Article(id=1243879675404075644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879674670072443, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.07.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1704729600000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774493624783, onlineDateStr=2026-03-26, pubDate=1721404800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774493624783, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774493624783, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774493624783, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243879674670072443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='7', pageStart='967', pageEnd='1132', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774493624607, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774493869111, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243880700257087675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879674670072443, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243880700257087676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243879674670072443, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1063, endPage=1072, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243879675798340223, articleId=1243879675404075644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Influence of bending-longitudinal coupling nonlinear effect of a propulsion shafting on the thrust measurement accuracy, columnId=1242129251223274417, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Structural Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

High-precision monitoring of the thrust of the propulsion shafting is of great significance for the ship rapidity prediction, hull-engine-propeller matching, and health management of the shaft. However, for the super-long propulsion shafting, because of its large span, small slenderness ratio (ratio of the radius to the length of the shaft) and large thrust, the shaft will produce severe bending-longitudinal coupling nonlinear deformation, which will have an important influence on the thrust measurement based on deformation information such as strain or displacement. Therefore, the bending-longitudinal coupling nonlinear effect of the propulsion shafting on the thrust measurement accuracy was studied. Considering the Von Karman nonlinear displacement-strain relationship, a nonlinear mechanical model of the propulsion shaft was established by using the Hamilton variational principle combined with the finite element method. The bending-longitudinal coupling effect on the displacement, strain and thrust measurement errors was studied. The results show that at low rotation speeds, the bending-longitudinal coupling effect is weak and has little effect on the thrust measurement. However, at high rotational speeds, ignoring the bending-longitudinal coupling effect will cause large measurement errors (the error can reach 13.95% at 240 r/min). Besides, the closer the measuring point is to the propeller, the stronger the bending-longitudinal coupling effect will be, and the larger the thrust measurement errors will be. Therefore, arranging the measuring point near the thrust bearing at the front end of the shaft can effectively reduce the measurement errors caused by the bending-longitudinal coupling effect. The research results have guiding significance for the thrust measurement of super-long shafts with large spans and small slenderness ratios.

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高精度监测推进轴系推力对船舶快速性预报、船-机-桨优化匹配及轴系健康管理等具有重要意义。然而,对于超长推进轴系,由于其跨距大、细长比(轴系半径与长度之比)小、且承受推力大,此时轴系将产生严重弯-纵耦合非线性变形。这将对基于应变或变形位移等形变信息来测量推力的方法产生重要影响。因此,本文研究推进轴系弯-纵耦合非线性效应对推力测量精度的影响。考虑Von Karman非线性位移-应变关系,利用Hamilton变分原理结合有限元方法建立推进轴系非线性力学模型,研究弯-纵耦合效应对轴系变形位移和应变的影响规律,以及由此引起的推力测量误差。研究结果表明:在低转速时,轴系弯-纵耦合效应较弱,对推力测量影响很小;高转速时,忽略轴系弯-纵耦合效应将引起较大测量误差(240 r/min时,误差可达13.95%);测点越靠近螺旋桨,弯-纵耦合效应越强,推力测量误差越大,因此将测点布置在轴系前端推力轴承附近可有效减少轴系弯-纵耦合效应引起的测量误差。研究结果对跨度大、细长比小的超长轴系推力测量有指导意义。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
通讯作者,E-mail:
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邹冬林(1987-),男,助理研究员,博士,E-mail:

饶柱石(1962-),男,教授,博士生导师,通讯作者,E-mail:

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邹冬林(1987-),男,助理研究员,博士,E-mail:

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邹冬林(1987-),男,助理研究员,博士,E-mail:

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System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
3.Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Ship and Deep-Sea Exploration, Shanghai 200240, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1243879690029613296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879675404075644, authorId=1243879689828286693, language=CN, stringName=饶柱石, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 3, address=1.上海交通大学 振动、冲击、噪声研究所;机械系统与振动国家重点实验室,上海 200240
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饶柱石(1962-),男,教授,博士生导师,通讯作者,E-mail:

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饶柱石(1962-),男,教授,博士生导师,通讯作者,E-mail:

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Geometry and material parameters of the shaft

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转轴主要参数轴承主要参数
轴长30 m轴承类型刚度/(N·m-1与螺旋桨距离/m
轴截面外径500 mm后艉轴承1×1083
轴截面内径240 mm前艉轴承1×10811.7
杨氏模量210 GPa中间轴承11×10819.8
泊松比0.33中间轴承21×10827.9
密度7800 kg/m3推力轴承1×10927.9
), ArticleFig(id=1243879693183730075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879675404075644, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

