Article(id=1243879676750447235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879674670072443, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.07.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1706371200000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774493625103, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1721404800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774493625103, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774493625103, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774493625103, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243879674670072443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='7', pageStart='967', pageEnd='1132', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774493624607, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774493869111, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243880700257087675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879674670072443, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243880700257087676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879674670072443, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1081, endPage=1089, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243879677039854212, articleId=1243879676750447235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Simulation of recalescence process of polar ship icing based on phase field method, columnId=1242129251223274417, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Structural Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Polar ship icing is formed when supercooled droplets from the air or seawater fall onto ships. After the crystal nuclei in the supercooled droplet are formed, they solidify and release heat, so that the temperature returns to the freezing point and forms an ice water mixture, which is called recalescence. This process is the beginning of the freezing stage. The phase field method was used to simulate the recalescence process of water under different undercooling conditions, and the icing morphology and ice-phase proportion after recalescence were studied. The results show that the undercooling has a certain effect on the results of recalescence. The dendrite growth rate in the process of recalescence is fast at first and then becomes slow. The proportion of ice phase increases with the increase of undercooling. When the undercooling increases from 30K to 45k, the proportion of ice phase increases from 11.92% to 29.17%.

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极地船舶结冰是空气或海水中的过冷液滴落到船上后形成的。过冷液滴中的结晶核形成后,晶核进一步凝固放热使液滴温度重新回到凝固点并形成冰水混合物的过程被称为再辉,这是冻结阶段的开始。使用相场法,对不同过冷度下结冰再辉过程进行模拟,研究再辉后的结冰形貌和冰相比例。结果表明,过冷度对再辉结果有一定影响,再辉过程中的枝晶生长速度先快后慢,再辉结束后的冰相比例随过冷度增大而增大,过冷度从30K增至45K时,冰相比例从11.92%增至29.17%。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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白旭(1984-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

杨苏杰(1996-),男,硕士研究生

张健(1977-),男,博士,教授

杜越(1998-),女,硕士研究生

陈冠宇(1998-),男,硕士研究生。

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白旭(1984-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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Physical properties of seawater solution

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物性参数数值物性参数数值
Cp/(J·K-1·cm34.212k00.8
TM/K269.750.005
L/(J·cm3333.5m0.035
Ds/(cm2·s-12.5×10-7α405.3065
D1/(cm2·s-15.6×10-6
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海水溶液物性参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物性参数数值物性参数数值
Cp/(J·K-1·cm34.212k00.8
TM/K269.750.005
L/(J·cm3333.5m0.035
Ds/(cm2·s-12.5×10-7α405.3065
D1/(cm2·s-15.6×10-6
), ArticleFig(id=1243879686984548415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879676750447235, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Number of crystal nuclei of each supercooling degree

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过冷度/K30354045
晶核数4578
), ArticleFig(id=1243879687097794631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879676750447235, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各过冷度晶核数

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过冷度/K30354045
晶核数4578
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Ice phase ratio of each supercooling degree

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过冷度/K30354045
冰相比例(%)11.9217.2222.9129.17
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各过冷度冰相比例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
过冷度/K30354045
冰相比例(%)11.9217.2222.9129.17
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基于相场法的极地船舶结冰再辉过程模拟
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白旭 , 杨苏杰 , 张健 , 杜越 , 陈冠宇
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2024,28(7): 1081-1089
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船舶力学 | 结构力学 2024, 28(7): 1081-1089
基于相场法的极地船舶结冰再辉过程模拟
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白旭 , 杨苏杰, 张健, 杜越, 陈冠宇
作者信息
  • 江苏科技大学 船舶与海洋工程学院,江苏 镇江 212003
  • 白旭(1984-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

    杨苏杰(1996-),男,硕士研究生

    张健(1977-),男,博士,教授

    杜越(1998-),女,硕士研究生

    陈冠宇(1998-),男,硕士研究生。

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Simulation of recalescence process of polar ship icing based on phase field method
Xu BAI , Su-jie YANG, Jian ZHANG, Yue DU, Guan-yu CHEN
Affiliations
  • School of Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
出版时间: 2024-07-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.07.011
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极地船舶结冰是空气或海水中的过冷液滴落到船上后形成的。过冷液滴中的结晶核形成后,晶核进一步凝固放热使液滴温度重新回到凝固点并形成冰水混合物的过程被称为再辉,这是冻结阶段的开始。使用相场法,对不同过冷度下结冰再辉过程进行模拟,研究再辉后的结冰形貌和冰相比例。结果表明,过冷度对再辉结果有一定影响,再辉过程中的枝晶生长速度先快后慢,再辉结束后的冰相比例随过冷度增大而增大,过冷度从30K增至45K时,冰相比例从11.92%增至29.17%。

