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A rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) buffer was designed to reduce the load of a projectile during high-speed water entry. Based on the Hopkinson compression bar technique, the density and strain rate effects of RPUF under impact loading were obtained, and its macroscopic constitutive model was established. Based on the Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE), the numerical simulation model of the projectile during high-speed water entry was established. The numerical simulation of the projectile during high-speed water entry with different densities of RPUF was carried out. The dynamic failure process and motion parameters of the buffer during the water entry were obtained, and the influence law of the density and thickness of RPUF on the load reduction characteristics was analyzed. It can be found that the strain rate effect of RPUF is not obvious, but the density effect is obvious, and that, as the density and thickness of RPUF increase, the load reduction performance of RPUF increases.

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针对弹体高速入水过程中的降载问题,设计一种硬质聚氨酯泡沫缓冲器。基于霍普金森压杆实验技术,获取冲击载荷下硬质聚氨酯泡沫密度和应变率效应,构建其宏观本构模型。采用拉格朗日-欧拉流固耦合方法(ALE),建立弹体入水冲击数值仿真模型,验证所建本构关系及ALE方法的合理性,对加装缓冲器的弹体高速入水问题进行数值仿真计算,获得入水过程中硬质聚氨酯泡沫的动态破坏过程及弹体运动参数,从而分析硬质聚氨酯泡沫密度、厚度对降载特性影响规律,讨论不同入水速度下硬质聚氨酯泡沫参数的设计方法。研究结果表明:硬质聚氨酯泡沫动态力学性能应变率效应不明显,但密度效应明显,缓冲降载性能随硬质聚氨酯泡沫密度和厚度的增大而升高。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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肖有才(1988-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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肖有才(1988-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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肖有才(1988-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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Parameters for water state equation

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c/(m·s-1)S1S2S3γEW0VW0
16471.921-0.09600.3500
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水状态方程参数

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c/(m·s-1)S1S2S3γEW0VW0
16471.921-0.09600.3500
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Size of buffer structure

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参数L1/mmL2/mmD1/mmD2/mmD3/mmK1×10-3/mm-1
数值300.0145.054.0265.04.01.64
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缓冲器结构几何尺寸

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参数L1/mmL2/mmD1/mmD2/mmD3/mmK1×10-3/mm-1
数值300.0145.054.0265.04.01.64
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Material parameters of buffer housing

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密度/(g·cm-3杨氏模量/MPa泊松比屈服应力/MPa切线模量/MPa失效应变
1.64785000.3345.09.00.2
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缓冲器复合材料罩壳的材料参数[24]

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密度/(g·cm-3杨氏模量/MPa泊松比屈服应力/MPa切线模量/MPa失效应变
1.64785000.3345.09.00.2
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Material parameters of RPUF

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密度/(g·cm-3杨氏模量/MPa泊松比应力-应变曲线屈服应力/MPa
0.2910.01图4(a)3
0.31280.01图4(b)11
0.43860.01图4(c)16
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RPUF的力学性能参数

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密度/(g·cm-3杨氏模量/MPa泊松比应力-应变曲线屈服应力/MPa
0.2910.01图4(a)3
0.31280.01图4(b)11
0.43860.01图4(c)16
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Projectile peak acceleration reduction with different densities and thicknesses of RPUF

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密度/(g·cm-3物理参数厚度/mm
262230196164114
0.2加速度峰值/(m·s-241304378516267738714
加速度脉宽/ms9.68.78.58.38.1
加速度峰值减少量90.0%89.4%87.5%83.6%78.9%
0.3加速度峰值/(m·s-234273923454356167434
加速度脉宽/ms8.88.48.28.17.9
加速度峰值减少量91.7%90.5%89.0%86.4%82%
0.4加速度峰值/(m·s-223542767330447086484
加速度脉宽/ms8.88.18.07.97.6
加速度峰值减少量94.3%93.3%92%88.6%84.3%
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不同密度、厚度RPUF对弹体入水的加速度峰值减少量

