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Article(id=1243306317499183347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306309064442584, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1731340800000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774356925606, onlineDateStr=2026-03-24, pubDate=1747670400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774356925606, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774356925606, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774356925606, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243306309064442584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='5', pageStart='681', pageEnd='848', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1774356923595, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774357065180, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243306902965301262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306309064442584, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243306902965301263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306309064442584, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=681, endPage=692, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243306317763424506, articleId=1243306317499183347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Research on the process of damaged ship flooding in crushed ice area, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The completion of the first ever floating nuclear plant, “Academic Lomonosov” provided a practical solution for energy supply in high latitudes. There may be ice floes in the sea at high latitudes, and if the floating nuclear plant collides with them, it may lead to damaged flooding, threatening the safety of operation. In this study, based on the Euler multiphase flow model combined with the discrete element theory, a numerical simulation method was proposed to simulate damaged flooding of a ship in the crushed ice area. This method was used to numerically simulate damaged flooding and the navigation resistance in the crushed ice area, and the simulation results were compared with the model test results to verify the accuracy of the simulation method. Taking the independently-designed ship-type nuclear power platform of a ship type as the research object, considering the randomness of the distribution of broken ice, the above method was used to simulate its damaged flooding in the crushed ice area. Finally, the influence of crushed ice flowing into the cabin on the flooding process and the impact load on the hull structure were analyzed. The research results can provide a reference for relevant research on the damage flooding process of ships sailing in ice regions.

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世界上首个浮动核电站“罗蒙诺索夫院士”号的建成，为高纬度地区能源供应提供了一种切实可行的解决方案。高纬度地区海面可能出现浮冰，浮动核电站若与浮冰发生碰撞，可能导致破舱进水，威胁作业安全。本文基于欧拉多相流模型并结合离散元理论，提出一种碎冰区船舶破舱进水数值仿真方法。采用该方法对破舱进水过程及碎冰区航行阻力进行数值模拟，对比数值模拟与模型试验结果，验证了该方法的准确性。以自主设计的某船型核电平台为例，考虑碎冰分布的随机性，采用上述方法模拟了浮式核电平台在碎冰区的破舱进水过程，分析了流入舱内的碎冰对进水过程的影响和作用在船体结构上的冲击载荷。研究结论可为冰区船舶破舱进水过程的研究提供参考。

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通讯作者，E-mail：
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李红霞（1980-），女，副教授，通讯作者，E-mail：。

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李红霞（1980-），女，副教授，通讯作者，E-mail：。

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李红霞（1980-），女，副教授，通讯作者，E-mail：。

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ArticleFig(id=1243306346674762698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306317499183347, language=CN, label=图29, caption=质量流量对比, figureFileSmall=jdrx0ZfmIBGgq72qujvvTg==, figureFileBig=LEq4KnGy4/jD75xmXG7A+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243306346741871563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306317499183347, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Main parameters of the box-shaped barge

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参数数值
总长LOA/m4.00
型宽B/m0.80
型深D/m0.80
吃水T/m0.50
方形系数Cb0.906
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箱型驳船模型主要参数

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参数数值
总长LOA/m4.00
型宽B/m0.80
型深D/m0.80
吃水T/m0.50
方形系数Cb0.906
), ArticleFig(id=1243306346901255119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306317499183347, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Main parameters of the ship-shaped nuclear power platform

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参数实船模型
总长LOA/m2284.56
型宽B/m360.72
型深D/m16.90.338
设计吃水T/m100.20
排水量Δ/kg8.387×107670.96
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船型浮式核电平台主要参数

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参数实船模型
总长LOA/m2284.56
型宽B/m360.72
型深D/m16.90.338
设计吃水T/m100.20
排水量Δ/kg8.387×107670.96
), ArticleFig(id=1243306347039667157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306317499183347, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Main parameters of KCS

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参数实船模型
垂线间长Lpp/m230.04.3671
型宽B/m32.20.6114
型深D/m19.00.3608
吃水T/m10.80.2051
), ArticleFig(id=1243306347110970327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306317499183347, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

KCS船主要参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数实船模型
垂线间长Lpp/m230.04.3671
型宽B/m32.20.6114
型深D/m19.00.3608
吃水T/m10.80.2051
), ArticleFig(id=1243306347186467801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306317499183347, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Comparison of resistances

