Article(id=1243879677723525775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879674670072443, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.07.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1705507200000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774493625335, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1721404800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774493625335, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774493625335, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774493625335, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243879674670072443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='7', pageStart='967', pageEnd='1132', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774493624607, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774493869111, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243880700257087675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879674670072443, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243880700257087676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879674670072443, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1018, endPage=1027, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243879677983572632, articleId=1243879677723525775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Numerical prediction method for slamming load of manned submersibles, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The calculation method for the slamming load of manned submersibles floating on the water surface at zero speed was studied in this paper, the calculation processes for predicting slamming pressure were provided based on the frequency domain and time domain response, the calculation formula for the extreme value of slamming pressure was derived, and the frequency domain and time domain slamming pressure prediction on a certain manned submersible were performed. According to the calculation results, the effects of ship motion and wave surface inclination on the water entry angle were not considered in the frequency domain method, so it is only suitable for ships whose motion responses have little effect on the water entry angle. For a manned submersible, the motion response is significant, which will reduce the entry angle and lead to obvious increase of the slamming pressure coefficient. At this point, the slamming load should be calculated based on the time domain method to avoid the underestimation of the slamming load. At zero speed, the slamming pressure of the submersible on the wave facing side is significantly greater than that on the other side. So the slamming pressure on the stern is greater in following waves, while the slamming pressure on the bow is greater in head waves.

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本文针对载人潜器水面零航速漂浮状态下的入水砰击载荷计算方法进行研究,给出基于频域和时域运动响应结果进行砰击压力预报的计算流程,推导砰击压力极值计算公式,并对某载人潜器进行频域和时域砰击压力预报。根据计算结果发现:频域方法由于未考虑船体运动和波面倾角对入水角的影响,适用于计算船体摇荡对入水角影响不大的船型;对于载人潜器,艇体的大幅运动会使入水角减小,导致砰击压力系数的明显增大,此时应基于时域方法进行砰击载荷计算,以避免砰击载荷的低估;在零航速工况下,潜器在迎浪一侧的砰击压力会明显大于另一侧,因此艉部在随浪下的砰击压力较大,而艏部则在迎浪工况下砰击压力较大。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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刘见德(1989-),男,硕士,高级工程师,通讯作者,E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=K3lyqtVWvId+qDnC3EAcsA==, figureFileBig=3V54EGtziCuduEFTCDBpfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243879690075750645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879677723525775, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Error statistics of extreme value fitting results

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数据点数相对误差最大值(%)相对误差平均值(%)
10052.98219.614
20034.89411.173
50019.8135.802
100012.5093.547
10 0004.0220.928
), ArticleFig(id=1243879690172219642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879677723525775, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

极值拟合结果误差统计

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数据点数相对误差最大值(%)相对误差平均值(%)
10052.98219.614
20034.89411.173
50019.8135.802
100012.5093.547
10 0004.0220.928
), ArticleFig(id=1243879690260300029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879677723525775, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Slamming pressure results based on frequency domain method (kPa)

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浪向/°艏部艉部稳定翼
Tz=4 sTz=5 sTz=6 sTz=4 sTz=5 sTz=6 sTz=4 sTz=5 sTz=6 s
058.065.653.52.277.187.2716.4016.7215.12
4564.366.7491.743.592.7217.6415.4412.52
9067.647.62918.5022.4615.2537.2837.6929.01
13573.371.752.828.2041.9534.6449.2261.3049.98
180118.5117.585.423.2639.8635.2938.9556.1750.20
), ArticleFig(id=1243879690369351937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879677723525775, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

砰击压力频域计算结果(kPa)