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密度/(g·cm-3物理参数厚度/mm
262230196164114
0.2加速度峰值/(m·s-241304378516267738714
加速度脉宽/ms9.68.78.58.38.1
加速度峰值减少量90.0%89.4%87.5%83.6%78.9%
0.3加速度峰值/(m·s-234273923454356167434
加速度脉宽/ms8.88.48.28.17.9
加速度峰值减少量91.7%90.5%89.0%86.4%82%
0.4加速度峰值/(m·s-223542767330447086484
加速度脉宽/ms8.88.18.07.97.6
加速度峰值减少量94.3%93.3%92%88.6%84.3%
), ArticleFig(id=1243879689173971752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879676406509853, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Effects of density and thickness of RPUF on projectile peak acceleration reduction

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密度/(g·cm-3厚度/mm速度/(m·s-1
100150200
0.216489.5%83.6%76%
26294.5%90%85.3%
0.316491.2%86.4%80.7%
26295.8%91.7%88.6%
0.416491%88.6%84.1%
26297%94.3%90.9%
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RPUF密度和厚度对弹体加速度峰值减少量的影响

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密度/(g·cm-3厚度/mm速度/(m·s-1
100150200
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26294.5%90%85.3%
0.316491.2%86.4%80.7%
26295.8%91.7%88.6%
0.416491%88.6%84.1%
26297%94.3%90.9%
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基于ALE方法的弹体入水硬质聚氨酯泡沫缓冲器降载性能分析
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肖有才 1 , 邢旭阳 1 , 杨佩琮 1 , 张宏 2 , 熊言义 2 , 徐忠四 1 , 赵志颖 3 , 孙毅 4
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2024,28(7): 1111-1123
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船舶力学 | 结构力学 2024, 28(7): 1111-1123
基于ALE方法的弹体入水硬质聚氨酯泡沫缓冲器降载性能分析
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肖有才1 , 邢旭阳1, 杨佩琮1, 张宏2, 熊言义2, 徐忠四1, 赵志颖3, 孙毅4
作者信息
  • 1.中北大学 机电工程学院,太原 030051
  • 2.中国船舶集团有限公司第七一三研究所,郑州 450000
  • 3.北京玻钢院复合材料有限公司,北京 102101
  • 4.哈尔滨工业大学 航天学院,哈尔滨 150001
  • 肖有才(1988-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Analysis of load reduction performance of polyurethane buffer devices for projectiles entering water at high speed based on ALE method
You-cai XIAO1 , Xu-yang XING1, Pei-cong YANG1, Hong ZHANG2, Yan-yi XIONG2, Zhong-si XU1, Zhi-ying ZHAO3, Yi SUN4
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
  • 2.No. 713 Research Institute, CSSC, Zhengzhou 450000, China
  • 3.Beijing Institute of Glass Steel Composites Co., Ltd., Beijing 102101, China
  • 4.School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
出版时间: 2024-07-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.07.014
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针对弹体高速入水过程中的降载问题,设计一种硬质聚氨酯泡沫缓冲器。基于霍普金森压杆实验技术,获取冲击载荷下硬质聚氨酯泡沫密度和应变率效应,构建其宏观本构模型。采用拉格朗日-欧拉流固耦合方法(ALE),建立弹体入水冲击数值仿真模型,验证所建本构关系及ALE方法的合理性,对加装缓冲器的弹体高速入水问题进行数值仿真计算,获得入水过程中硬质聚氨酯泡沫的动态破坏过程及弹体运动参数,从而分析硬质聚氨酯泡沫密度、厚度对降载特性影响规律,讨论不同入水速度下硬质聚氨酯泡沫参数的设计方法。研究结果表明:硬质聚氨酯泡沫动态力学性能应变率效应不明显,但密度效应明显,缓冲降载性能随硬质聚氨酯泡沫密度和厚度的增大而升高。

弹体入水  /  硬质聚氨酯泡沫  /  应变率效应  /  密度效应  /  缓冲吸能

A rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) buffer was designed to reduce the load of a projectile during high-speed water entry. Based on the Hopkinson compression bar technique, the density and strain rate effects of RPUF under impact loading were obtained, and its macroscopic constitutive model was established. Based on the Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE), the numerical simulation model of the projectile during high-speed water entry was established. The numerical simulation of the projectile during high-speed water entry with different densities of RPUF was carried out. The dynamic failure process and motion parameters of the buffer during the water entry were obtained, and the influence law of the density and thickness of RPUF on the load reduction characteristics was analyzed. It can be found that the strain rate effect of RPUF is not obvious, but the density effect is obvious, and that, as the density and thickness of RPUF increase, the load reduction performance of RPUF increases.