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数值模拟/N模型试验/N误差/%
水阻力9.3079.8465.47
冰阻力9.42510.3248.71
), ArticleFig(id=1243306347282936796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306317499183347, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

阻力结果对比

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数值模拟/N模型试验/N误差/%
水阻力9.3079.8465.47
冰阻力9.42510.3248.71
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碎冰区航行船舶破舱进水过程研究
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李红霞 1 , 陈晔 2 , 陈灵棋 1 , 黄一 1
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025,29(5): 681-692
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025, 29(5): 681-692
碎冰区航行船舶破舱进水过程研究
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李红霞1 , 陈晔2, 陈灵棋1, 黄一1
作者信息
  • 1.大连理工大学　船舶工程学院，辽宁　大连　116024
  • 2.运达能源科技集团股份有限公司，杭州　310012

    • 李红霞（1980-），女，副教授，通讯作者，E-mail：。

通讯作者:

通讯作者，E-mail：
Research on the process of damaged ship flooding in crushed ice area
Hong-xia LI1 , Ye CHEN2, Ling-qi CHEN1, Yi HUANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
  • 2.Windey Energy Technology Group Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310012, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.001
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摘要
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世界上首个浮动核电站“罗蒙诺索夫院士”号的建成，为高纬度地区能源供应提供了一种切实可行的解决方案。高纬度地区海面可能出现浮冰，浮动核电站若与浮冰发生碰撞，可能导致破舱进水，威胁作业安全。本文基于欧拉多相流模型并结合离散元理论，提出一种碎冰区船舶破舱进水数值仿真方法。采用该方法对破舱进水过程及碎冰区航行阻力进行数值模拟，对比数值模拟与模型试验结果，验证了该方法的准确性。以自主设计的某船型核电平台为例，考虑碎冰分布的随机性，采用上述方法模拟了浮式核电平台在碎冰区的破舱进水过程，分析了流入舱内的碎冰对进水过程的影响和作用在船体结构上的冲击载荷。研究结论可为冰区船舶破舱进水过程的研究提供参考。

破舱进水  /  碎冰  /  离散元方法  /  计算流体动力学

The completion of the first ever floating nuclear plant, “Academic Lomonosov” provided a practical solution for energy supply in high latitudes. There may be ice floes in the sea at high latitudes, and if the floating nuclear plant collides with them, it may lead to damaged flooding, threatening the safety of operation. In this study, based on the Euler multiphase flow model combined with the discrete element theory, a numerical simulation method was proposed to simulate damaged flooding of a ship in the crushed ice area. This method was used to numerically simulate damaged flooding and the navigation resistance in the crushed ice area, and the simulation results were compared with the model test results to verify the accuracy of the simulation method. Taking the independently-designed ship-type nuclear power platform of a ship type as the research object, considering the randomness of the distribution of broken ice, the above method was used to simulate its damaged flooding in the crushed ice area. Finally, the influence of crushed ice flowing into the cabin on the flooding process and the impact load on the hull structure were analyzed. The research results can provide a reference for relevant research on the damage flooding process of ships sailing in ice regions.

