Article(id=1243306317872481164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306309064442584, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1731427200000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774356925695, onlineDateStr=2026-03-24, pubDate=1747670400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774356925695, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774356925695, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774356925695, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243306309064442584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='5', pageStart='681', pageEnd='848', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1774356923595, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774357065180, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243306902965301262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306309064442584, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243306902965301263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306309064442584, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=732, endPage=741, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243306318145110940, articleId=1243306317872481164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Optimal design of rough band parameters for suppression of incipient cavitation in underwater vehicles, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Suppressing incipient cavitation in an underwater body is of great importance to reducing the adverse effects caused by cavitation. For the method of suppressing incipient cavitation by changing the surface roughness, the research on the optimal design of the rough band parameters based on surrogate model methods was conducted. Firstly, numerical calculation methods were used to analyze the influence mechanism of the rough band parameters on the incipient cavitation characteristics at the head of the underwater body, and an initial design range for the rough band parameters was established. Then, the surrogate model method was used for parameter optimization analysis. The results show that setting a rough band on the head surface of the body can change the pressure distribution. The front and rear boundaries of the roughness may cause slight pressure fluctuations, which can change the minimum pressure value and thereby affect the incipient cavitation characteristics. Through sensitivity analysis of the surrogate model, it can be observed that compared with the position and width of the rough band, its height has a greater influence on incipient cavitation. The final optimization results obtained were verified by numerical calculation, which can obviously reduce the incipient cavitation and achieve a better effect in suppressing it.

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抑制水下航行体初生空化对减小空化带来的不利影响具有重要意义。本文针对通过改变物面粗糙性来抑制初生空化的方法,开展基于代理模型方法的粗糙带参数优化设计研究。首先,采用数值计算的方法分析粗糙带参数对水下航行体头部空化初生特性的影响机制,并给出粗糙带各参数的初始设计范围,然后,采用代理模型方法进行参数选优分析。结果表明:航行体头部表面设置粗糙带可改变其表面压力分布规律,粗糙带前后边界会引起压力的小幅波动,可改变最小压力值从而影响空化初生特性;通过代理模型的敏感度分析可知,相比于粗糙带的位置和宽度,其高度对初生空化数的影响较大,最终获得的优化结果经数值计算验证可明显降低初生空化数,达到较好的抑制空化初生的效果。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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邢浩杰(1999-),男,硕士研究生

胡常莉(1986-),女,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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邢浩杰(1999-),男,硕士研究生

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胡常莉(1986-),女,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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Calculation conditions

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粗糙带位置宽度高度粗糙带位置宽度高度
S000W-20.525D0.15D0.0005D
X-10.45D0.3D0.0005DW-30.55D0.2D0.0005D
X-20.5D0.3D0.0005DH-10.5275D0.175D0.000 25D
X-3 (W-4)0.6D0.3D0.0005DH-20.5275D0.175D0.0005D
X-40.75D0.3D0.0005DH-30.5275D0.175D0.0025D
X-51.35D0.3D0.0005DH-40.5275D0.175D0.0042D
W-10.5D0.1D0.0005D
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计算工况

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粗糙带位置宽度高度粗糙带位置宽度高度
S000W-20.525D0.15D0.0005D
X-10.45D0.3D0.0005DW-30.55D0.2D0.0005D
X-20.5D0.3D0.0005DH-10.5275D0.175D0.000 25D
X-3 (W-4)0.6D0.3D0.0005DH-20.5275D0.175D0.0005D
X-40.75D0.3D0.0005DH-30.5275D0.175D0.0025D
X-51.35D0.3D0.0005DH-40.5275D0.175D0.0042D
W-10.5D0.1D0.0005D
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Value range of variables

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变量最小值最大值
位置0.5D0.55D
宽度0.15D0.20D
高度0.003 75D0.005D
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变量取值范围

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变量最小值最大值
位置0.5D0.55D
宽度0.15D0.20D
高度0.003 75D0.005D
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Parameters of roughness band

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编号位置宽度高度
No.10.534D0.200D0.0045D
No.20.509D0.185D0.0049D
No.30.532D0.200D0.0045D
No.40.529D0.200D0.0046D
No.50.531D0.198D0.0045D
No.60.530D0.199D0.0042D
No.70.536D0.182D0.0049D
No.80.532D0.200D0.0045D
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粗糙带参数CFD验证