high-speed water entry  /  RPUF  /  strain rate effect  /  density effect  /  buffer performance
肖有才, 邢旭阳, 杨佩琮, 张宏, 熊言义, 徐忠四, 赵志颖, 孙毅. 基于ALE方法的弹体入水硬质聚氨酯泡沫缓冲器降载性能分析. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (7) : 1111 -1123 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.07.014
You-cai XIAO, Xu-yang XING, Pei-cong YANG, Hong ZHANG, Yan-yi XIONG, Zhong-si XU, Zhi-ying ZHAO, Yi SUN. Analysis of load reduction performance of polyurethane buffer devices for projectiles entering water at high speed based on ALE method[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (7) : 1111 -1123 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.07.014
弹体高速入水是一个涉及到多相流动、自由液面和动边界多场耦合的复杂过程,作用时间短暂[1-2]。在入水过程中,弹体承受着巨大的冲击载荷,易导致弹体结构的变形和损坏,大的变形会在几毫秒内严重损坏弹体内的仪器。因此,有必要有效地降低冲击载荷的峰值,以确保弹体及其仪器的安全。
目前,对于弹体入水缓冲降载的主要措施有利用结构物外形降载、主动喷气降载和利用缓冲器降载[3]。其中,利用缓冲器进行降载是最常见的方法。Hinckley等[4]研究了冲击载荷条件下泡沫材料减震及吸能特性,建立了预测缓冲器传递力的理论模型。经过长期的发展,缓冲器的结构已经改进为包括整流罩、阻尼器和定位结构在内的复合结构;宣建明等[5]开展了弹体入水试验研究,采用复合材料作为外罩的主体材料,研究了外罩的破坏形式;雷江涛等[6]通过有限元分析的方法,研究了头帽材料、壁厚和缓冲垫对航行器头帽分离可靠性的影响;徐新栋等[7]提出了两种使头帽入水后更易破裂的改进方法,一种为降低头帽和雷体之间的摩擦力,另一种为降低整流罩强度;钱立新等[8]通过分析空气动力载荷和入水冲击载荷,提出了一种用切线法设计正切尖拱鱼雷头罩的可行域的方法,该研究对外罩结构尺寸的设计提供了可行参考;王永虎等[9]采用入水冲击加载条件下的本构关系式,计算了带缓冲头帽入水的动态缓冲性能,讨论了不同入水速度对缓冲效果的影响;施瑶等[10-11]提出了一种开槽包裹式缓冲头帽,用于保护航行体入水过程中的结构安全。以上研究均未考虑硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料密度对弹体入水冲击降载特性的影响。
弹体入水冲击数值仿真方面已开展大量研究[12-14]。Wang等[15]研究了不同角度的刚性楔子入水问题,采用耦合拉格朗日-欧拉有限元方法(Finite Element Model,FEM)计算模拟楔形截面入水冲击,并有效提高计算速度[16];Derakhshanian等[17]利用欧拉算法、有限差分欧拉算法和任意拉格朗日欧拉算法对楔形体入水问题进行了数值模拟。通过将数值结果与实验数据的比较,证明了ALE算法应用于这些入水问题是可靠的;Shi等[18]对水下航行器入水冲击问题进行了数值模拟和实验研究,研究了航行器头部形状参数、壳体厚度和入水状态对入水冲击过程中加速度、压力、应力和结构变形的影响;Panciroli等[19]采用平滑粒子流体动力学(Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics,SPH)方法模拟弹体入水冲击问题;王晓辉等[20]基于耦合欧拉-拉格朗日(coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian analysis,CEL)方法对射弹高速入水过程进行了数值模拟。
