immersed boundary method, and the free surface was captured by THINC/SW method. The ship models with 45° and 60° inclination angles of stem were selected for model test. The numerical simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results. The results show that the bow configuration has little effect on the motion response of the tumblehome hull in regular waves, and show that some local differences exist only in some sea conditions. It has a certain influence on the slamming load of green water on the tumblehome hulls. Compared with the configuration scheme with the inclination angles of 30° and 60°, the load performance of green water on tumblehome hull with the inclination angle of 45° is more excellent.

tumblehome hull  /  bow configuration  /  cartesian grid  /  immersed boundary method  /  THINC/SW method
周辉, 胡开业, 毛丽君. 艏部构型对内倾船型运动响应和上浪砰击压力的影响研究. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (7) : 995 -1007 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.07.003
Hui ZHOU, Kai-ye HU, Li-jun MAO. Influence of bow configuration on the motion response and green water loads of tumblehome hull[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (7) : 995 -1007 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.07.003
内倾船作为一种新型的隐身船型日渐受到各国关注。内倾船型的干舷内倾设计,可以有效地减小舰艇的雷达反射截面,从而使隐身性能得到极大提高,同时穿浪型艏设计可以减小航行中艏部的兴波阻力,进而提升船舶的航行性能。然而,艏柱和舷侧的内倾设计却更容易导致波浪沿着干舷爬上甲板,产生甲板上浪现象,加剧船舶垂荡和纵摇运动的非线性。为降低因艏柱内倾设计而导致的甲板上浪对船体造成破坏的风险,分析和研究内倾船型不同的艏部构型带来的船舶运动和上浪载荷的影响,对于船舶安全、舰船选型以及结构设计都具有十分重要的实际意义。
国内外学者对于内倾船的研究主要从模型试验和数值模拟两方面展开。模型试验是研究内倾船运动和载荷问题的最基础也是最可靠的方法,Olivieri等[1]通过对一种新型内倾船进行半约束模试验,分析了内倾船在横浪中的垂荡和极限横摇运动情况;张进丰等[2]通过模型试验研究了迎浪规则波和不规则波下内倾船型的甲板上浪等非线性水动力现象;Li等[3]采用内倾船分段自航船模进行水池试验,对甲板上浪高度和冲击压力进行了测量。
鉴于试验的长周期和高成本,随着计算机性能的提高,对内倾船耐波性问题的数值模拟也得到更加广泛的应用。张涛等[4]利用数值计算研究了内倾船型的方案设计,并对不同内倾船型方案的波浪作用力及运动响应变化规律进行分析,发现船舶艏部型线的内倾在一定程度上会加剧船体的纵向运动响应;魏成柱等[5]采用动网格方法,对压浪干舷的纵向倾角以及优选纵向倾角下的半滑行穿浪船在静水中的航行特性进行了分析;刘怡锦[6]基于势流理论研究了内倾设计的穿梭艇的快速性和波浪上的耐波性能;Sun等[7]根据三维势流理论计算了内倾船的运动响应,然后采用溃坝流动模型计算了甲板上浪高度和压力分布,分析了不同船舶形状参数和波浪参数对内倾船上浪砰击的影响。