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编号位置宽度高度
No.10.534D0.200D0.0045D
No.20.509D0.185D0.0049D
No.30.532D0.200D0.0045D
No.40.529D0.200D0.0046D
No.50.531D0.198D0.0045D
No.60.530D0.199D0.0042D
No.70.536D0.182D0.0049D
No.80.532D0.200D0.0045D
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抑制水下航行体初生空化的粗糙带参数优化设计
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邢浩杰 1 , 胡常莉 1 , 王志英 2 , 程诚 1
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025,29(5): 732-741
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025, 29(5): 732-741
抑制水下航行体初生空化的粗糙带参数优化设计
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邢浩杰1, 胡常莉1 , 王志英2, 程诚1
作者信息
  • 1.南京理工大学 能源与动力工程学院,南京 210094
  • 2.中国科学院力学研究所,北京 100190
  • 邢浩杰(1999-),男,硕士研究生

    胡常莉(1986-),女,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Optimal design of rough band parameters for suppression of incipient cavitation in underwater vehicles
Hao-jie XING1, Chang-li HU1 , Zhi-ying WANG2, Cheng CHENG1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
  • 2.Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.006
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抑制水下航行体初生空化对减小空化带来的不利影响具有重要意义。本文针对通过改变物面粗糙性来抑制初生空化的方法,开展基于代理模型方法的粗糙带参数优化设计研究。首先,采用数值计算的方法分析粗糙带参数对水下航行体头部空化初生特性的影响机制,并给出粗糙带各参数的初始设计范围,然后,采用代理模型方法进行参数选优分析。结果表明:航行体头部表面设置粗糙带可改变其表面压力分布规律,粗糙带前后边界会引起压力的小幅波动,可改变最小压力值从而影响空化初生特性;通过代理模型的敏感度分析可知,相比于粗糙带的位置和宽度,其高度对初生空化数的影响较大,最终获得的优化结果经数值计算验证可明显降低初生空化数,达到较好的抑制空化初生的效果。

粗糙带  /  代理模型  /  初生空化  /  优化设计

Suppressing incipient cavitation in an underwater body is of great importance to reducing the adverse effects caused by cavitation. For the method of suppressing incipient cavitation by changing the surface roughness, the research on the optimal design of the rough band parameters based on surrogate model methods was conducted. Firstly, numerical calculation methods were used to analyze the influence mechanism of the rough band parameters on the incipient cavitation characteristics at the head of the underwater body, and an initial design range for the rough band parameters was established. Then, the surrogate model method was used for parameter optimization analysis. The results show that setting a rough band on the head surface of the body can change the pressure distribution. The front and rear boundaries of the roughness may cause slight pressure fluctuations, which can change the minimum pressure value and thereby affect the incipient cavitation characteristics. Through sensitivity analysis of the surrogate model, it can be observed that compared with the position and width of the rough band, its height has a greater influence on incipient cavitation. The final optimization results obtained were verified by numerical calculation, which can obviously reduce the incipient cavitation and achieve a better effect in suppressing it.