轴系几何与材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
转轴主要参数轴承主要参数
轴长30 m轴承类型刚度/(N·m-1与螺旋桨距离/m
轴截面外径500 mm后艉轴承1×1083
轴截面内径240 mm前艉轴承1×10811.7
杨氏模量210 GPa中间轴承11×10819.8
泊松比0.33中间轴承21×10827.9
密度7800 kg/m3推力轴承1×10927.9
), ArticleFig(id=1243879693276004767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879675404075644, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Thrust force of the propeller P4382 at different rotation speeds

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转速/(r·min-160120180240
螺旋桨推力/kN156.3625.01406.32500.0
), ArticleFig(id=1243879693347307938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879675404075644, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同转速下P4382螺旋桨推力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
转速/(r·min-160120180240
螺旋桨推力/kN156.3625.01406.32500.0
), ArticleFig(id=1243879693439582629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879675404075644, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Measured thrust and relative error at three monitoring points

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基于应变测量的推力/kN基于位移测量的推力/kN
转速/(r·min-16012018024060120180240
真实值FT/kN156.3625.01406.32500.0156.3625.01406.32500.0
监测点
序号
157.4643.51506.42848.7157.2641.01492.92801.6
156.7631.41440.92620.1156.5630.21434.52597.6
156.4627.91422.62559.8156.4627.81422.02557.7
相对误差
0.70%2.96%7.12%13.95%0.58%2.56%6.16%12.06%
0.26%1.02%2.46%4.80%0.13%0.83%2.01%3.90%
0.06%0.46%1.16%2.39%0.06%0.45%1.12%2.31%
), ArticleFig(id=1243879693527663016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243879675404075644, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

三个监测点处测量的推力及相对误差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基于应变测量的推力/kN基于位移测量的推力/kN
转速/(r·min-16012018024060120180240
真实值FT/kN156.3625.01406.32500.0156.3625.01406.32500.0
监测点
序号
157.4643.51506.42848.7157.2641.01492.92801.6
156.7631.41440.92620.1156.5630.21434.52597.6
156.4627.91422.62559.8156.4627.81422.02557.7
相对误差
0.70%2.96%7.12%13.95%0.58%2.56%6.16%12.06%
0.26%1.02%2.46%4.80%0.13%0.83%2.01%3.90%
0.06%0.46%1.16%2.39%0.06%0.45%1.12%2.31%
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推进轴系弯-纵耦合非线性效应对推力测量精度影响研究
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邹冬林 1 , 马相龙 2 , 吴昊 2 , 薛林 1 , 杨宇泽 1 , 塔娜 1 , 饶柱石 1, 3
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2024,28(7): 1063-1072
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船舶力学 | 结构力学 2024, 28(7): 1063-1072
推进轴系弯-纵耦合非线性效应对推力测量精度影响研究
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邹冬林1 , 马相龙2, 吴昊2, 薛林1, 杨宇泽1, 塔娜1, 饶柱石1, 3
作者信息
  • 1.上海交通大学 振动、冲击、噪声研究所;机械系统与振动国家重点实验室,上海 200240
  • 2.上海船舶设备研究所,上海 200031
  • 3.高新船舶与深海开发装备协同创新中心,上海 200240
  • 邹冬林(1987-),男,助理研究员,博士,E-mail:

    饶柱石(1962-),男,教授,博士生导师,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Influence of bending-longitudinal coupling nonlinear effect of a propulsion shafting on the thrust measurement accuracy
Dong-lin ZOU1 , Xiang-long MA2, Hao WU2, Lin XUE1, Yu-ze YANG1, Na TA1, Zhu-shi RAO1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.Institute of Vibration, Shock and Noise; State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 2.Shanghai Marine Equipment Research Institute, Shanghai 200031, China
  • 3.Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Ship and Deep-Sea Exploration, Shanghai 200240, China
出版时间: 2024-07-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.07.009
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高精度监测推进轴系推力对船舶快速性预报、船-机-桨优化匹配及轴系健康管理等具有重要意义。然而,对于超长推进轴系,由于其跨距大、细长比(轴系半径与长度之比)小、且承受推力大,此时轴系将产生严重弯-纵耦合非线性变形。这将对基于应变或变形位移等形变信息来测量推力的方法产生重要影响。因此,本文研究推进轴系弯-纵耦合非线性效应对推力测量精度的影响。考虑Von Karman非线性位移-应变关系,利用Hamilton变分原理结合有限元方法建立推进轴系非线性力学模型,研究弯-纵耦合效应对轴系变形位移和应变的影响规律,以及由此引起的推力测量误差。研究结果表明:在低转速时,轴系弯-纵耦合效应较弱,对推力测量影响很小;高转速时,忽略轴系弯-纵耦合效应将引起较大测量误差(240 r/min时,误差可达13.95%);测点越靠近螺旋桨,弯-纵耦合效应越强,推力测量误差越大,因此将测点布置在轴系前端推力轴承附近可有效减少轴系弯-纵耦合效应引起的测量误差。研究结果对跨度大、细长比小的超长轴系推力测量有指导意义。

推进轴系  /  推力测量  /  非线性  /  弯-纵耦合  /  有限元法

High-precision monitoring of the thrust of the propulsion shafting is of great significance for the ship rapidity prediction, hull-engine-propeller matching, and health management of the shaft. However, for the super-long propulsion shafting, because of its large span, small slenderness ratio (ratio of the radius to the length of the shaft) and large thrust, the shaft will produce severe bending-longitudinal coupling nonlinear deformation, which will have an important influence on the thrust measurement based on deformation information such as strain or displacement. Therefore, the bending-longitudinal coupling nonlinear effect of the propulsion shafting on the thrust measurement accuracy was studied. Considering the Von Karman nonlinear displacement-strain relationship, a nonlinear mechanical model of the propulsion shaft was established by using the Hamilton variational principle combined with the finite element method. The bending-longitudinal coupling effect on the displacement, strain and thrust measurement errors was studied. The results show that at low rotation speeds, the bending-longitudinal coupling effect is weak and has little effect on the thrust measurement. However, at high rotational speeds, ignoring the bending-longitudinal coupling effect will cause large measurement errors (the error can reach 13.95% at 240 r/min). Besides, the closer the measuring point is to the propeller, the stronger the bending-longitudinal coupling effect will be, and the larger the thrust measurement errors will be. Therefore, arranging the measuring point near the thrust bearing at the front end of the shaft can effectively reduce the measurement errors caused by the bending-longitudinal coupling effect. The research results have guiding significance for the thrust measurement of super-long shafts with large spans and small slenderness ratios.