在内倾船运动和上浪的数值模拟研究方面,大多数学者采用了势流方法或者经验公式来模拟甲板上浪的运动状态和产生的载荷,但是采用势流理论计算内倾船在高海况下运动时的自由面非线性变化并不准确。有航速的内倾船型在大波、陡波浪中的运动复杂,使用势流理论并不能完全反映出这种带有强烈非线性的运动,采用粘性数值方法来求解是更好的选择,但商业CFD软件对于浮体大幅运动问题的处理方法一般还需联合应用动网格/重叠网格技术,计算效率低、计算周期长。Liao等[8]采用了一种三维混合欧拉-拉格朗日方法来模拟船舶甲板上浪现象,实现了高效、精确地求解甲板上浪载荷的目的。
本文采用数值水池-直角网格有限差分方法(CNT-CGFDM),研究了不同艏部构型方案对内倾船在规则波中的运动响应和上浪砰击载荷的影响,借助强大的自由液面捕捉方法,有效模拟了波浪传播、爬升、翻卷、破碎和飞溅等自由液面剧烈运动,基于浸没边界法原理准确模拟船舶大幅运动,提高了计算效率,并同模型试验结果进行对比分析,证明该方法能较为精确地预报不同艏柱倾角下,内倾船的上浪砰击载荷特点和规律。
本文基于直角笛卡尔坐标系统,利用有限差分法对Navier-Stokes方程进行空间离散[9]。三维不可压缩粘流非定常运动控制方程如下:
式中,uii = 1,2,3)是直角笛卡尔网格系统中的三个速度分量,p是压力变量,ρ是流体的密度,τij = μ∂ui/∂xj +∂uj/∂xi)/2是剪切应力张量,μ是流体的动力黏性系数,fi是由重力带来的体积力,fBi是由于刚体运动对流体产生的作用力。
基于分步法[10]将求解过程划分为三个阶段:对流求解步、非对流求解步I和非对流求解步II,从而实现速度压力解耦计算,具体过程如下:
①对流求解步:采用具有三阶精度的紧致型CIP方法[11](约束插值方法)求解对流方程,可以有效地抑制数值耗散。
②非对流求解步I:处理粘性项和体积力。
③非对流求解步II:利用双共轭梯度法(BiCG)求解关于流场压力和速度耦合的泊松方程。
按下式进行速度修正:
式中,上标n表示当前时刻所属的物理量,n+1表示下一时刻的物理量,u*u'为计算过程中的中间物理量,Δt为时间步长。
通过引入CIP的改进方法,即THINC/SW算法[12]求解关于体积分数ϕ1的对流方程(7),可以有效地模拟流场中波浪传播、爬升、翻卷、破碎和飞溅等自由面剧烈运动的强非线性现象,实现自由液面的精确捕捉。
式中,ϕ1 =0表示气相,ϕ1 =1表示液相,而当0<ϕ1 <1时则表示气液交界面。
刚体六自由度运动的控制方程如下所示,在本文中采用四阶Runge-Kutta法求解刚体六自由度运动方程。
式中,M表示刚体质量矩阵,UΩ分别表示刚体运动的速度和角速度,I表示定义在随体坐标系下的刚体惯性矩,表示随体坐标系下定义的物理量对时间的导数,FI表示惯性坐标系下作用在刚体上的流体动力,FI,e表示惯性坐标系下作用在刚体上的外力(如重力、弹簧力和阻尼力等),MBMB,e分别表示在随体非惯性坐标系下作用在刚体上的流体动力矩和外力矩。
在处理由于船体大幅度运动引起的动边界问题时,如果采用传统的非结构化网格方法,因为船体的运动,会导致在时间步进的过程中,需要不断地更新或者重新生成网格,计算效率大大降低。此外,由于船体的大幅运动,使得更新或重新生成后的网格质量较差,将直接影响计算精度甚至会导致计算发散。
本文基于浸没边界法[13]原理,将由于刚体运动产生的对流体的作用力,直接以动量力源项的形式添加到动量方程中,如式(2)所示。再借鉴重叠网格思想,采用具有二阶精度的插值算法,对物体边界速度进行重构,可以准确模拟物体大幅度运动,并且在整个过程中不需要再进行计算域网格的更新和重建,从而克服了传统的适体非结构化网格难以处理物体大幅度运动问题的缺点,可以处理具有复杂几何形状的刚体大幅度运动。