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浪向/°艏部艉部稳定翼
Tz=4 sTz=5 sTz=6 sTz=4 sTz=5 sTz=6 sTz=4 sTz=5 sTz=6 s
058.065.653.52.277.187.2716.4016.7215.12
4564.366.7491.743.592.7217.6415.4412.52
9067.647.62918.5022.4615.2537.2837.6929.01
13573.371.752.828.2041.9534.6449.2261.3049.98
180118.5117.585.423.2639.8635.2938.9556.1750.20
), ArticleFig(id=1243879690470015239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879677723525775, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Slamming pressure results based on time domain method (kPa)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
浪向/°艏部艉部稳定翼
Tz=4 sTz=5 sTz=6 sTz=4 sTz=5 sTz=6 sTz=4 sTz=5 sTz=6 s
035.5931.9021.2096.7753.7630.5835.5231.1528.50
4563.8442.6124.2363.4244.9721.6492.7961.8341.11
90131.7999.9654.2727.1219.1416.26135.2572.8453.61
135252.65121.4767.7922.2817.9216.61139.6097.8164.18
180316.60158.1083.7610.4116.558.2723.026.0521.90
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砰击压力时域计算结果(kPa)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
浪向/°艏部艉部稳定翼
Tz=4 sTz=5 sTz=6 sTz=4 sTz=5 sTz=6 sTz=4 sTz=5 sTz=6 s
035.5931.9021.2096.7753.7630.5835.5231.1528.50
4563.8442.6124.2363.4244.9721.6492.7961.8341.11
90131.7999.9654.2727.1219.1416.26135.2572.8453.61
135252.65121.4767.7922.2817.9216.61139.6097.8164.18
180316.60158.1083.7610.4116.558.2723.026.0521.90
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载人潜器砰击载荷数值预报方法研究
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刘见德 1, 2 , 俞白兮 1, 2 , 赵青 1, 2
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024,28(7): 1018-1027
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024, 28(7): 1018-1027
载人潜器砰击载荷数值预报方法研究
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刘见德1, 2 , 俞白兮1, 2, 赵青1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 2.深海载人装备全国重点实验室,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 刘见德(1989-),男,硕士,高级工程师,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Numerical prediction method for slamming load of manned submersibles
Jian-de LIU1, 2 , Bai-xi YU1, 2, Qing ZHAO1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Deep-sea Manned Vehicles, Wuxi 214082, China
出版时间: 2024-07-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.07.005
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本文针对载人潜器水面零航速漂浮状态下的入水砰击载荷计算方法进行研究,给出基于频域和时域运动响应结果进行砰击压力预报的计算流程,推导砰击压力极值计算公式,并对某载人潜器进行频域和时域砰击压力预报。根据计算结果发现:频域方法由于未考虑船体运动和波面倾角对入水角的影响,适用于计算船体摇荡对入水角影响不大的船型;对于载人潜器,艇体的大幅运动会使入水角减小,导致砰击压力系数的明显增大,此时应基于时域方法进行砰击载荷计算,以避免砰击载荷的低估;在零航速工况下,潜器在迎浪一侧的砰击压力会明显大于另一侧,因此艉部在随浪下的砰击压力较大,而艏部则在迎浪工况下砰击压力较大。

载人潜器  /  砰击载荷  /  频域  /  时域

The calculation method for the slamming load of manned submersibles floating on the water surface at zero speed was studied in this paper, the calculation processes for predicting slamming pressure were provided based on the frequency domain and time domain response, the calculation formula for the extreme value of slamming pressure was derived, and the frequency domain and time domain slamming pressure prediction on a certain manned submersible were performed. According to the calculation results, the effects of ship motion and wave surface inclination on the water entry angle were not considered in the frequency domain method, so it is only suitable for ships whose motion responses have little effect on the water entry angle. For a manned submersible, the motion response is significant, which will reduce the entry angle and lead to obvious increase of the slamming pressure coefficient. At this point, the slamming load should be calculated based on the time domain method to avoid the underestimation of the slamming load. At zero speed, the slamming pressure of the submersible on the wave facing side is significantly greater than that on the other side. So the slamming pressure on the stern is greater in following waves, while the slamming pressure on the bow is greater in head waves.