propulsion shaft  /  measurement of thrust  /  nonlinearity  /  bending-longitudinal coupling  /  finite element method
邹冬林, 马相龙, 吴昊, 薛林, 杨宇泽, 塔娜, 饶柱石. 推进轴系弯-纵耦合非线性效应对推力测量精度影响研究. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (7) : 1063 -1072 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.07.009
Dong-lin ZOU, Xiang-long MA, Hao WU, Lin XUE, Yu-ze YANG, Na TA, Zhu-shi RAO. Influence of bending-longitudinal coupling nonlinear effect of a propulsion shafting on the thrust measurement accuracy[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (7) : 1063 -1072 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.07.009
动力推进系统作为船舶的心脏,其运行稳定性和可靠性直接影响整船营运性能。为适应不同航行工况和高机动性要求,在较大转速范围、不同工况下均能提供所需推力是船舶动力推进系统的一个重要性能。为此,需高精度地监测推进系统在各种复杂工况下的推力,为船舶快速性预报、航行状态监测、船-机-桨优化匹配提供准确的数据[1-2]。同时,船舶长期运行将使螺旋桨和船底积累附着物,进而导致螺旋桨推力下降、船舶航速降低。由于无法实时准确掌握推力变化,已经引发多起为保证航速指标而致使主机超负荷损毁事故。因此,准确监测推力可为船舶污底污桨视情维保提供有力保障[3]。总之,准确测量推进系统推力具有非常重要的意义。
目前,国内外对螺旋桨推力的研究主要集中在理论研究上,从早期的升力线法[4]发展到升力面法[5],再发展到后来的面元法(边界元法)[6],到最近被广泛采用的CFD方法,包括雷诺平均法(RANS)[7]、大涡模拟法(LES)[8]、分离涡法(DES)[9]等。计算方法的进步使得螺旋桨推力预报精度越来越高,适用范围越来越广。此外,除了理论研究外,研究人员亦利用实验测量技术研究了推进轴系推力特性[10-12]。测试方法包括在桨毂中布置测力传感器[13]、在桨叶上布置压力传感器[14]、在推力轴承中布置力传感器[15]、或在轴系上布置激光位移传感器[16]或应变片[17-19]等。然而,对于大型船舶超长轴系,由于其跨度大(相邻轴承间长度可超十米),细长比小(指轴系截面回转半径与轴系长度之比),此时轴系弯曲变形与纵向变形间易产生非线性耦合变形,即弯-纵耦合效应。众所周知,对于线性梁,在外载荷作用下其纵向变形与弯曲变形相互独立、互不影响。然而,当梁产生弯-纵耦合非线性效应时,其力学行为与线性梁完全不同,最典型特征是弯曲力将引起梁纵向方向的非线性变形,纵向力亦将引起梁弯曲方向的非线性变形[20]。因此,对于跨距大、细长比小的超长推进轴系,当其产生弯-纵耦合非线性效应时,基于应变或变形位移等形变信息来测量推力的方法将产生误差,因为此时螺旋桨推力产生的纵向应变信号中亦将包含螺旋桨弯曲力引起的纵向非线性应变,两者彼此耦合,相互混叠,且无法通过简单信号处理方法消除(比如上下应变信号相加)。因此,有必要研究轴系弯-纵耦合非线性效应对轴系变形位移及应变影响规律,及由此引起的推力测量误差,为高精度测试推力提供理论支撑。
近年来,国内外学者对梁或轴系产生弯-纵耦合非线性效应时的动力学特性开展了广泛研究。比如胡义等[21]利用有限元法研究了梁在弯-纵耦合作用下的强迫振动特性,研究表明弯-纵耦合效应将使响应中产生多频现象;Hosseini等[22-24]利用多尺度法研究了轴系在弯-纵耦合非线性作用下的自由振动与主共振响应,揭示了响应中的跳跃现象。类似地,Khadem等[25]亦研究了轴系产生弯-纵耦合非线性效应时的主共振响应;Ishida等[26]研究了非对称轴系在弯-纵耦合效应下的内共振行为;吴涛等[27]应用多尺度法研究了均匀转速、顺臂安装下悬臂梁的主参激共振与外激励1/2次亚谐共振同时作用时梁的动力学响应。上述研究均是针对梁或普通轴系,未涉及船舶推进轴系。邹冬林等[28-30]首次建立了超长推进轴系弯-纵耦合非线性动力学模型,利用有限元法和多尺度法研究了其在叶频激励下的主共振、超谐共振行为,阐明了响应中的跳跃机制及轴系发生内共振时的能量转移规律。同时其研究指出,增加后艉轴承刚度可抑制轴系弯-纵耦合效应,增加前艉轴承以及推力轴承刚度则增强其弯-纵耦合效应,而改变中间轴承对其弯-纵耦合效应影响很小。总之,所有这些文献均充分揭示了梁或轴系发生弯-纵耦合非线性效应时,将产生与线性系统完全不同的动力学行为,比如主共振、超谐共振及亚谐共振等非线性现象。因此,不能忽略轴系弯-纵耦合效应对轴系力学特性的影响。