相场法  /  再辉  /  极地船舶结冰  /  过冷液滴

Polar ship icing is formed when supercooled droplets from the air or seawater fall onto ships. After the crystal nuclei in the supercooled droplet are formed, they solidify and release heat, so that the temperature returns to the freezing point and forms an ice water mixture, which is called recalescence. This process is the beginning of the freezing stage. The phase field method was used to simulate the recalescence process of water under different undercooling conditions, and the icing morphology and ice-phase proportion after recalescence were studied. The results show that the undercooling has a certain effect on the results of recalescence. The dendrite growth rate in the process of recalescence is fast at first and then becomes slow. The proportion of ice phase increases with the increase of undercooling. When the undercooling increases from 30K to 45k, the proportion of ice phase increases from 11.92% to 29.17%.

phase field method  /  recalescence  /  polar ship icing  /  supercooled droplet
白旭, 杨苏杰, 张健, 杜越, 陈冠宇. 基于相场法的极地船舶结冰再辉过程模拟. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (7) : 1081 -1089 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.07.011
Xu BAI, Su-jie YANG, Jian ZHANG, Yue DU, Guan-yu CHEN. Simulation of recalescence process of polar ship icing based on phase field method[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (7) : 1081 -1089 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.07.011
极地船舶结冰对船舶的使用性和安全性有很大影响,它会降低船舶的稳性,影响船舶设备的使用。极地船舶结冰的方式分为海水飞沫结冰和大气结冰[1]。其中,海水飞沫结冰是海浪砰击船舶破碎后的盐水滴落到船上形成的,大气结冰是空气中的过冷液滴,如雨水、雾或海水蒸发形成的液滴等落到船上后形成的[2]
关于极地船舶结冰的研究主要可分成三个方向:积冰安全分析、船舶结冰预报和船舶防除冰。胡高源[3]对已有的船舶积冰模型进行了改进,基于此计算了船舶积冰后重量重心的改变,并对船舶稳性进行校核;卜淑霞等[4]基于海水飞沫量,结合IACS提出的积冰方法,分析了积冰对C11集装箱船稳性的影响;汪仕靖[5]根据风飞沫量和海浪飞沫提出了海水飞沫量公式,并基于此计算了积冰系数,对船体各部分进行积冰计算;陆煊等[6]对船舶防除冰方法进行了总结,将船舶防除冰方法分为主动除冰法和被动除冰法,并认为利用材料本身性质进行防除冰是未来发展趋势。
当前针对船舶结冰的研究,可以根据环境条件得到结冰结果,并计算船舶结冰预报数据或船舶安全性能评价等,但是无法针对其中的原因和机理进行解释。船舶结冰计算中通常是根据热力学和水滴轨迹或概率计算船舶结冰量[7],液滴落到船上之后的过冷成核结冰过程并未在现有的船舶结冰计算中得到呈现。要进一步研究船舶结冰机理,如明冰与霜冰的形成和转化条件以及船用防结冰材料的结冰特性[8],需要从微观层面着手。