damaged ship flooding  /  crushed ice  /  discrete element method  /  computational fluid dynamics
李红霞, 陈晔, 陈灵棋, 黄一. 碎冰区航行船舶破舱进水过程研究. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (5) : 681 -692 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.001
Hong-xia LI, Ye CHEN, Ling-qi CHEN, Yi HUANG. Research on the process of damaged ship flooding in crushed ice area[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (5) : 681 -692 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.001
正文
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0　引言
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随着全球气候变暖，北极环境发生了明显的变化，由平整冰逐渐过渡到破碎的浮冰，使得北极航道航行逐渐成为常态化。然而，海面上漂浮着的碎冰会与船舶不断发生碰撞，影响船舶的航行安全。长时间的剧烈碰撞可能会导致船体表面出现破损，此外，在航行过程中由于能见度低或操作不当，船舶还有可能与冰山、岩礁碰撞导致破损。破损使得舱室大量进水，甚至会导致船舶倾覆，对船上人员安全和船舶设备安全造成巨大威胁。因此，有必要开展船舶在冰区航行过程中的破舱进水过程及生存能力的研究。
针对船舶破舱问题，国内外相关学者开展了深入研究。2006年，Ruponen[1]选用一艘箱型驳船，考虑了不同位置的破损工况分别进行模型试验，所得到的实验数据可用来验证数值仿真方法的准确性。2017年，郑宇等[2]利用STAR-CCM+软件，对某破损客滚船非对称进水进行数值模拟，模拟结果与传统准静态方法吻合较好。上述研究揭示了静水和波浪中船舶破舱进水过程的力学机理，总结了破舱进水的规律，但都是针对非冰区航行船舶开展的研究，未考虑浮冰环境的影响。2018年，卜淑霞等[3]提出了一种基于势流理论的破损船舶时域运动预报方法，并以一艘ITTC破损稳性标模为例，研究了规则波中破损船舶的运动响应，将计算结果和模型试验进行对比，验证了该方法的有效性。
针对冰区航行船舶冰载荷及运动响应问题，也有许多学者开展了相关工作。2011年，Rüdiger von Bock和Polach等[4]以一艘破冰船模型为对象进行了一系列试验，发现在较高航速时，碎冰密集度对船舶升沉和纵倾的影响较为显著，在较低航速下影响较小。2013年，季顺迎等[5]利用离散元模型对碎冰与船舶结构的相互作用进行了数值模拟，对比分析了不同海冰参数下冰对船体作用力的幅值。2016年，黄焱等[6]以极地船舶为研究对象，在漂浮冰条件下进行了模型试验，对船-冰作用形式、浮冰的破坏和运动模式以及船体总阻力进行了研究。2018年，王超等[7]采用离散元模型与欧拉多相流相结合的方法，研究了不同航速和碎冰密集度条件下的船舶受力情况，并对船冰接触时的运动响应进行了分析。2018年，Luo等[8]依托船模拖曳水池，选取冰缘区碎冰和波浪参数用于冰池船模阻力试验，分析了航速和冰密集度分布对船舶姿态变化的影响，发现在波浪和碎冰共同作用下的船舶纵倾和垂荡存在瞬时值增大的现象。2020年，Huang等[9]通过计算流体动力学结合离散元方法，提出了两种生成浮冰场的算法，研究了航速、浮冰密集度、浮冰厚度和浮冰直径对阻力的影响。2023年，王祥等[10]采用扩展多面体离散元方法模拟船冰相互作用过程，预报了冰区船舶三自由度运动响应，分析模拟结果发现碎冰密集度较低时冰对船舶运动影响较小，伴随碎冰密集度增大，船舶振动响应、横摇、纵摇、垂荡等均有所增大。上述学者针对冰区航行船舶环境载荷及运动响应问题进行了比较深入的研究，但是没有考虑破舱工况。
针对冰区船舶破舱进水问题，目前研究较少。2022年，Zhang等[11]基于CFD和DEM理论，研究了层冰、堆积浮冰对破损船舶运动和进水过程的影响。模拟发现堆积浮冰对船体有减摇作用，破口附近浮冰的阻塞效应显著，浮冰随水进入破损舱室后，有聚集、瓦解和分散三个阶段的运动过程。该研究提出了一种研究冰区船舶破舱进水的方法，分析了浮冰进入舱室后的运动过程。但是，未分析破舱进冰对舱壁的作用力。