然而,目前尚未有文献研究大跨度超长推进轴系产生弯-纵耦合非线性效应时,纵向形变(如应变与变形位移)的变化规律,及其对以基于形变信息来监测推力方法的影响。鉴于此,本文开展了相关研究,首先考虑Von Karman非线性位移-应变关系,利用Hamilton变分原理与有限元方法建立推进轴系非线性有限元模型,推导轴系弯-纵耦合效应下的非线性刚度矩阵;其次,基于该力学模型研究弯-纵耦合非线性效应对纵向应变及纵向位移的影响规律;最后,评估弯-纵耦合效应对推力测量误差的影响。
图1所示,典型船舶推进轴系由螺旋桨、后艉轴承、前艉轴承、中间轴承和推力轴承等组成。
将轴系简化为Rayleigh梁模型,利用有限元法计算轴系的弯曲与纵向变形。如图2所示,设单元长度为Le,每个节点包含五个自由度qe ={uv,-θywθz},分别代表纵向变形位移、水平变形位移及相应转角、垂直变形位移及相应转角。其中,-θy =∂v/∂xθz =∂w/∂x。考虑Von Karman非线性位移-应变关系,推导有限元非线性刚度矩阵,下面将详细阐述。
轴系变形如图3所示,其中oxyz为惯性坐标系,o'ξης为局部坐标系。设原点o的变形向量为r0,则有
考虑轴截面上任意点Pxyz),设其变形向量为r,由Rayleigh梁假设可得
式中,“′”表示对x求导。
由式(1)和式(2)可知,roxyz中的投影为
Von Karman非线性位移-应变关系[31]可表示为
进一步,单元轴段的应变势能可写成
式中,E为弹性模量,A为轴段截面积,Id为轴段截面惯性矩,前两项为线性应变能,后两项为弯纵耦合效应引起的非线性应变能。
由Hamilton变分原理可得
式中,W为外力导致的虚功。单元位移场可表示为
式中:Na为纵向位移形函数;Nb1为水平位移形函数;Νb2为垂直位移形函数,其表达式可参考文献[32]。
将式(7)代入式(5)与式(6),基于势能最小原理可得单元的刚度矩阵Ke
式中,为线性刚度矩阵,由式(5)中第一、二项产生;为一次非线性刚度矩阵,由式(5)中第四项产生;为二次非线性刚度矩阵,由式(5)中第三项产生。其具体表达式如下:
式中,
式中,
把单元刚度矩阵组装后,考虑支撑弹簧影响,得到轴系弯-纵耦合非线性静力学方程:
式中:[Kq)]为弯-纵耦合非线性效应下结构刚度矩阵,其中某些元素与变形位移有关;{q}为变形位移向量;{F}为载荷向量,包括螺旋桨水动力载荷及轴系重力。式(12)中,由于刚度矩阵[Kq)]与变形位移有关,因此其为非线性方程,本文采用牛顿-拉夫逊(Newton-Raphson)迭代方法求解。相邻两个步长间的位移迭代公式如下:
式中,{q}k + 1与{q}k分别为第k+1次与第k次迭代位移,(•)-1代表矩阵求逆。
按式(13)计算,直至相邻两个迭代步的位移差满足收敛阈值即可。计算出变形位移后,即可求解轴系纵向应变与弯曲应变。
式中,εu,i为第i个节点处纵向应变,ui为第i个节点处纵向变形,Le,i为第i个单元长度,Ri为第i个节点处半径,wiθz,i为第i个节点处弯曲变形与转角(z表示自由度方向)。
以工程中某一实际船舶推进轴系为仿真算例,该轴系含有四个径向轴承和一个推力轴承,相邻两个轴承间跨度约为8 m。为了方便描述轴系几何参数,假设其为均匀截面(本文建立的有限元模型可处理复杂几何轴系),详细尺寸如表1所示。
螺旋桨采用P4382桨,其为五叶螺旋桨,侧斜角为36°。文献[33]给出了其几何信息。假设螺旋桨直径为5 m,在不同转速下其产生的推力可用如下公式计算:
式中,FT为推力(N);ρ为流体密度(kg/m3);D为螺旋桨直径(m);n为螺旋桨转速(r/s);KT为推力系数,可查找螺旋桨敞水性能图谱获得,文献[33]指出在设计进速系数下,其值可取0.25。表2给出不同旋转速度下该螺旋桨产生的推力。
表2中的螺旋桨推力、螺旋桨侧向力(取为静推力的10%[33])及重力载荷(螺旋桨质量为11吨)输入至式(12)中,即可求解推进轴系在弯-纵耦合非线性效应下的变形位移与应变。在轴系上选取三个监测点,监测点①位于轴系尾部(距螺旋桨位置5 m处),监测点②位于轴系中部(距离螺旋桨位置15 m处),监测点③位于轴系首部推力轴承附近(距离螺旋桨位置25 m处),分别监测这三个点的位移与应变。
图4~9为考虑弯-纵耦合效应后,三个监测点在不同转速下(即不同推力下)的纵向位移及应变情况。为了对比,本文亦采用线性模型(即忽略弯-纵耦合效应)计算三个监测点的位移与应变。其中,在计算位移时,计算位移传感器与测点间相对位移,传感器与测点布置如图11所示。