极地船舶领域针对水滴凝固结冰的微观研究很少[9],但是在其他方向,如食品冷冻浓缩结冰和飞机机翼结冰,对微观结冰过程的研究已经有所进展。Van der Sman[10]将溶液视为水和溶质二元系统,辅以食物系统的热力学和(扩散)动力学理论,模拟了糖溶液结冰过程中糖分的析出过程;胡书凡[11]等对大过冷度(20~40K)范围内的飞机机翼冰晶生长进行模拟,发现过冷度大于20K时,结冰溢流距离对水含量十分敏感,在上述条件下结冰速度快和强溢流会导致异常结冰特征。而对船舶结冰微观过程的研究,首先应该借鉴这些领域的方法和已取得的成果。
过冷液滴的凝固可以分为过冷、成核、再辉、冻结和冷却五个阶段[12],而与液滴凝固直接相关的为成核、再辉和冻结三个阶段[13]。过冷液滴在温度达到凝固点后不会立刻冻结,而是会持续降温,当达到临界成核过冷度后,在液滴中形成晶核;在再辉阶段,晶核以树枝状形态生长并放出热量[14],使过冷液滴温度上升,最终达到凝固点,形成均匀的冰水混合物;随后,液滴进入冻结阶段,从固液接触面开始直至完全凝固[15]
相比整个过冷液滴的凝固过程,再辉阶段的持续时间很短,通常为十几或几十毫秒,在进行水滴凝固计算时通常将其作为初始条件[16]。再辉阶段作为冻结阶段的起点,此阶段结束后水滴的物性参数会发生很大变化,对之后的冻结阶段会产生一定影响[17]。因此,针对过冷水滴再辉阶段的研究对后续冻结阶段计算和过冷液滴的凝固机理研究有很大帮助。
基于金兹堡-朗道理论的相场法可以有效模拟晶体凝固形貌[18],该方法已成为模拟微观组织演化的一种重要的、通用性极强的方法,成为模拟凝固过程中微观组织演化的有力工具。通过使用相场方法,可以模拟晶体在晶核产生后到再辉阶段结束这一过程。
本文基于相场方法,通过经典成核理论计算不同过冷度下的成核数,并以此为基础模拟海水在过冷成核后的再辉过程。模拟时的晶核采用非均匀形核,枝晶生长时也为随机生长。研究得到不同过冷度下的再辉结冰形貌和冰相比例,以用于后续的冻结阶段研究。
Wheeler相场模型使用相场和温度场方程来实现对晶体凝固的模拟[19],对于纯物质的凝固,相场和温度场控制方程[20]分别如下。
(1)相场方程为
式中,εθ)为考虑各向异性影响的相场参数,γ为各向异性强度;j为各向异性模数,本文中取j=6;为无量纲界面厚度;m为相场迁移率;α为界面自由能;Δ为无量纲过冷度。
相场计算中,需要将实际参数无量纲化,。式中,δ为实际界面厚度,ω为长度参考尺寸,CP为海水比热容,ΔT为溶液过冷度,L为水的单位体积凝固潜热。
(2)温度场方程为
式中,p'(ϕ)为固相分数pϕ)对ϕ的导数,p'(ϕ) = 30ϕ2(1 - ϕ2);u为无量纲温度,u=(T-TM)/(TM-T0)。
相比于纯水,海水中的盐分在海水凝固时会对凝固过程产生影响,主要表现为盐分从固相析出至液相。因此,在计算海水结冰时,需要引入海水盐度的影响,从而使计算结果更加真实。将海水视作二元溶液,基于菲克定律,引入溶质场方程,实现凝固时的溶质再分配:
式中,C为海水中盐的摩尔分数,D为无量纲扩散系数,Ds为固相扩散率,D1为液相扩散率,k0为平衡分配系数。
海水凝固时的溶质扩散,会使计算域内的固相和液相的溶质浓度发生变化,从而导致海水的凝固点发生变化,进而影响结冰过程。因此引入过冷度的实时动态变化来实现盐度在凝固过程的影响:
式中,mL为液相线斜率,C0为溶液初始浓度。
添加溶质影响后的相场方程为
温度场方程为
在相场计算中,为了模拟实际环境中的干扰,实现冰晶的随机生长和多级分枝,在相场模型中添加噪声项An
式中,Ar为噪声强度,即引入扰动的大小,本次计算设置为1;Rn为符合高斯分布的(-1,1)之间的随机数。
模拟再辉过程前,需要完成过冷成核计算。经典成核理论中,成核数取决于凝固时的环境温度[21]
式中,J0为指前因子,T为环境温度,TM为凝固点,fθ)为球冠模型的近似几何因子,σ为表面能,vi为冰的比体积,kB为玻尔兹曼常数。
经典成核理论和现有的成核试验均未涉及海水盐度,因此本次研究所使用的成核率拟合公式不考虑盐度影响,未来将进一步考察盐度在成核中的作用。本文使用的拟合公式[17]
通过试验拟合,得到J0 = 0.2830,Γ = 2.7555 × 105
本文所取物性参数均按照浓度为3.50%的海水溶液选取,具体取值如表1所示[22]
对于相场方程,空间离散采用中心差分方法,时间离散采用显式差分方法,另外,对于方程中出现的拉普拉斯算子,采用九点差分方法进行离散:
计算时为了保证结果收敛,时间步长需满足以下条件:
本文计算域设置为正方形,网格数设置为1000×1000,网格间距∆x和∆y在无量纲化后均为0.03,时间步长∆t = 0.0001 s。