manned submersible  /  slamming load  /  frequency domain  /  time domain
刘见德, 俞白兮, 赵青. 载人潜器砰击载荷数值预报方法研究. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (7) : 1018 -1027 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.07.005
Jian-de LIU, Bai-xi YU, Qing ZHAO. Numerical prediction method for slamming load of manned submersibles[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (7) : 1018 -1027 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.07.005
载人潜器外形短而粗,纵摇和垂荡周期通常与作业海域的波浪周期重叠,在水面布放回收和水面航渡等工况中可能和波浪之间产生剧烈的相对运动,使艏艉部区域及附体结构遭受砰击。目前有关潜器砰击载荷的研究成果鲜见发表,仅有潜规相关载荷值可供参考。在潜艇相关规范中针对艏端和艉端结构,要求在校核局部强度与刚度时应考虑波浪的砰击载荷;针对稳定翼结构,规范对承受的波浪砰击载荷(或称波浪冲击力)提出了具体要求,其计算压力取值为0.098 MPa[1]。在《常规潜艇舵装置设计计算方法》(CB 20102-2012)中,规定对于艏升降舵按舵叶受0.098 MPa、艉升降舵按舵叶受0.088 MPa均布静载荷计算[2]。考虑到载人潜器线型与潜艇之间存在差异,潜艇规范设计载荷对载人潜器的适用性有待验证,需要开展载人潜器砰击载荷计算研究。
大量研究表明,砰击压力峰值pmax与船波相对速度v的平方成正比[3],即
式中,k为砰击压力系数,其主要取决于结构物入水点处的入水角β,还与结构刚度、物面形状、水的可压缩性以及气垫效应等因素有关。砰击压力系数可通过CFD仿真计算、落体试验或适航性试验等获得。《水面舰艇结构设计计算方法》(GJB/Z 119-99)[4]和英国劳氏军船规范(以下简称“NSR”)[5]给出的砰击压力系数如图1所示。本文不对砰击压力系数进行研究,而是直接选用GJB设计曲线开展计算研究。
不规则波中船舶表面点入水速度和砰击压力的统计特征符合Weibull分布,我们可用Weibull分布进行短期预报,对砰击压力而言取1/100最大值的平均值作为设计值是适当的[7]。本文主要开展基于频域和时域运动响应结果的砰击压力预报方法研究,从而为结构设计载荷的确定提供参考依据。其中运动响应可采用基于三维线性或非线性势流理论的通用程序进行计算,不作为本文研究内容。
在船波相对运动响应均值为零的随机过程和相对运动响应谱为窄带谱的假定下,船波相对运动的峰值的分布符合Raileigh分布,1/n超越概率的相对速度极值[8]
式中,di为计算点的吃水,σv为垂向相对速度标准差,σr为垂向相对运动标准差。
相对速度1/n最大值的平均值:
式中:v为船波垂向相对速度;erf为高斯误差函数,σvσr可通过频域运动响应计算得到,取n=100即可计算得到船舶表面点入水速度1/100最大值的平均值,结合公式(1)可计算得到砰击压力。由于频域方法无法确定船舶实时运动状态,这里取船舶正浮状态船体表面与静水面夹角作为入水角β来确定砰击压力系数。
文献[9]~[10]在仿真计算艏部砰击压力系数时发现砰击点处线型具有一定倾角,在与具有相同倾角的波面接触时砰击压力系数较高,因此在确定入水角时应考虑波面倾角的影响。现有计算方法中,有的仅考虑波面倾角的影响,有的同时考虑了波面倾角和船体运动的影响,但是对于船体运动,只考虑了部分自由度例如纵摇、垂荡的影响。本文对原有计算方法进一步拓展,同时考虑船体六个自由度运动和波面的实时位置,确定砰击点处二者的最小夹角作为有效冲击角ξ(见图2),砰击速度取砰击点处船波实时相对速度在波面法向的分量。由于采用的是势流理论,这里忽略了船体运动引起的入射波的变形。
定义两套坐标系(如图3):一是空间固定坐标系Ax0y0z0Ax0指向浮体航向,Az0垂直向上,原点为浮体重心初始位置;另一个为随体坐标系Oxyz,该坐标系固结于浮体,随浮体移动而改变原点位置,随浮体的转动而改变方向。