roughness band  /  surrogate model  /  incipient cavitation  /  optimal design
邢浩杰, 胡常莉, 王志英, 程诚. 抑制水下航行体初生空化的粗糙带参数优化设计. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (5) : 732 -741 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.006
Hao-jie XING, Chang-li HU, Zhi-ying WANG, Cheng CHENG. Optimal design of rough band parameters for suppression of incipient cavitation in underwater vehicles[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (5) : 732 -741 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.006
当水下航行体局部压力下降到液体的饱和蒸汽压以下时,在航行体表面就会出现空化现象,空化会造成航行体表面剥蚀[1]和噪声[2]等负面影响。空化一般要经历空化初生、空化发展和空化溃灭三个阶段[3],其中空化初生作为空化的初始阶段涉及到空化的形成机理和生成条件,因此,对于水下航行体初生空化的控制研究具有十分重要的工程应用价值。
目前,已有学者通过实验研究发现,水下航行体的初生空化与其近壁面的流动结构有较大的关联[4-6],而在表面布置微结构可有效改变壁面流场结构并控制空化流动且对于水力机械自身的性能影响较小,所以表面微结构是控制初生空化的重要手段。目前,已有不少学者研究发现粗糙带可有效抑制空化的形成与发展[7-10],但粗糙带参数选择不当则会起到促进空化的作用[11]。位置、宽度和高度为粗糙带的主要参数,若想使用传统方法设计出可有效抑制水下航行体初生空化的粗糙带,则需要对三个参数分别研究,需要使用大量的计算和实验资源,具有优化设计周期长且无法得到各个参数的影响权重等缺点。使用代理模型方法可有效解决这一问题,代理模型方法具有可同时考虑多个设计变量、缩短计算周期、生成多个优化点和计算出各参数的权重等优点。基于代理模型方法在水力机械的优化设计中已经得到了广泛的应用。韩翔希等[12]基于RBF神经网络模型方法对灯光渔船的艉部型线进行优化设计,最终,经过CFD验证发现抽取的三组优化结果均可有效减小总阻力,改善艉部伴流不均匀度;赵宇等[13]研究发现,使用代理模型方法优化出的串列泵在设计流量附近的效率和空化性能均有所提高。通过敏感性分析,发现首级叶轮叶片安放角对串列泵的空化性能影响最大;杜向党等[14]采用代理模型方法对航行体壳体外形进行了优化设计,并通过实验验证了其优化结果的可靠性;杨潇等[15]则以游艇总阻力作为优化目标,对游艇艇身造型进行了优化设计,并通过CFD方法对优化结果进行验证。结果表明,优化出的艇身造型可降低5.81%的总阻力,且相对误差仅为0.65%。
本研究基于圆端头的格兰韦尔线型[16](长径比1:1)航行体。首先,采用CFD方法分析粗糙带对于水下航行体近壁面流动特性的影响,总结粗糙带对航行体初生空化的影响规律;然后,确定出合理的粗糙带位置、宽度以及高度的选取范围,在此范围内生成设计点,以航行体的初生空化数作为代理模型优化设计的目标变量;最后,对优化结果进行CFD验证以确保优化结果的准确性,并进一步总结粗糙带对航行体初生空化的影响规律。
基于均相流模型,气液两相混合程度较好,其连续性方程和动量方程分别为
式中,uiuj分别为ij方向上的速度分量;pμρ分别为混合相压力、粘性系数和密度;αv为气相体积分数;ρvρ1分别为气相和液相的体积分数;μvμ1分别为气相和液相的粘性系数。
采用大涡模拟(LES)对湍流流动进行计算,大涡模拟的基本思想是通过滤波函数将大尺度脉动和小尺度脉动分开处理,直接计算大尺度脉动,而小尺度脉动用亚格子模型来封闭。公式(1)和公式(2)通过滤波函数处理后得到LES方程为
式中,τij被称为亚格子(SGS)应力,其定义为
为了构造亚格子应力的封闭模型,需要对未知的亚格子应力进行建模处理。假设亚格子应力与可求解尺度的应变张量系数成比例,将小涡对大涡的影响关联起来得到
式中,τkk为亚格子应力中各向同性部分,μt为亚格子模型的湍流黏度。采用的亚格子模型为Nicoud和Ducros[15]提出的WALE亚格子模型,该模型在求解空化问题上具有很好的适用性。其湍流黏度μt表达式为
式中,Ls是亚格子尺度的混合长度,其定义为