在这种数值方法中,整个计算域被视为一个多相场,定义体积分数ϕm,其中m=1,2,3时分别代表液相、气相和固相,在每个计算单元中。利用THINC/SW算法求解ϕ1来捕捉自由液面;ϕ3用以确定直角笛卡尔网格系统中的物体几何形状,可以通过给定刚体物面一系列的网格点计算获得[14]ϕ2可以由ϕ2 =1-ϕ1-ϕ3计算得到;而流场中每一个计算单元的其他物理特性(例如密度和粘度),可以通过来求解确定。基于单个网格内固体域所占网格的体积分数ϕ3,得到物面不可滑移边界条件为
式中,代表当前时刻刚体表面网格节点速度,代表当前时刻未考虑刚体运动影响时的流场速度,是经过体积分数加权更新后的流场速度。
本文中所采用的单体内倾船的主要参数如表1所示,船模基本几何形状如图1所示,图中坐标原点位于重心正下方的基线处,X轴正方向指向船艏,Y轴正方向指向船舶左舷,Z轴正方向垂直向上。计算模型与实船的缩尺比为1:40。
为了研究不同的艏部构型对内倾船运动和上浪砰击载荷的影响,本文采用了三种不同的艏部构型方案,对应的艏柱倾角分别为α=30°(模型A)、α=45°(模型B)和α=60°(模型C),如图2所示。
根据模型参数,在规则波的条件下,与试验条件保持一致,设计计算域的水深为3.5 m,计算域的长度和宽度分别设置为16 m和10 m,并确定其边界条件。计算域速度入口处输入五阶Stokes波,同时在流动出口处设置波浪阻尼区用以避免波浪反射。模型尺度下,船体表面网格尺寸为0.02 m,由于在数值水池中需要重点关注自由液面处的信息,因此在波高方向细化网格,波长方向船体周围加密区网格尺寸与船体表面尺寸在量级上保持一致,如图3所示。
模型试验在哈尔滨工程大学船模拖曳水池实验室进行[3],实验室由水池、造波机和拖车三个基本设施组成。水池的深度为3.5 m,对于该内倾船模来说,足以忽略任何底部效应的影响,水池的长度和宽度分别为108 m和7 m,波浪由单板式液压造波机产生,可以生成波浪周期在0.4~4.0 s之间、且最大波高为0.4 m的规则波,拖车可以以0.1~6.0 m/s之间的任何速度沿纵向行进。试验中采用自航模型,通过适航仪测量模型运动,加速度传感器测量首、尾垂向加速度,压力传感器测量甲板上浪和砰击压力,随船浪高仪测量艏甲板处的上浪高度。
在进行计算前,根据自由液面和船体周围网格的加密要求,设计了粗、中、细三套不同的计算网格方案,其中,船体周围加密区分别在波长和波高方向按照由粗到细的顺序依次选取不同的网格尺寸,如表2所示。选取实尺度下航速为18 kn,波高为4 m,波长船长比为1.2的工况,以模型B为分析对象,在保证输入时间步长一致的条件下,开展规则波中内倾船运动的数值模拟。
对比使用上述三套网格进行数值模拟后得到的船体运动时历曲线,如图4所示。对于内倾船垂荡运动,Mesh1方案下的运动平均幅值为0.041 45 m,Mesh2方案下的运动平均幅值为0.039 85 m,Mesh3方案下的运动平均幅值为0.039 16 m;对于纵摇运动来说,Mesh1下的运动幅值为0.052 92 rad,Mesh2的运动幅值为0.051 42 rad,Mesh3的运动幅值为0.050 71 rad。从结果中可以发现,无论是对于垂荡还是纵摇运动,Mesh3与Mesh2的差值均小于Mesh2与Mesh1的差值,可以证明上述三套网格方案对于运动幅值结果都满足单调收敛,其中,Mesh2网格方案已经可以较好地模拟内倾船的运动。为了在保证模拟精度的同时提高计算效率,本文的后续数值模均采用Mesh2网格方案。
由于本文中所使用的数值模拟程序在计算中是变时间步长的,时间步长由库朗数控制,从而可以保证随着计算的推进达到自适应调节的目的,故本文不再进行时间步的收敛性分析。
在运动响应的数值模拟中,研究不同艏部构型方案下内倾船型在0.1 m波高迎浪规则波中的运动响应特性,模型试验和数值模拟的具体工况如表3所示。其中,不同波长下对应的波陡分别为1/27、1/36、1/40、1/45、1/54、1/68和1/90。
由于模型试验中仅选取了艏柱倾角为45°和60°的船型来进行研究,因此本文在此选取18 kn航速和不同波长船长比下、与水池试验相对应的计算模型来进行数值模拟,并将运动响应结果与试验值进行对比验证。表4表5分别给出了18 kn航速时,模型B和模型C的垂荡和纵摇运动的试验与数值模拟RAO结果及对比误差。
表中,Z表示垂荡幅值,θ表示纵摇幅值,ζa表示入射波波幅,k为波数。
