Article(id=1243306315699826875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306309064442584, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1732032000000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774356925177, onlineDateStr=2026-03-24, pubDate=1747670400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774356925177, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774356925177, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774356925177, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243306309064442584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='5', pageStart='681', pageEnd='848', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1774356923595, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774357065180, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243306902965301262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306309064442584, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243306902965301263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306309064442584, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=755, endPage=766, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243306315980845249, articleId=1243306315699826875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Accelerated creep test method of PMMA considering the influence of temperature and stress, columnId=1242129251223274417, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Structural Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

An accelerated creep test method for deep-sea equipment viewport window was proposed in this paper based on the sensitivity of PMMA (Polymethyl methacrylate) to temperature and stress. A modified creep constitutive equation based on aging theory was proposed by introducing the influence function of temperature. The uniaxial compressive creep tests at different temperature and stress levels were carried out, and the creep constitutive relation of PMMA was obtained by stepwise fitting method. The conversion relationship of the creep behavior of the viewport under different temperatures and pressures was obtained by the finite element creep analysis. The accelerated creep test method of the viewport model under the condition of raised temperature and increased pressure was proposed, and the comparison between the test results and the calculated results was completed. It is shown that the stress sensitivity of the uniaxial compressive creep behavior of PMMA is related to temperature. The finite element solution of the conversion coefficient of viewport’s creep deformation under different temperatures and pressures is different from the calculated value. The results of the viewport model are in good agreement with those of finite element creep analysis. In conclusion, in a certain temperature and stress range, the creep constitutive relation of PMMA obtained in this paper can well describe the law of uniaxial compressive creep behavior, and that of the viewport can be well simulated by the finite element creep analysis. The calculation results show that the conversion coefficient of viewport’s creep displacements between conditions of 25 °C & 26.6 MPa and 3 °C & 20 MPa is 12.2, and this coefficient can provide a basis for the accelerated creep test.

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本文提出一种基于有机玻璃温度-应力敏感性的耐压结构加速蠕变试验方法。引入温度的影响函数,提出修正的陈化理论蠕变本构方程;开展不同温度及应力水平下的单轴压缩蠕变试验,采用分步拟合法得到有机玻璃的蠕变本构关系;通过有限元蠕变分析得到不同温度、压力下观察窗蠕变行为的换算关系,提出升温升压条件下的观察窗模型加速蠕变试验方法,并完成试验结果与计算结果的对比分析。研究表明:有机玻璃单轴压缩蠕变行为对于应力的敏感度与温度相关;不同温度、压力下的观察窗蠕变变形换算系数的有限元解与直接计算值存在差异;观察窗模型试验结果与有限元蠕变分析结果吻合良好。本文得到的蠕变本构关系能较好地描述有机玻璃在一定温度、应力范围内的单轴压缩蠕变规律,相应的有限元蠕变分析也能较好地模拟观察窗结构的蠕变行为,算例得到观察窗蠕变位移在25 °C、26.6 MPa和3 °C、20 MPa两个工况之间的换算系数为12.2,该系数可为加速蠕变试验提供依据。

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陈薇(1993-),女,硕士,工程师,E-mail:

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陈薇(1993-),女,硕士,工程师,E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=CzkTUsvvBsyqHLwtOWP1xA==, figureFileBig=vF4u2AdC7zBrDPEsSw/jRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243306340412666700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306315699826875, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Quantities of creep time curve data at different stress and temperature levels

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3 °C15 °C25 °C40 °C
20 MPa317316317317
30 MPa377317317316
40 MPa378378378317
), ArticleFig(id=1243306340504941389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306315699826875, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同应力、温度水平的蠕变-时间曲线数据量统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
3 °C15 °C25 °C40 °C
20 MPa317316317317
30 MPa377317317316
40 MPa378378378317
), ArticleFig(id=1243306340584633170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306315699826875, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Fitting results of Step 1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度AIinIimir2
276.15K0.000 873 21.5090.21100.9850
288.15K0.000 449 61.7260.23010.9881
298.15K0.000 253 31.9140.23340.9905
313.15K5.6550E-052.4270.27880.9908
), ArticleFig(id=1243306342073611090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306315699826875, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

步骤一拟合结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度AIinIimir2
276.15K0.000 873 21.5090.21100.9850
288.15K0.000 449 61.7260.23010.9881
298.15K0.000 253 31.9140.23340.9905
313.15K5.6550E-052.4270.27880.9908
), ArticleFig(id=1243306342144914262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306315699826875, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Fitting results of Step 3