晶核的位置在计算域内随机分布,条件设置为
式中,XiYi为第i个晶核的坐标。
相场、温度场和浓度场均采用Neumann边界条件,即
对冰晶凝固过程进行模拟,并将其和实际自然条件下生成的冰晶进行对比。设置无量纲过冷度为0.8,晶核设置在计算域正中,网格划分为500×500,模拟时间为7500Δt,计算所使用的其他参数和条件均与上文相同,得到结冰结果如图1所示。通过比较模拟的冰晶形状和现实的冰晶形状[16],发现与现实结果吻合良好,可以进行进一步模拟计算。
本次研究取30 K、35 K、40 K和45 K四个过冷度条件,分别计算各过冷度下的凝固再辉过程。
根据成核拟合公式以及过冷度条件,计算得到的晶核数如表2所示。
图2~3所示是过冷度为30 K时凝固过程的相场和温度场图像。在凝固过程中,枝晶生长到一定程度后便会停止,这是由于在海水凝固再辉过程中,海水凝固会不断放出热量,使得计算域内的温度不断上升,直至达到凝固点附近,在这之后,枝晶便不会继续生长。凝固过程中的枝晶生长速度并不相同,枝晶生长先快后慢,这是因为凝固时温度不断上升,而凝固速度与温度有关,温度越低(过冷度越大),凝固速度越快。
图4为各过冷度下的凝固相场图,表3为各过冷度再辉过程后的冰相比例。从图4可以看出,温度对枝晶形貌有一定影响,过冷度为30 K时,枝晶只有四个主枝,且未发展出分枝,随着过冷度增大,主枝数目变为六个,在过冷度达到40 K时,枝晶开始出现分枝,且分枝的数量和生长也会随着过冷度的增大而增大。从表3可以看出,冰相比例随过冷度的增大而增大,且几乎为线性关系。
不同晶核生长出的枝晶会互相影响,当两个主枝互相接近时,二者的生长速度减缓,且主枝之间留有空隙,这是由于枝晶生长温度上升,导致不同枝晶间的温度上升到凝固点,无法为枝晶生长提供低温环境。
图5为各过冷度下冰相比例的增长过程,从图中也可以看出,过冷度越大,再辉后的最终冰相比例就越大。冰相比例的增长速度与过冷度有关,过冷度越大,增长速度越快。再辉过程的冰相比例存在阈值,当冰相比例增大到一定数值后便不再发生变化,这是由于再辉放热使得温度升高,最终温度达到了凝固点,此时代表再辉结束,海水也从液态转变为均匀的冰水混合物。
为进一步研究极地船舶结冰,从微观尺度对结冰机理进行了分析,探究了过冷液滴落到船上后发生的微观成核结冰过程。使用相场法,对船舶结冰再辉过程进行了数值模拟,并分析了过冷度对此过程产生的影响。得到如下结论:
(1)再辉过程为晶核生长放热直至温度达到凝固点的过程,在此过程中,枝晶的生长速度并不是匀速的,而是先快后慢。这是由于凝固速度与温度有关,再辉过程开始时,温度较低,此时凝固速度快,而经过一段时间后,温度上升,导致了后续的凝固速度相比开始时慢。
(2)再辉结束时的冰相比例与过冷度呈近似线性关系,在过冷度从30 K增至45 K时,冰相比例从11.92%增至29.17%。过冷度会影响再辉过程的枝晶形貌,过冷度为30 K时,只有四个主枝,而其他过冷度均有六个主枝。不同晶核的主枝接近时,由于温度上升,会导致主枝之间留有空隙。
(3)再辉过程中的冰相比例增长速度与过冷度有关,过冷度越大,冰相比例的增长速度越快。再辉过程结束后的冰相比例存在阈值,且与过冷度呈近似线性关系。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51879125)
  • 江苏省高等学校自然科学研究重大项目(18KJA580003)
  • 江苏省“六大人才高峰”高层次人才项目(2018-KTHY-033)
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2024年第28卷第7期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.07.011
  • 接收时间:2024-01-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2024-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-28
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51879125)
江苏省高等学校自然科学研究重大项目(18KJA580003)
江苏省“六大人才高峰”高层次人才项目(2018-KTHY-033)
作者信息
    江苏科技大学 船舶与海洋工程学院,江苏 镇江 212003

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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