图4~9可获得如下结论:(1)在低转速下(推力很小),轴系弯-纵耦合效应较弱,非线性模型计算结果与线性模型结果相差很小,比如60 r/min时,监测点①的应变误差仅为0.70%,位移误差仅为0.58%,此时无需考虑轴系弯-纵耦合效应;(2)随着转速增加(推力增加),轴系弯-纵耦合效应变强,导致线性模型产生较大误差,比如240 r/min时,监测点①在线性模型下产生的应变误差为13.95%,位移误差为12.06%;(3)越靠近螺旋桨的监测点,轴系弯-纵耦合效应越强,因此线性模型产生的误差越大,比如240 r/min时,监测点③的应变误差为2.39%,位移误差为2.31%,远小于监测点①(分别为13.95%和12.06%),这是因为靠近螺旋桨的轴段变形越大,轴系弯-纵耦合效应越强。
目前船舶推进轴系常用的推力测量方法中,有一类是利用轴系形变信息监测推力,具体包括基于应变测量的方法与基于位移测量的方法。而轴系弯-纵耦合效应将对这类方法的测量结果产生重要影响。为此,本章详细分析轴系弯-纵耦合效应对推力测量的影响。
图10是常见的利用应变方法测量轴系推力的示意图,采用半桥接线方式,可消除弯矩影响(需另设应变片补偿温度影响)。图11是荷兰VAF公司开发的通过测量位移来辨识推力的方法[37],在轴系上布置激光位移传感器,测量激光与定位块间相对位移来获得推力。通过对称布置,可消除定位块摆动影响。
对于图10图11,推力与测量应变及位移间关系可用如下公式表达:
式中,ε1ε2分别为应变片R1R2测量的应变,u1u2分别为激光传感器测量的相对纵向位移,E为轴系弹性模量,A为测量点处轴系面积,L1为激光传感器与反光点间距离。
一旦测量出轴系应变或相对位移,即可通过式(16)求解推力。实际测量中,大跨度细长轴系将产生弯-纵耦合效应,因此,仿真分析中亦将弯-纵耦合模型的计算结果作为应变片或激光传感器的测量结果代入式(16),求取轴系推力,并与真实推力比较,从而评估测量结果的精度。表3为三个监测点处测量的推力及相对误差。
从该表可获得如下结论:(1)在低转速下,不论是基于应变方法还是基于位移方法,三个监测点的推力测量误差均很小。比如60 r/min时,基于应变方法下,三个监测点的推力测量误差分别为0.7%、0.26%和0.06%。这表明推进轴系弯-纵耦合效应对推力测量影响可忽略;(2)在高转速下,不论是基于应变方法还是基于位移方法,三个监测点的推力测量误差均变大,比如240 r/min时,基于应变方法下,三个监测点的推力测量误差分别为13.95%、4.80%和2.39%,此时推进轴系弯-纵耦合效应对推力测量影响不可忽略;(3)监测点越靠近螺旋桨,推力辨识误差越大,比如240 r/min时,基于位移方法下,监测点①处误差高达12.06%,而监测点③处误差仅为2.31%。因此,监测点布置在轴系前端的推力轴承附近可极大减小弯-纵耦合效应引起的测量误差。
本文考虑超长轴系易产生弯-纵耦合非线性变形的特点,利用Von Karman非线性位移-应变关系构建轴系非线性有限元力学模型,研究轴系弯-纵耦合非线性效应对轴系变形位移和应变的影响规律,以及由此引起的推力测量误差。研究结果对跨度大、细长比小的超长轴系推力测量具有指导意义。主要结论如下:
(1)低转速时,轴系弯-纵耦合效应较弱,对推力测量影响较小;
(2)高转速时,忽略轴系弯-纵耦合效应将引起较大的推力测量误差,比如240 r/min时,推力测量误差可达13.95%;
(3)将测点布置在轴系前端推力轴承附近可有效减少轴系弯-纵耦合效应引起的推力测量误差。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(12372055)
  • 中国船舶集团有限公司-上海交通大学海洋装备前瞻创新联合基金资助项目(GC3270001/022)
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2024年第28卷第7期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.07.009
  • 接收时间:2024-01-09
  • 首发时间:2026-03-26
  • 出版时间:2024-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-09
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(12372055)
中国船舶集团有限公司-上海交通大学海洋装备前瞻创新联合基金资助项目(GC3270001/022)
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    1.上海交通大学 振动、冲击、噪声研究所;机械系统与振动国家重点实验室,上海 200240
    2.上海船舶设备研究所,上海 200031
    3.高新船舶与深海开发装备协同创新中心,上海 200240

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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