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度AIIinIIimr2
276.15 K0.000 819 91.5060.23830.9826
288.15 K0.000 440 21.7260.23830.9880
298.15 K0.000 251 81.9120.23830.9905
313.15 K6.3300E-052.4240.23830.9880
), ArticleFig(id=1243306342245577558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306315699826875, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

步骤三拟合结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度AIIinIIimr2
276.15 K0.000 819 91.5060.23830.9826
288.15 K0.000 440 21.7260.23830.9880
298.15 K0.000 251 81.9120.23830.9905
313.15 K6.3300E-052.4240.23830.9880
), ArticleFig(id=1243306342312686425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306315699826875, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Fitting results of Step 4

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
拟合参数BCDr2
拟合值3.304E-181.8900E42.9390E20.9910
), ArticleFig(id=1243306342400766813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306315699826875, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

步骤四拟合结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
拟合参数BCDr2
拟合值3.304E-181.8900E42.9390E20.9910
), ArticleFig(id=1243306342480458591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306315699826875, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Fitting results of Step 5

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度BCDnIIIimr2
276.15K3.304E-181.8900E42.9390E21.5030.23830.9826
288.15K3.304E-181.8900E42.9390E21.7410.23830.9880
298.15K3.304E-181.8900E42.9390E21.9230.23830.9905
313.15K3.304E-181.8900E42.9390E22.2720.23830.9880
), ArticleFig(id=1243306342547567454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306315699826875, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

步骤五拟合结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度BCDnIIIimr2
276.15K3.304E-181.8900E42.9390E21.5030.23830.9826
288.15K3.304E-181.8900E42.9390E21.7410.23830.9880
298.15K3.304E-181.8900E42.9390E21.9230.23830.9905
313.15K3.304E-181.8900E42.9390E22.2720.23830.9880
), ArticleFig(id=1243306342627259236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306315699826875, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Fitting results of Step 6

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
拟合参数abr2
拟合值2.0658E-2-4.21160.9971
), ArticleFig(id=1243306342702756709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306315699826875, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

步骤六拟合结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
拟合参数abr2
拟合值2.0658E-2-4.21160.9971
), ArticleFig(id=1243306342803420007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306315699826875, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Main inputs of the creep analysis of viewport models

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号温度/°C杨氏模量/MPa蠕变本构方程ANSYS参数设置蠕变时间/h
C1C2C3
模型一33201εc(t,σ)=8.2807×10-6σ1.4931·t0.23831.9733E-61.4931-0.76178760
模型二252839εc(t,σ)=2.4155×10-6σ1.9476·t0.23835.7562E-71.9476-0.7617720
), ArticleFig(id=1243306342870528875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306315699826875, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

观察窗蠕变分析所需的相关输入

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号温度/°C杨氏模量/MPa蠕变本构方程ANSYS参数设置蠕变时间/h
C1C2C3
模型一33201εc(t,σ)=8.2807×10-6σ1.4931·t0.23831.9733E-61.4931-0.76178760
模型二252839εc(t,σ)=2.4155×10-6σ1.9476·t0.23835.7562E-71.9476-0.7617720
), ArticleFig(id=1243306342954414957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306315699826875, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Errors between finite element calculation and test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
有限元计算时刻/h试验测试时刻/h误差/%
r=0 mm,径向应变r=30 mm,径向应变r=0 mm,周向应变r=30 mm,周向应变
1E-080.00-2.91%-3.28%2.72%-0.07%
7271.684.73%3.07%7.26%4.08%
9694.683.97%2.52%6.47%3.27%
120114.684.35%2.98%6.99%3.68%
240238.687.94%6.66%10.54%6.79%
480477.3610.13%9.09%12.08%8.59%
600599.9711.15%10.04%13.28%9.33%
), ArticleFig(id=1243306343029912433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306315699826875, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

有限元计算值与试验值误差统计表

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有限元计算时刻/h试验测试时刻/h误差/%
r=0 mm,径向应变r=30 mm,径向应变r=0 mm,周向应变r=30 mm,周向应变
1E-080.00-2.91%-3.28%2.72%-0.07%
7271.684.73%3.07%7.26%4.08%
9694.683.97%2.52%6.47%3.27%
120114.684.35%2.98%6.99%3.68%
240238.687.94%6.66%10.54%6.79%
480477.3610.13%9.09%12.08%8.59%
600599.9711.15%10.04%13.28%9.33%
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考虑温度和应力影响的有机玻璃加速蠕变试验方法
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陈薇 1, 2 , 万正权 1, 2 , 屈平 1, 2 , 张爱锋 1, 2 , 侯春明 1, 2 , 张浩 1
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2025,29(5): 755-766
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船舶力学 | 结构力学 2025, 29(5): 755-766
考虑温度和应力影响的有机玻璃加速蠕变试验方法
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陈薇1, 2 , 万正权1, 2, 屈平1, 2, 张爱锋1, 2, 侯春明1, 2, 张浩1
作者信息
  • 1.中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 2.深海技术科学太湖实验室,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 陈薇(1993-),女,硕士,工程师,E-mail:

Accelerated creep test method of PMMA considering the influence of temperature and stress
Wei CHEN1, 2 , Zheng-quan WAN1, 2, Ping QU1, 2, Ai-feng ZHANG1, 2, Chun-ming HOU1, 2, Hao ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, China
  • 2.Taihu Laboratory of Deepsea Technological Science, Wuxi 214082, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.008
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本文提出一种基于有机玻璃温度-应力敏感性的耐压结构加速蠕变试验方法。引入温度的影响函数,提出修正的陈化理论蠕变本构方程;开展不同温度及应力水平下的单轴压缩蠕变试验,采用分步拟合法得到有机玻璃的蠕变本构关系;通过有限元蠕变分析得到不同温度、压力下观察窗蠕变行为的换算关系,提出升温升压条件下的观察窗模型加速蠕变试验方法,并完成试验结果与计算结果的对比分析。研究表明:有机玻璃单轴压缩蠕变行为对于应力的敏感度与温度相关;不同温度、压力下的观察窗蠕变变形换算系数的有限元解与直接计算值存在差异;观察窗模型试验结果与有限元蠕变分析结果吻合良好。本文得到的蠕变本构关系能较好地描述有机玻璃在一定温度、应力范围内的单轴压缩蠕变规律,相应的有限元蠕变分析也能较好地模拟观察窗结构的蠕变行为,算例得到观察窗蠕变位移在25 °C、26.6 MPa和3 °C、20 MPa两个工况之间的换算系数为12.2,该系数可为加速蠕变试验提供依据。

蠕变试验  /  蠕变本构方程  /  有机玻璃  /  深海装备  /  耐压结构

An accelerated creep test method for deep-sea equipment viewport window was proposed in this paper based on the sensitivity of PMMA (Polymethyl methacrylate) to temperature and stress. A modified creep constitutive equation based on aging theory was proposed by introducing the influence function of temperature. The uniaxial compressive creep tests at different temperature and stress levels were carried out, and the creep constitutive relation of PMMA was obtained by stepwise fitting method. The conversion relationship of the creep behavior of the viewport under different temperatures and pressures was obtained by the finite element creep analysis. The accelerated creep test method of the viewport model under the condition of raised temperature and increased pressure was proposed, and the comparison between the test results and the calculated results was completed. It is shown that the stress sensitivity of the uniaxial compressive creep behavior of PMMA is related to temperature. The finite element solution of the conversion coefficient of viewport’s creep deformation under different temperatures and pressures is different from the calculated value. The results of the viewport model are in good agreement with those of finite element creep analysis. In conclusion, in a certain temperature and stress range, the creep constitutive relation of PMMA obtained in this paper can well describe the law of uniaxial compressive creep behavior, and that of the viewport can be well simulated by the finite element creep analysis. The calculation results show that the conversion coefficient of viewport’s creep displacements between conditions of 25 °C & 26.6 MPa and 3 °C & 20 MPa is 12.2, and this coefficient can provide a basis for the accelerated creep test.