图5图6给出了18 kn航速时模型B和模型C两种艏部构型方案下,内倾船垂荡和纵摇运动的RAO数值计算与模型试验的对比结果。可以看出,总体上数值模拟结果与试验结果基本吻合,对比垂荡运动响应结果,模型B的数值计算与试验结果高度一致,模型C的数值计算与试验结果则有一定的差异,波长船长比大于1.0时,试验结果稍小于数值模拟结果;对比纵摇运动响应结果,模型B的数值计算与试验结果吻合良好,模型C的试验结果在整体上略小于数值计算的结果。
根据以上对规则波中两种艏部构型方案下内倾船的运动响应对比分析可知,本文中所使用的中国数值水池-直角网格有限差分方法(CNT-CGFDM)具备较高的计算精度,足以有效预报内倾船型在波浪中的运动响应。同时,所有的数值模拟工作都是在一台型号为Intel®Xeon(R)E5-2630 V4 CPU@2.20 GHz的工作站上进行,在模拟船舶运动时,使用本文的CFD程序完成一个波浪周期的计算大约耗时5小时,在相同的设置下使用商业软件STAR-CCM+计算所耗费的CPU时间大约为每波周期12.5小时,因此本文采用的模拟方法大大提高了计算效率,这也为后续快速准确地预报甲板上浪现象和砰击载荷响应提供了基础。
基于以上对内倾船运动响应数值结果的验证分析,开展艏部构型对运动响应影响的研究,分别计算在不同航速下三种模型的运动响应。
图7(a)~10(a)可以看出,迎浪状态时,各航速下模型A、模型B和模型C的垂荡响应随波长船长比的变化趋势相同。零航速下,除λ/L为0.8即波陡相对较大时,三种模型的垂荡运动响应略有差异外,其他波长船长比条件下,三型船的垂荡运动响应基本一致。10 kn航速下,当波长船长比为0.8~1.0时,三型船的垂荡运动表现出一定的差异,且差异性较零航速时更加明显,该航速下其他波长船长比时垂荡运动响应基本一致。当航速达到18 kn时,垂荡运动响应的明显差异则体现在波长船长比为1.0和1.2时。30 kn航速时,三型船的垂荡运动差异在λ/L为1.5即波陡相对较小时显现,其余波长船长比条件下运动响应差异不大。从以上分析可以看出,在中低航速下,λ/L较小即波陡相对较大时,三种船型的垂荡运动响应表现出细微差异,随着航速的增大,垂荡运动的差别在λ/L较大即波陡相对较小时显现,且差异性较中低航速时更加明显,除这些局部差异外,总体上模型A、B和C的垂荡运动响应差异不大。
图7(b)~10(b)可知,各航速下三种模型的纵摇运动响应随波长船长比的变化趋势也相同,除航速30 kn、波长船长比在1.0~1.5时,三型船表现出一定的纵摇运动差异外,整体上三种模型的纵摇运动响应基本一致。
根据以上对三种艏部构型方案下不同内倾船模型在规则波中运动响应的比较分析可知,艏部构型对内倾船型在规则波中的运动响应总体上影响较小,只在某些海况下表现出一定的局部差异:在中低航速下,λ/L较小时三型船的垂荡运动响应表现出细微差异,但随着航速的增大,垂荡运动的差异性表现得更加明显,且显著差异在λ/L较大时显现。纵摇运动响应在中低航速下基本一致,高航速下λ/L较大时,艏柱倾角的改变会使内倾船的纵摇运动响应出现微小差异。
模型A、模型B与模型C的差异在于艏柱倾角的不同,且船体形状主要体现在船艏水线之上。低海况下,船体运动幅度相对较小,此时没有明显的非线性现象发生,波浪在水线面附近运动,故三种船型的波浪载荷并无显著差异;高海况下,船体运动幅度相对较大,往往会出现甲板上浪等强非线性现象,波浪与船体相互作用的范围不再局限于水线以下,因而此时三种船型的波浪载荷将会表现出一定的差异。
为了更进一步探究艏部构型对内倾船型上浪砰击载荷的影响,对三种船模各选取3个实尺度下的典型工况:工况1(H=6 m,V=30 kn,λ/L=1.0,H/L=1/30)、工况2(H=9 m,V=18 kn,λ/L=1.0,H/L=1/20)和工况3(H=12 m,V=10 kn,λ/L=1.0,H/L=1/15)。在模型试验中,上述三个典型工况是船模在对应波高下所能达到的最高航速,用以模拟实际航行中最恶劣的海况,分析三型船距离艏部顶点最近测点的上浪压力以及对上建前壁和舷侧的冲击力的差异。表6所示为三型船相对于坐标原点的测点空间位置。以模型B为例,具体的测点空间位置布置如图11所示。
为了验证上浪载荷数值模拟结果的准确性,选择典型工况2下模型B的数值模拟结果与试验对比,结果如表7所示。
可以看出,整体上利用直角网格有限差分方法计算得到的甲板上浪压力、舷侧砰击压力以及上建前壁的冲击压力均与试验结果吻合良好,证明了本文采取的数值策略可以较为准确地对规则波下内倾船的甲板上浪现象进行模拟。