本文将开展不同密度硬质聚氨酯泡沫(rigid polyurethane foam,RPUF)动态压缩实验,获取其应变率、密度效应,构建RPUF宏观本构关系。采用有限元分析软件LS-DYNA中的任意拉格朗日-欧拉(Arbitrary Varangian Eulerian,ALE)方法,建立弹体入水仿真模型,分析入水速度、RPUF密度与厚度对弹体入水过程中降载效率的影响规律,为弹体入水冲击结构降载设计提供参考。
RPUF动态压缩实验在分离式Hopkinson压杆上完成,如图1所示。分离式Hopkinson压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar,SHPB)实验技术是建立在两个基本假设:一维应力波和应力均匀性[21-22]
基于SHPB实验基本假设,可以获取试件中的应变率、应变和应力,其计算公式[21]如下:
式中,E0c0A0分别为杆的杨氏模量、波速和横截面积,lsAs分别为试样的厚度和横截面积,εrεt分别为测量的反射应变和透射应变。
文中入射杆、透射杆长度为3000 mm,撞击杆长度为1000 mm,所有杆直径均为30 mm,材料均为硬质合金铝,其密度和杨氏模量分别为2.7×103 kg/m3和73 GPa,试件直径为20 mm,厚度为5 mm。在入射杆上贴电阻应变片,透射杆上贴半导体应变片,电阻应变片贴于入射杆的中间,将半导体应变片贴于透射杆的前半段,以确保不受干扰地测出入射波、反射波和透射波的完整波形。利用铅片整形器,实现试件中应力均匀性。
采用PVDF压力传感器测量试件两个端面的应力,以验证试件在冲击压缩过程中是否满足应力均匀条件。图2为试件两个端面的应力历程曲线,两个端面应力偏差大部分时间小于10%,验证了5 mm厚度试件在实验过程中可以很好地满足应力均匀性。图3为0.40 g/cm3密度RPUF在2500 s-1应变率下记录的原始波形。
图4(a)~(c)分别是密度为0.2 g/cm3、0.3 g/cm3和0.4 g/cm3的RPUF在不同冲击载荷作用下的动态压缩实验结果。可以看出,低、中、高密度RPUF在不同应变率下的应力—应变曲线基本重合,这说明RPUF在动态加载条件下的应变率效应不明显。在动态压缩过程中,RPUF应力-应变曲线经历多孔材料固有的变形三阶段:即弹性变形阶段、塑性屈服平台阶段和压缩密实化阶段。RPUF压缩变形过程有明显峰值,这是因为在动态载荷下,裂纹来不及扩展,以致胞体失稳和屈曲在材料破坏中占据了较大比例的缘故。
图4可知,RPUF动态力学性能密度效应明显,在高应变率下RPUF的弹性模量、平台应力、抗压强度及能量吸收随密度的增加都有所提高,对散点进行拟合可知平台应力、能量吸收与密度之间满足幂函数关系,如图5所示。
本文采用ALE算法,该算法结合了拉格朗日算法和欧拉算法的优点,能够有效模拟物质边界的运动。因此,数值模拟中气体和水域使用欧拉网格,弹体和缓冲器采用拉格朗日网格。
在LS-DYNA中,通过关键字*MAT_NULL来定义流体黏性应力的本构关系,流体介质的压力由状态方程进行描述,通过关键字*EOS_GRÜNEISEN进行设置,水介质Grüneisen状态方程为
式中:c为声音在水中的传播速度;α为对Grüneisen系数γ0的一阶修正;S1S2S3us-up曲线斜率无量纲系数,us-up曲线为材料冲击绝热曲线,具体表达式为us=c+S1up+S2up2+S3up3us为冲击波速度,up为流体质点的速度;EW为水的体积内能;μw为水的体积变化率。表1为水的状态方程参数,其中EW0为水的初始体积内能,VW0为水的初始相对体积。
对于空气介质使用线性状态方程,通过*EOS_LINEAR_POLYNOMIAL关键字施加,其状态方程为
式中:μa为气体体积变化率;Ea为气体的体积内能;C0~C6为线性多项式状态方程系数,对于空气而言,C3=C4=0.4,其他均为0。
图6为缓冲器整体设计方案,其中K1表示罩壳的曲率。表2为缓冲器各组件结构尺寸,弹体直径为260 mm、长为1968 mm。由于仅考虑缓冲器的破坏变形和弹体的运动参数,不考虑自身变形,因此将弹体视为刚体。