综上所述，冰区船舶破舱进水问题涉及到冰-水-船的相互耦合作用，属于强非线性动力学问题，具有一定难度。目前该项研究开展较少，不够深入，也不够全面。本文基于计算流体动力学、颗粒材料计算力学，采用有限体积法模拟流体、离散单元方法模拟碎冰，再利用重叠网格技术结合动态流固耦合技术，对船舶破舱进水及进冰过程进行计算，分析了船舶运动响应、浮冰进入舱室后的运动过程及破舱进冰对舱壁的作用力。
1　冰水耦合研究理论基础
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1.1　计算流体动力学基本理论
船体周围流动为三维不可压缩流动，流体的密度和粘性系数为常数，忽略碎冰与流体间的热交换，流体的运动满足质量守恒方程和动量守恒方程。
质量守恒方程为
式中，u、v、w为速度矢量v沿x、y、z轴的分量。
动量守恒方程为
式中，F为质量力，p为压强，μ为流体动力粘度。
本文采用的湍流模型为Realizable k-ε模型，其湍流动能项k和湍流耗散率ε的方程如下：
式中，ρ为流体密度，ui为流体速度，μt为湍流粘度，Cε1、Cε2、σk、σε为常数，Gk为速度梯度产生的湍动能项。
1.2　颗粒材料计算力学基本理论
本文基于颗粒材料计算力学理论，采用离散元方法来模拟碎冰，碎冰的运动分为平动和转动两种方式，其运动方程满足牛顿第二定律。
碎冰的平动运动方程为
式中，mi为碎冰质量，νi为碎冰速度，Fij为碎冰间的接触力，Ffluid为流体作用力（包括浮力、拖曳力和附加质量力等）。
碎冰的转动运动方程为
式中，Ii为碎冰的转动惯量，wi为碎冰的角速度，Tij为接触力矩。
文中共考虑了五种相互作用，分别为碎冰和水、碎冰和空气、空气和水、船与碎冰以及碎冰和碎冰。其中，船和碎冰及碎冰与碎冰之间的相互作用采用的接触模型为线性弹簧-阻尼器模型。弹簧产生排斥力将碎冰相互推开，阻尼器表示粘性阻尼并允许模拟除完全弹性以外的碰撞，并考虑了碰撞期间的能量耗散。碎冰间的接触力计算如下所示：
式中，为碎冰间的接触力，Fn和Ft分别为法向和切向接触力分量的幅值，kn和kt分别为法向和切向弹簧刚度，ηn和ηt分别为法向和切向阻尼，dn和dt分别为接触点处法向和切向上的重叠量，νn和νt分别为接触点处相对速度的法向和切向分量，Cf为静摩擦系数，碎冰与碎冰之间取为0.35，船与碎冰之间取为0.05。
2　船-水耦合模型验证
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为验证破舱进水数值模拟方法的准确性，本文选用Ruponen[1]的箱型驳船实验模型，该模型为ITTC研究破舱进水的标准模型。箱型驳船的几何模型如图1所示，模型主要参数如表1所示，舱室的分布情况如图2所示。本文根据模型试验的TEST06破舱工况进行数值模拟，该工况下船模处于自由漂浮状态，破损舱室为侧边舱R21S，破口大小为40 mm×60 mm。
计算域采用切割体网格进行划分，对流动剧烈处进行网格加密，如自由液面、舱室内部和破口附近等，网格划分如图3和图4所示。计算所使用的湍流模型为Realizable k-ε模型，采用VOF法捕捉自由液面，通过欧拉多相流模型模拟气液两相。在R21S、R21和R21P舱室内分别设置水位探头来监测舱内液面高度的变化，水位探头的位置与模型试验中用来监测水位的传感器位置一致。数值模拟得到的舱室液面高度与模型试验值的对比见图5，纵摇和垂荡运动的对比分别见图6和图7。
本文数值模拟结果与模型试验获得的舱内液面高度两者变化趋势基本一致。由于初始进水阶段，海水呈水柱状喷射进R21S舱室内，流动较为剧烈，液面高度起伏比较大，且数值模拟忽略了空气的可压缩性，导致图5（a）中数值模拟结果和模型试验结果存在一些差异。船模的纵摇和垂荡初期变化速度较快，随着R21S、R21和R21P舱室逐渐被填满，纵摇和垂荡的变化速度减缓。数值模拟得到的纵摇和垂荡结果与模型试验结果吻合较好，运动趋势和运动幅值基本一致。以上对比结果验证了本文所采用的数值模拟方法的可行性，换言之，该方法能够有效地准确模拟船舶破舱进水过程。
3　船-冰-水耦合模型及验证
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3.1　船舶模型参数
计算模型为一艘船型核电平台，该平台以船舶为载体，搭载核反应堆，可在特定海域完成能源供给。模型缩尺比为1:50，实船及模型主要参数如表2所示。