其中,k为von Karman常数;d为到最近壁面的距离;V为计算单元的体积;Cw为默认的WALE常数,取值为0.5。
对于空化流动的计算,选用Zwart空化模型,这是基于简化的Rayleigh-Plesset方程,质量交换率方程为
式中,CvapCcond分别为蒸发系数和凝结系数,Cvap=50,Ccond=0.01;αnuc为气核体积分数,αnuc=5×10−4ppv分别为当地压力和饱和蒸汽压;RB为气泡半径,取值为10−6 m。
模型选用直径D=20 mm,总长L=80 mm的流线头型航行体,如图1所示,在航行体表面布置不同位置、高度和宽度的粗糙带,以分析其对航行体初生空化的影响。图2为计算域及边界条件设置情况,计算域长度为56D,直径为25D。计算域左面设置为速度入口,速度大小为定值24.35 m/s;右面和侧面为压力出口。图3为航行体周围及头部网格划分情况,航行体计算域采用六面体结构化网格划分,其中航行体周围采用O-Block拓扑结构,并对头部以及近壁面进行网格加密处理,粗糙带航行体则是对增设粗糙带位置单独切分,网格设置与基准航行体相同。
图4为实验[7]与数值计算得到的典型工况下的绕流NACA66水翼的空穴形态图。对于前缘粗糙的水翼,数值计算中采用等效砂粒模型理论来实现粗糙带的模化。可以发现,对于表面光滑水翼和前缘粗糙的水翼,数值计算得到的空穴形态均与实验结果吻合较好,且通过对比可知,相同空化数条件下,前缘粗糙水翼表面的空穴尺度明显小于光滑水翼的,这体现了粗糙带对空化的抑制作用。
为初步确定抑制初生空化的粗糙带参数有效范围,下面将依次研究粗糙带的位置、宽度和高度对初生空化特性的影响。表1给出所有设计工况的粗糙带参数,其中粗糙带位置定义为从粗糙带中间位置到航行体顶端距离,共13个工况,以粗糙带不同轴向位置(X)、不同宽度(W)及不同高度(H)分为三组,S为基准航行体。
图5给出不同轴向位置粗糙带的初生空化数和初生空化数减小率。从整体来看,粗糙带的轴向位置对初生空化数的影响规律呈非线性关系。图6为不同轴向位置粗糙带在航行体上的位置和基准航行体表面压力系数分布曲线,Cpmin为表面压力最小点。可以看出当粗糙带位置在Cpmin附近时,航行体的初生空化数减小率较大,所以,在进一步探讨粗糙带宽度对于航行体初生空化数的影响时,位置选取在Cpmin点附近。
图7给出了不同宽度粗糙带航行体的初生空化数及其减小率,除W−1外其他粗糙带均可降低初生空化数,当宽度达到W−3(0.2D)时,继续加宽后航行体初生空化数不再改变,本着尽可能少地改变航行体基本结构的原则,后续的研究应该在抑制空化效果较好的前提下尽可能地减小宽度。图8给出无空化条件下不同宽度粗糙带航行体的表面压力系数,图中WA为粗糙带前边界位置,W−1BW−2BW−3B分别为W−1、W−2、W−3粗糙带的后边界位置(W−4粗糙带后边界位置位于0.75D,对表面压力的影响不大,所以不再单独指出)。在局部放大图中可以看出在粗糙带的前后边界均出现压力波动。对比发现,不同宽度的粗糙带前边界的波动均会提升下游的表面压力,而当后边界位置位于最低压力点附近时,压力会急剧下降,如图W−1曲线所示,其最小表面压力低于基准航行体,促进了空化初生。
图9为不同粗糙高度的航行体的初生空化数及其减小率。总体来看,在该位置设置粗糙带对航行体的初生空化均起到抑制效果,其中最小初生空化数σ=0.387,比基准航行体的初生空化数降低了2.0997%。图10给出无空化条件下粗糙高度对表面压力的影响,在表面压力最低区域的放大图中可以看出,粗糙带前后边界均出现压力波动,且粗糙高度越高,粗糙带前后边界处压力波动越大。对比发现,设置四种不同高度粗糙带均可增大航行体的表面压力系数,而且在所研究范围内粗糙带高度越高,表面压力越大。
基于上述的分析可知,粗糙带设置在表面压力点最小值附近为佳,因此,位置的初始取值范围确定在0.5D~0.55D之间;宽度不宜过窄,当达到0.2D时继续增大宽度对航行体的初生空化抑制效果影响不大,因此,宽度的初始范围确定在0.15D到0.2D之间;在所研究范围内,粗糙带高度越高对航行体初生空化的抑制效果越好,因此,高度的设计范围在0.003 75D~0.005D之间。将三个自变量的取值范围汇总如表2所示,目标变量为初生空化数。
综合采用面心法(face-centered cubic design,FCCD)和拉丁超立方(Latin hypercube filling,LHF)来生成有效的实验点。其中,FCCD用于生成拟合模型所需的核心点,而LHF则用于生成附加点。最终,选取了30个点作为评估点。图11显示了生成的点在三维空间中的分布情况。研究使用多种代理模型对实验数据进行拟合的方法,包括PRS(polynomial response surface)、KRG(Kriging)、RBNN(radial basis neural network)、SHEP(Shepard interpolation)、WAS(weighted average surrogate)等方法。选取Prms函数作为各代理模型方法的评价指标,其表达式为