基于以上讨论和验证,分别对三个典型工况下不同艏部构型方案的上浪砰击载荷进行分析。图12(a)~14(a)所示为高海况下三型船的甲板上浪压力对比,可以看出,在工况1下模型A的甲板上浪压力最大,模型B与模型C的上浪压力差别不大;随着波陡的增大,在工况2下模型A的上浪砰击压力最大,模型B次之,模型C的上浪压力最小;到工况3时,三型船的甲板上浪砰击压力规律与工况2相似,只是在此波陡条件下,模型C相较于模型B的压降比工况2时更小。整体上可以发现,在高海况下,随着内倾船艏柱倾角的增大,甲板上浪压力呈现出减小的趋势,即适当增大艏柱倾角,有助于降低内倾船的甲板上浪砰击压力。
图12(b)~14(b)所示为三型船的舷侧砰击压力对比情况,可以发现在工况1下模型A、B、C的舷侧砰击压力依次降低,整体压力峰值存在一定的差异;在工况2和工况3下,呈现出与工况1相似的砰击规律。可见在高海况下,随着艏柱倾角的增大,内倾船的舷侧砰击压力也会适当降低,并且若波陡增大,三型船之间的舷侧砰击压力峰值差别会相应减小。
图12(c)~14(c)所示为三型船的上建前壁冲击压力对比情况,三种典型工况下模型C的上建前壁冲击压力均显著大于模型A和模型B的冲击压力,在工况1和工况3下,模型B的冲击压力高于模型A;工况2时模型B的上建前壁冲击压力最小。由此可见,总体上内倾船艏柱倾角的增大会导致其上建前壁冲击压力的显著增加,即适当减小艏柱倾角有助于降低内倾船的上建前壁冲击压力。
根据以上分析,适当增大内倾船的艏柱倾角可以降低其所受到的甲板上浪压力,并且在一定程度上可以减小其舷侧砰击压力,但与此同时,过大的艏柱倾角也会导致其上建前壁冲击压力的显著提升。综合各工况下三型船所受到的上浪砰击载荷情况,模型B的甲板上浪压力和舷侧砰击压力均小于模型A,且模型C的上浪压力相较于模型B并未得到显著降低,模型C的上建前壁冲击压力较模型B却产生了明显的提高。因此,为了平衡各种上浪砰击载荷对于内倾船的影响,与模型A和模型C相比,模型B在甲板上浪时的综合载荷性能更加优异。
本文采用数值水池-直角网格有限差分方法(CNT-CGFDM),研究了不同艏部构型方案对内倾船在规则波中的运动响应和上浪砰击载荷的影响,得到了以下结论:
(1)通过与模型试验进行对比,表明本文所使用的CFD方法能够较为准确地预报内倾船型在规则波中的运动响应和上浪砰击载荷,在保证精度的同时也大大提高了计算效率。
(2)艏部构型对内倾船型在规则波中的运动响应总体上影响较小,只在某些海况下表现出一定的局部差异:在中低航速下λ/L较小时,三型船的垂荡运动响应差异不大,但随着航速的增大,垂荡运动的差别变得明显起来,在λ/L较大时更为明显。纵摇运动响应在中低航速下基本一致,高航速下λ/L较大时艏柱倾角的改变会使内倾船的纵摇运动响应出现微小差异。
(3)适当增大内倾船的艏柱倾角可以降低其所受到的甲板上浪压力,并且在一定程度上可以减小其舷侧砰击压力,但与此同时,艏柱倾角过大也会导致上建前壁冲击压力显著提升。综合各工况下三型船所受到的上浪载荷情况,相较于艏柱倾角为30°和60°的构型方案,艏柱倾角为45°的内倾船型在甲板上浪中的载荷性能更加优异。
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2024年第28卷第7期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.07.003
  • 接收时间:2024-01-20
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2024-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-20
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    哈尔滨工程大学 船舶工程学院,哈尔滨 150001

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
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species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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