破损舱室为靠近舷侧的相邻两边舱，舱室尺寸为24.00 m×8.3 m×14.4 m，破口为圆形，半径为2.5 m，破口中心位于水线下2.5 m，破损舱室如图8所示。
3.2　网格划分及收敛性分析
采用切割体网格对计算域进行网格划分，对重点关注区域进行局部加密，如自由液面、破口周围及舱室内部等。船体表面通过棱柱层网格加密来模拟边界层，边界层采用两层全y+壁面处理，控制y+值在30~60左右，网格划分如图9和图10所示。
为了既能保证计算精度，又能提高计算效率，本文选取了粗、中、细三套网格来进行无关性验证，其中，粗网格数量为108万，最小网格尺寸为0.005 m；中网格数量为266万，最小网格尺寸为0.004 375 m；细网格数量为401万，最小网格尺寸为0.003 75 m。三套网格仅网格尺寸（数量）不同，其他设置均无差别，分别进行计算，并将结果换算到实尺度下如图11所示。
在进水稳定阶段，三套网格所计算出的质量流量曲线差异较小，但在持续进水阶段差异较大，266万网格与401万网格结果的曲线变化趋势一致，且数值相差较小，为节省计算时间，最终选用266万网格来进行后续计算。
3.3　碎冰模拟
本文通过离散元单元来模拟碎冰颗粒，并依据特定规律，按照固定时间间隔随机生成每组碎冰模型。碎冰尺寸服从对数正态分布[8]，碎冰颗粒位置服从均匀分布，各碎冰颗粒之间、各组碎冰模型之间互不重叠。碎冰模型生成步骤为：首先，根据密集度及特定规律计算碎冰数量，标记所有碎冰颗粒及其初始位置；判断各碎冰颗粒是否与碎冰模型的边界相交或与其它碎冰颗粒重叠，若有重叠，该碎冰颗粒则重新寻找位置，直至确认所有碎冰颗粒无重叠，且都在碎冰模型内部；最后，将碎冰模型导入到流体域指定位置。每个碎冰模型生成的时间间隔为
式中，L为碎冰模型的宽度，Vice为碎冰模型的初始速度。
这样可以保证下一个碎冰模型紧随着上一个出现，可在有限的计算域内实现船舶始终在碎冰区航行，碎冰模拟结果如图12所示。
3.4　船-冰-水耦合模型验证
为了验证所建立的船舶-碎冰-水耦合模型的准确性，本文参照相关冰水池模型试验[12]，对KCS船模在碎冰水域航行时的阻力进行数值模拟。KCS船模如图13所示，主要参数如表3所示，模型缩尺比为1:52.667。
在划分网格过程中，需要对曲率变化较大和流动分离现象较为剧烈的地方进行加密，如船艏、船艉、自由液面附近和开尔文尾流区域。网格划分如图14和图15所示。碎冰为圆柱体颗粒，模型尺度下冰的厚度为0.021 m、直径约为0.1128 m至0.395 m，对应实际冰厚约为1.106 m、直径约为5.941 m至20.803 m。
本节计算工况的船模航速为1.2 m/s，对应实船航速为8.71 m/s，碎冰密集度为60%，船体周围的碎冰分布情况如图16所示，算例中考虑的是CFD向DEM传递的单向耦合。碎冰初始速度与流速相同，部分碎冰与船艏相撞，其速度减小；随后碎冰向远离船体两侧方向漂移，速度增大；还有部分碎冰沿着船体表面滑动，与船体表面产生摩擦力，船体周围的兴波使碎冰发生翻转，并将船体周围的碎冰排开，在船尾后方形成一条略大于船宽的无冰航道。
模型试验中对水阻力和冰阻力同时进行了测量，因此在数值模拟中也同样对船模所受到的水阻力和冰阻力进行监测，模拟得到的水阻力和冰阻力时历曲线如图17和图18所示。水阻力曲线在初始阶段波动较为强烈，随后逐渐趋于稳定，取稳定段均值为该工况下水阻力，其值为9.307 N。冰阻力呈现出较强的随机性，因此需要对其取平均值来表征该工况下的冰阻力，其值为9.425 N。将数值模拟得到的水阻力和冰阻力分别与模型试验进行对比，结果如表4所示。可以发现模拟结果与模型试验结果较为接近，误差均在10%以内，表明本文所建立的船-冰-水耦合模型在船冰碰撞问题模拟时具有一定的可靠性。
4　计算结果分析
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4.1　碎冰对船舶运动的影响
采用上述经验证的数值模拟方法，求解碎冰区船舶运动，缩尺比为1:50。碎冰为圆柱体颗粒，模型尺度下冰的厚度为0.02 m、直径约为0.1128 m至0.395 m，对应实际冰厚约为1 m、直径约为5.64 m至19.75 m。选取实船航速为3 m/s，碎冰初始速度与来流速度均设置为航速。碎冰密集度取为60%，数值模拟得到的船舶周围碎冰分布情况见图19。
由上图可以看出，船舶在碎冰区航行时，会与碎冰发生摩擦与碰撞，部分碎冰会在船首堆积和翻转，沿着船侧滑行并逐渐向远离船侧的方向发生漂移。由于尾流的作用，在船舶后方会形成一条宽度略大于船宽的无冰水域。