其中,Ns为建立代理模型所用设计点xi的个数,yi为数值计算结果,为利用除xi点外的设计点所建立的代理模型在xi点处的拟合值。图12给出了五种代理模型的拟合误差指标,对比发现,在本研究中KRG模型的预测值均方差最大,PRS、RBNN和SHEP模型的预测值均方差较为接近,WAS模型误差最小。
图13给出了不同代理模型建立的目标变量随自变量变化的云图。从图中可以看出,KRG、RBNN、SHEP三种模型预测结果相近,而PRS模型与其他模型相比差别较大,WAS模型融合了其他模型的预测结果。可以看出在WAS模型优化的结果中,对于航行体初生空化数降低效果较好的粗糙带参数位置集中在0.53D和0.505D附近,宽度则在不同的位置有所区别,高度在所选范围内均有分布。
图14是基于WAS模型的Monte Carlo敏感度分析,图中空心框为全局敏感度,实心框为主要敏感度。结果表明,粗糙带高度对航行体初生空化数的影响最为显著,而位置和宽度对初生空化数的影响则相对较小。因此,在之后的优化设计时,可以更多地考虑粗糙高度因素对初生空化数的影响。
为保证优化结果的准确性,在WAS模型的优化结果中,提取初生空化数最小的前1%作进一步分析,其对应的自变量粗糙带参数在三维空间中的分布情况如图15所示。为了进一步验证代理模型结果的可靠性,从结果中随机抽取8组工况(如表3所示),采用CFD方法对其结果进行了验证。
图16展示了WAS模型优化结果与CFD计算结果的对比情况和误差,可以看出误差均小于3%,这表明所采用的代理模型方法具有较好的预测精度。WAS模型的优化结果显示,位置、宽度和高度分别为X=0.509DW=0.185DH=0.0049D(即表3中No.2)的粗糙带对航行体的初生空化抑制效果最好,且经过数值计算验证,No.2粗糙带航行体初生空化数σ=0.3824,相比基准航行体的初生空化数σ=0.3953降低了3.26%,明显降低了航行体的初生空化数。
图17展示了WAS模型最优结果(粗糙带航行体No.2)与基准航行体的初生空化形态及周围压力云图。可以看出,受到粗糙带的影响,航行体的初生空化发生在粗糙带的后边界位置,结合图18可得出航行体的初生空化起始位置向下游偏移0.05D图19为单相流条件下航行体的表面压力系数分布情况,可以看出,粗糙带的前边界造成了航行体表面压力的小幅度波动,提高了航行体的表面压力从而抑制了初生空化。
本文采用数值计算方法,分析了粗糙带参数对水下航行体初生空化的影响机制,给出了粗糙带参数的初始设计范围,然后通过代理模型方法对粗糙带参数进行了选优,并通过CFD方法验证了代理模型方法的准确性,结果表明:
(1)在航行体头部设置粗糙带可以影响其表面的压力分布,且粗糙带的前后边界会造成航行体表面压力的波动从而影响航行体的空化初生特性;
(2)通过敏感度分析得出,相比于位置和宽度,粗糙带的高度对航行体的初生空化数影响最大;
(3)经过数值计算验证了代理模型的方法具有较好的预测精度。代理模型方法寻优选出的粗糙带可有效提高航行体的表面压力,可将初生空化数降低3.26%。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52076108; 12293000; 12293003; 12293004; 11972194)
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2025年第29卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.006
  • 接收时间:2024-11-13
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-13
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52076108; 12293000; 12293003; 12293004; 11972194)
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    1.南京理工大学 能源与动力工程学院,南京 210094
    2.中国科学院力学研究所,北京 100190

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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