定义以下符号:rGvGω分别为空间固定坐标系中浮体重心位置、速度、角速度;T为随体坐标系旋转至与空间固定坐标系平行的转换矩阵,可根据横摇角、纵摇角、艏摇角实时计算得到[11]rprL分别为砰击点在空间固定坐标系、随体坐标系中相对于重心的位置矢量,rp=TrLnpnL分别为空间固定坐标系、随体坐标系中砰击点处壳板的外法向量,np=TnL
砰击点实时位置和实时速度分别为
考虑规则波中的砰击情况,砰击点处波面法向量为
式中,δ为砰击点处波倾角,μ为浪向角。
根据nwnp,可计算得到有效冲击角为
砰击点与波面在波面法向相对速度,即砰击速度为
式中,第一项为砰击实时速度在波浪法向上的分量,第二项为波面在垂直于波面方向的上升速度。
有效冲击角在0°~90°范围,且砰击速度大于临界速度[12]时,根据公式(1)和GJB砰击压力系数曲线可计算得到砰击压力。
对不规则波中计算得到的系列砰击压力值,采用极大似然法拟合得到如下Weibull分布的各项参数:
式中,s为物理量,s0为位置参数,α为形状参数,λ为尺度参数。
根据Weibull分布,1/n累积率对应的极值s1/n
则1/n最大值的平均值为
t=λs-s0α,进一步推导可得
上式积分项可通过不完全Gamma函数计算得到。
设置尺寸参数λ=20、形状参数α=2,生成100~10 000个随机采样数据,基于采样数据拟合的分布参数采用公式(12)计算百一值,并计算与最大1/100数据点的平均值的相对误差。1000次拟合的误差统计结果见表1。可见公式(12)能正确计算得到1/100最大值的平均值,需要关注的是数据点较少时会存在较大误差。
基于上述计算方法对某载人潜器(图4)进行砰击压力预报,潜器总长为35.0 m、型宽为8.36 m、平均吃水为5.55 m,排水量为1184.7 t。
进行频域运动响应计算,航速为0,浪向包括0°(随浪)、45°、90°、135°、180°(迎浪)五个浪向。该载人潜器线型短粗,长宽比在4.2左右,其垂荡、纵摇辐射阻尼与临界阻尼比值在2%~4%,导致纵摇运动响应比常规水面船剧烈得多。由于垂荡、纵摇辐射阻尼较小,其粘性阻尼成分不可忽视。目前暂无适用的粘性阻尼经验公式或试验结果,本文计算中,初步对垂荡、纵摇、横摇运动均施加5%人工粘性阻尼。频域运动响应传递函数计算结果见图5,根据计算结果,纵摇和横摇运动传递函数峰值在同一量级,由于潜器纵摇运动较为剧烈,可以预见艏艉部出水概率较大,可能会出现频繁的砰击现象。
基于第1章方法进行4级海况(H1/3=2.5 m)下的砰击压力预报,波浪谱选用ITTC双参数谱。砰击预报结果见表2图6~7。根据结果可知,艏、艉部、稳定翼的砰击压力基本上是在135°~180°浪向下取得最大值,这是因为艏艉端垂向相对速度主要受纵摇影响,而纵摇运动响应在180°浪向下最大。此外,砰击压力受入水角影响,频域计算入水角采用的是潜器处于正浮状态砰击点线型与静水面夹角,无法考虑潜器运动对入水角的影响,因此砰击压力最大的区域是在艏尖底部。上部稳定翼不同位置的倾角和相对速度基本相同,因此压力分布也比较均匀。
基于AQWA软件进行时域运动响应计算,航速、浪向、计算海况、海浪谱同3.1节。每个工况计算时长在3小时以上,且考虑多个不同种子的不规则波进行计算,以确保获得足够多的砰击次数,提高砰击压力极值拟合精度。
在艏、艉部、上部X型尾翼分别取1个典型节点,计算并输出各节点垂向相对入水速度单幅有义值,结果见图8。根据结果发现,各节点的入水速度随Tz的增大而减小,艏部在180°浪向时入水速度最大,艉部及稳定翼在90°~135°浪向区间入水速度最大,总体上各浪向的入水速度差异较小。
根据第2章方法对入水速度较大的Tz=4~6 s的工况进行砰击压力预报,结果见表3图9~12为部分工况压力云图和砰击次数云图。根据计算结果,砰击次数在水线附近最大,离设计水线越远的地方,出入水概率越小,砰击次数越少。
艏艉部和稳定翼左右舷砰击次数没有明显差异,但斜浪中左右舷砰击压力存在明显差异。以90°横浪为例,海浪是由右舷向左舷方向传播,根据图10图12结果,艏部和稳定翼都是右舷的砰击压力明显大于左舷。该现象可以归纳为:壳板外法线方向与波浪传播方向相反的一侧砰击更严重,即迎浪一侧的砰击压力会明显大于另一侧。如图13所示,在90°横浪中(右舷向左舷传播),图(b)、(d)中的砰击入水角较大,则砰击压力系数更小;图(a)、(c)为砰击入水角较小的情况,而右舷发生砰击时,水质点速度是向上的,即船波相对速度更大,而左舷发生砰击时,水质点速度是向下的,即船波相对速度更小,因此右舷砰击更严重。