船舶进水过程的三自由度运动响应见图20。由结果可见：在碎冰区航行时，由于碎冰不断与船体发生摩擦和碰撞，运动响应曲线在平衡位置附近不断振荡；运动响应幅值与无碎冰环境下相差不大，碎冰对于该船型平台破损进水过程中的船体运动影响较小。
4.2　破舱进冰问题研究
当船舶在碎冰区航行发生破舱进水时，部分较小的碎冰可能会随着海水流入舱室内，从而对舱内液体流动产生影响。为研究流入碎冰对进水过程的影响，对破口尺寸、形状和碎冰等进行了如下设置：边舱1和边舱2的破口均为矩形，长度为24 m，宽度为2 m，破口中心位于水线处，如图21所示。碎冰以线性阵列的方式喷射，其形状为圆柱，半径为1 m，冰厚为0.25 m，密集度仍为60%。缩尺比为1:50。碎冰为圆柱体，模型尺度的半径为0.02 m，高度为0.005 m。
在初始进水阶段，海水从破口喷射至舱内，破口周围的碎冰随之流入舱室内，流入舱室内的部分碎冰速度增大，见图22。部分流入的碎冰与舱壁发生碰撞后沉入底部，见图22（a）；随着进水的增多，底部的碎冰开始上飘，见图22（b）-（c）；进水过程结束，进入舱室的碎冰漂浮在水面，见图22（d），有少部分碎冰会流出舱室。
为研究流入碎冰与舱壁的碰撞情况，以边舱1为主要研究对象，对碎冰与纵、横舱壁的接触力进行实时监测，结果见图24~26；在纵舱壁上设置15个点探针来监测碎冰碰撞所引起的压强变化，监测位置见图23，结果见图27。由上述结果可看出，流入舱室内的碎冰在持续进水阶段与舱壁频繁碰撞，与舱壁的接触力较大，纵舱壁点1附近由于受到碎冰碰撞，压强突然增大。当进水进入稳定阶段后，部分碎冰溢出舱室，舱壁不再受到碎冰碰撞，舱壁所受压力以水压力为主，压强逐渐趋于稳定。碎冰对进水速度影响甚微，见图28和图29。
5　结论
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本文以一艘船型核电平台为研究对象，对其在碎冰区航行时破舱进水过程进行了研究，考虑的碎冰密集度为60%，形状为圆柱体。根据计算结果讨论了进水过程中碎冰对船舶运动的影响、舱内进冰对进水过程的影响等，主要结论如下：
（1）通过对箱型驳船破舱进水过程的模拟，将进水液面高度和运动响应与模型试验数据对比，两者趋势一致，误差较小，验证了本文所采用模拟方法的可行性和准确性。
（2）基于CFD-DEM耦合方法对集装箱船在碎冰区航行时的水阻力和冰阻力进行了模拟，并将模拟结果与模型试验结果进行对比，误差均在10%以内，验证了本文所建立的船-冰-水耦合模型的准确性。
（3）碎冰与船体接触后，会有部分碎冰在船首处堆积，部分碎冰沿着船侧滑行，最终在船后方形成一条宽度略大于船宽的无冰航道。在碎冰密集度为60%，船舶航速为3 m/s时，碎冰对于该船型核电平台运动的影响较小，船舶在平衡位置发生微幅振荡。
（4）流入舱室内部的碎冰在初始阶段与舱壁频繁碰撞，引起舱壁部分位置的压强出现突变；进入稳定阶段后，部分碎冰溢出舱室，舱内碎冰较少。
基金
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  • 水动力学重点实验室基金项目(JCKY2022201CA0202)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(51779042)
文献
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2025年第29卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.001
  • 接收时间：2024-11-12
  • 首发时间：2026-03-24
  • 出版时间：2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期：2024-11-12
基金
水动力学重点实验室基金项目(JCKY2022201CA0202)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(51779042)
作者信息
    1.大连理工大学　船舶工程学院，辽宁　大连　116024
    2.运达能源科技集团股份有限公司，杭州　310012

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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