罩壳由不饱和聚氨酯树脂为基体、短切玻璃纤维为增强基体的复合纤维增强材料制成,采用*MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC关键字定义罩壳材料模型,该模型参数见表3。RPUF采用各向同性硬化的可压碎泡沫模型(*MAT63_CRUSHABLE_FORM),该模型忽略了泡沫材料的循环加载行为,被广泛应用于泡沫材料动态力学性能仿真模拟[23]表4给出了RPUF的材料参数。
网格划分时空气域与水域共节点,罩壳、RPUF、连接环与弹体均采用实体单元进行划分,如图7所示,并对弹体入水路径与缓冲组件进行网格加密,提高计算效率,网格划分完成后共有225 645个单元。将流体域定义为圆柱形区域,流体域直径为6500 mm,空气域和水域高度分别为2300 mm和4500 mm。
建立与SHPB实验相同的仿真模型,初始条件均与实验相同,通过关键字进行材料参数的定义,图8为实验与仿真的应力-应变曲线,可看出实验与计算的仿真结果基本吻合,验证了RPUF本构模型的有效性。
验证RPUF材料本构模型有效性后,将验证文中使用的ALE数值计算方法的合理性。基于Chen等[25]开展的不同头型弹体高速入水实验,选择与实验相同弹体,弹体以106.8 m/s速度垂直入水进行计算,计算模型尺寸和初始条件均与实验相同。图9为实验与模拟结果对比图,两者基本一致。提取弹体入水过程中头部的位移和速度随时间的变化曲线与实验结果进行对比,如图10所示,仿真结果与实验结果[25]吻合良好,可知使用的ALE数值计算方法能够较好地模拟弹体入水冲击过程。
图11为模拟150 m/s弹体垂直入水过程中0.1 ms到1 ms时缓冲器组件整体及密度为0.3 g/cm3的RPUF上应力云图,将罩壳与水接触的时刻定义为时间零点。入水时罩壳头部首先接触自由面,产生强冲击载荷,罩壳的头部形成应力波,该应力波幅值大约为45 MPa。由于罩壳头部有空腔,罩壳头部发生破坏,形成圆孔,罩壳此时没有完全失效,RPUF上作用的等效应力大约为6 MPa,小于0.3 g/cm3密度RPUF的屈服应力。
图12为1.2 ms到5.6 ms时150 m/s弹体垂直入水过程中,罩壳和密度为0.3 g/cm3的RPUF破坏过程及应力云图。当t=1.2 ms时,随着入水深度的增加,罩壳破坏形成的圆形孔尺寸逐渐增大。RPUF上作用的等效应力大约为11 MPa,大于其屈服应力;当t=1.6 ms时,RPFU发生局部失效,失效位置为RPUF两个圆柱面,显然缓冲器与弹体连接面的破坏程度比较严重。主要原因是RPUF密度远小于弹体密度,应力波在界面发生反射,应力波反射叠加造成严重破坏,虽然RPUF泡孔塌缩吸收能量,但是RPUF吸收能量有限;随着弹体的下落,当t=5.6 ms时,RPUF已经完全失效,随之RPUF缓冲吸能过程结束,罩壳残片向周围散开,弹体已完全进入水域。
弹体的运动参数能够反映出加装缓冲器后对高速入水冲击载荷的改善情况,也是判断缓冲性能的重要指标,通过提取不同工况运动参数进行对比分析。
弹体的速度变化曲线能体现出缓冲性能的优劣,图13给出了弹体以150 m/s速度入水时不同密度、厚度RPUF对其速度的影响,其中RPUF的厚度为h图2已标明其定义范围。可以看到,弹体速度在入水初期阶段衰减最快,没有缓冲组件时弹体在入水瞬间受到巨大冲击载荷,速度以几乎垂直的斜率下降。当加装缓冲器后,弹体速度降低较为平缓,而后随着RPUF的破坏,速度也出现了快速降低。RPUF越厚,弹体速度初始衰减越慢,表明减载效率越好,但是不同密度RPUF对弹体入水后速度影响的差别不大。
弹体加速度曲线的峰值直接说明了受到冲击载荷的大小。弹体在无缓冲作用下以150 m/s入水,加速度瞬间上升到峰值,随后迅速下降,在极短时间内受到巨大的冲击,如图14(a)所示,无缓冲器时弹体入水加速度峰值为43 100 m/s2,计算结果与参考文献一致[1]