输出左右舷稳定翼在90°浪向下每次砰击的船波相对速度和有效冲击角,绘制散点图(如图14)。正浮状态稳定翼与水平面夹角为45°,可以看到,在叠加波浪倾角和摇荡运动后,有效冲击角会在45°附近随机变化,会减小到接近20°,此时砰击压力系数比45°入水角时增大3倍左右。对于左舷,冲击角较小时,船波相对速度也较小,与图13(c)的情况相符,冲击角较大时,船波相对速度也较大,与图13(d)的情况相符;对于右舷,冲击角较小时,船波相对速度则较大,与图13(a)的情况相符,冲击角较大时,船波相对速度则较小,与图13(b)的情况相符。
该规律也适用于艏艉部,艏部壳板外法向指向船艏,相应的迎浪情况下砰击更严重;艉部壳板外法向指向船艉,相应地,在随浪情况下砰击更严重。输出艉部某一点在0°和180°浪向下每次砰击的船波相对速度和有效冲击角,绘制散点图(如图15),在0°浪向(随浪)时,冲击角越小,船波相对速度越大,此时砰击压力最大。
艏、艉部和稳定翼时域计算结果明显大于频域结果。频域砰击压力基本上是在135°~180°浪向下取得最大值;时域砰击压力,艏部同样在180°浪向(迎浪)下最大,而艉部则是在0°浪向下最大,稳定翼则是在90°~135°浪向下最大,异于频域结果。
频域计算方法中,不同浪向下砰击压力结果的差异是由船波相对速度的差异决定的,因此对于艉部,砰击压力在迎浪情况下较大,且不同浪向结果差异较小。
时域计算方法中,砰击压力结果同时受船波相对速度和有效冲击角的影响,且不同冲击角对应的砰击压力系数存在较大差异,例如冲击角由45°降低到25°,砰击压力系数增大了接近3倍,因此砰击压力受有效冲击角的影响更大。对于艉部,其在随浪下的有效冲击角比迎浪情况下小,因此会出现随浪下砰击压力大于迎浪的情况,与频域结果相反。对于稳定翼,在斜浪和横浪中,由于潜器大幅横摇,导致冲击角减小,砰击压力系数明显增大,因此砰击压力结果明显大于迎浪和随浪时。
可见频域和时域方法的差异在于入水角差异,当艇体运动对入水角影响较小时,两种方法的差异也会较小。对于线型短而粗的载人潜器,艇体的大幅运动会导致入水角大幅度变化,此时采用频域方法将会低估砰击压力。
本文针对载人潜器水面零航速漂浮状态下的入水砰击载荷计算方法进行研究,给出基于频域和时域运动响应结果进行砰击压力预报的计算流程,推导了砰击压力极值(1/100最大值的平均值)计算公式;在时域计算方法中,对现有计算方法进一步拓展,可以同时考虑船体六个自由度运动和波面的实时位置对入水角的影响;并对某载人潜器进行频域和时域的砰击压力预报,得到以下结论:
(1)由于频域方法未考虑船体运动和波面倾角对入水角的影响,适用于计算船体摇荡对入水角影响不大的船型;
(2)对于线型短而粗的载人潜器,纵摇运动较大,艇体的大幅运动会使入水角大幅度变化,导致出现砰击压力系数明显增大的情况,因此建议基于时域方法进行计算,以避免低估砰击载荷;
(3)在零航速工况下,潜器在迎浪一侧的砰击压力会明显大于另一侧,因此艉部在艉随浪下的砰击压力较大,而艏部则在迎浪工况下砰击压力较大。
本文仅从数值计算角度对载人潜器砰击问题开展了初步研究,后续将通过模型试验做进一步验证。
  • 中国科学院冷泉装置前期关键技术攻关项目(LQ-GJ-02)
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2024年第28卷第7期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.07.005
  • 接收时间:2024-01-18
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2024-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-18
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中国科学院冷泉装置前期关键技术攻关项目(LQ-GJ-02)
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    1.中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
    2.深海载人装备全国重点实验室,江苏 无锡 214082

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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