图14(b)~(c)为加装缓冲器后弹体的加速度曲线,弹体入水形成的冲击波作用到RPUF上,RPUF受压缩应力波作用,进入短暂的弹性变形阶段,经由RPUF将应力波向弹体传递,RPUF向弹体传递的最大应力为其屈服应力极限,超过这个应力值时,RPUF进入塑性变形阶段,将吸收冲击能量,此时弹体的加速度曲线到达峰值。此后RPUF进入塑性应变阶段,弹体承受的过载力即为RPUF的平台应力值。由于RPUF在此过程中不是均匀压溃,靠近弹头一侧压溃程度小于紧贴弹体头部一侧,泡沫中心受压程度明显大于四周,所以该阶段的加速度曲线呈现抖动,并且随着厚度的减小,受压程度增大,抖动变得更加加剧。表5为不同密度、厚度RPUF加速度峰值、加速度脉宽与加速度峰值减少量(加速度峰值减小量定义为:|a0-ah|/a0,式中a0ah分别表示弹体直接入水和加装h厚度的RPUF缓冲器入水时的加速度峰值),不同密度和厚度RPUF对加速度脉宽影响不大,但是对加速度峰值减少量的影响显著,显然密度0.4 g/cm3、厚度262 mm的RPUF降载效果最优。
当弹体以不同速度入水时,作用于RPUF上入水冲击力的大小也会产生差异,降载荷效果也会发生改变。图15(a)为弹体分别以100 m/s、150 m/s和200 m/s速度无缓冲器入水加速度曲线,弹体加速度峰值分别为26 281 m/s2、41 300 m/s2和56 899 m/s2图15(b)~(d)分别为不同密度(0.2 g/cm3、0.3 g/cm3、0.4 g/cm3)、不同厚度RPUF、不同冲击速度入水的加速度曲线图。从图中可以看出,在同一厚度的RPUF缓冲下,随着入水速度的不断增大,弹体的加速度峰值也在不断增大,表明RPUF的缓冲效果在逐渐减弱。表6为不同速度下弹体直接入水加速度峰值对照,可以看出,密度对各自加速度峰值减少量的影响远小于厚度对其的影响,当弹体入水速度增加时,若要提高加速度峰值减少量,需要增加RPUF厚度。
本文采用了ALE方法,研究了带RPUF缓冲器的弹体垂直入水时的动力响应问题。通过对不同密度、厚度RPUF的缓冲效果对比,讨论了弹体以一定速度入水时缓冲降载最好的RPUF参数问题,找到了入水速度和最优RPUF参数之间的规律,得出如下结论:
(1)冲击载荷下RPUF应变率对吸能效应不明显,但是密度对吸能的效应非常明显。
(2)RPUF的密度不同,吸能效果不同,其缓冲降载性能随密度的增大而升高。当密度超过0.4 g/cm3时,吸能效果增长缓慢,整体降载效果差异不大,需要增加RPUF厚度来提高降载效率。
(3)RPUF的厚度不同,吸能效果不同,RPUF越厚其吸能效果越好。
(4)当入水速度增大时,RPUF的降载效果降低,速度达到200 m/s以上时应尽量选用高密度、高厚度的泡沫以增强降载效果,保护弹体安全。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(11802273; 12372368)
  • 山西省面上科学基金资助项目(202303021211142)
  • 国防科工局基础科研项目(JCKY2XXXXX7B0XX)
  • 北京玻钢院复合材料有限公司青年创新基金资助项目(202000125)
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2024年第28卷第7期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.07.014
  • 接收时间:2024-01-06
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2024-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-06
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(11802273; 12372368)
山西省面上科学基金资助项目(202303021211142)
国防科工局基础科研项目(JCKY2XXXXX7B0XX)
北京玻钢院复合材料有限公司青年创新基金资助项目(202000125)
作者信息
    1.中北大学 机电工程学院,太原 030051
    2.中国船舶集团有限公司第七一三研究所,郑州 450000
    3.北京玻钢院复合材料有限公司,北京 102101
    4.哈尔滨工业大学 航天学院,哈尔滨 150001

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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