creep test  /  creep constitutive equation  /  PMMA  /  deep-sea equipment  /  pressure structure
陈薇, 万正权, 屈平, 张爱锋, 侯春明, 张浩. 考虑温度和应力影响的有机玻璃加速蠕变试验方法. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (5) : 755 -766 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.008
Wei CHEN, Zheng-quan WAN, Ping QU, Ai-feng ZHANG, Chun-ming HOU, Hao ZHANG. Accelerated creep test method of PMMA considering the influence of temperature and stress[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (5) : 755 -766 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.008
深远海的开发对深海装备技术提出了由短时到长期的发展需求[1],而有机玻璃作为载人潜水器观察窗常用材料,以其优越的光学性能和良好的力学性能,在深海装备观察窗、大通透观光潜器等方面有着较为广泛的应用[2],在深海环境模拟装置视镜等方面也有一定的应用前景[3]。与此同时,有机玻璃的室温蠕变等典型粘弹性特性又对结构在长期服役工况下的结构设计、寿命预测和试验考核等方面提出了技术挑战[4]。20世纪Stachiw博士团队[5-7]对不同尺寸的观察窗在18.3 °C~23.9 °C温度范围内开展了长达1000小时的保压试验,试验压力最大可达137.9 MPa,积累的大量数据和现象为深潜器观察窗的设计与应用提供了重要支撑。但由于长时间模型试验通常面临着时间、经济成本高的问题,近年来国内关于有机玻璃耐压结构的试验研究中仅少数试验的保压超过100小时[8],其余试验则多以深潜器等短期作业装备为应用目标,以单次承载强度试验或短期保压考核试验的形式开展[9-13],未能探索到更长期的蠕变现象。在有机玻璃材料蠕变研究方面,超过800小时的试样级长期蠕变试验研究占比较小[14-15],现有研究基于有机玻璃的时间-温度-应力等效特性,采用不超过24小时的蠕变试验,通过曲线叠合的方式可得到更长时间的蠕变曲线[1116-19],研究结果也进一步验证了时间、温度和应力对有机玻璃蠕变行为的影响性,但现有研究主要针对有机玻璃的拉伸蠕变特性,其应用在以压缩应力状态为主的深海装备耐压结构上的适用性还有待验证。与此同时,深海装备长期化的发展趋势同样对有机玻璃的试验研究提出了更长期的需求,因此关于加速试验方法的研究急需开展。
本文针对深海装备耐压结构用有机玻璃材料,开展不同温度、应力水平下的单轴压缩蠕变试验,基于陈化理论蠕变本构模型,提出考虑温度和应力影响的修正函数,采用分步拟合的方法对有机玻璃蠕变本构关系的各参数进行确定,通过有限元蠕变计算方法模拟观察窗结构在升温升压条件下的加速蠕变行为,并与等比观察窗模型的试验结果进行对比分析。研究显示,本文得到的蠕变本构关系能较准确地模拟有机玻璃结构的蠕变行为,有机玻璃的蠕变行为受温度和应力的影响,因此可通过升温升压的形式对深海装备观察窗的蠕变试验进行定量加速,该研究可为有机玻璃结构在一定温度、应力范围内的加速蠕变试验设计提供数据支撑。
对于有机玻璃的压缩蠕变行为,可参考金属蠕变采用陈化理论蠕变本构方程[20]进行描述:
式中,εc为蠕变应变,σ为应力,t为蠕变时间,Anm为由蠕变试验确定的材料常数。
引入温度的独立影响函数后可构造满足WLF时温等效公式的方程[21]
式中,T为试验温度,T0为参考温度,Bnmpq均为可由蠕变试验得到的材料常数。
温度不变时,式(2)即可退化至式(1)。
前期对有机玻璃开展单轴压缩蠕变试验研究时发现,采用式(1)对单一温度水平、不同应力水平的试验数据进行拟合,其应力指数n的拟合值在不同温度组之间存在明显差异(见后文表3)。这说明有机玻璃在不同温度环境下对应力水平的敏感度明显不同,采用恒定的常数n将难以准确描述多温度水平的有机玻璃蠕变发展规律。
因此假设有机玻璃蠕变本构方程中的应力指数与温度呈线性关系为
式中,T为试验温度,rs为材料参数,可由蠕变试验得到。
一定时间内,有机玻璃在室温高压状态下的压缩蠕变行为仍可由陈化理论蠕变本构方程描述:
引入温度的影响函数hT),
蠕变期间,若外加应力σ不变,对应的蠕变柔量可用下式表达:
式中,D为蠕变柔量。
两边取10的对数
因此,外加应力一定时,蠕变柔量的对数可表示为时间对数与温度的函数,
根据有机玻璃的时温等效性,T温度的蠕变柔量曲线可沿横坐标(时间的对数坐标轴)向左平移lgaT的距离,与参考温度T0时的蠕变柔量曲线重合,即式(8)可表示为
式中,lgaT为移位因子,T0为参考温度。
联立式(7)和式(9)可得时温等效关系:
整理可得
已知WLF时温等效方程[22]如下:
该方程可用自由体积理论[22]表示为
其中,
式中,f为自由体积分数,f0为材料在参考温度T0时的自由体积分数,ωT为自由体积分数的热膨胀分数。
将式(14)代入式(13),得
联立式(11)和式(15)可得
等号两边取10的指数后,整理可得
显然可建立一个满足式(17)的函数,即
式中,C4为常数。
将式(18)代入式(5),可得满足WLF公式的修正陈化理论方程如下:
将式(19)作为拟合方程时,系数C4Arsmf0ωT均作为材料常数,整理可得
式中,T为试验温度,T0为参考温度;Babmpq均为材料常数,由蠕变试验得到。
试验以满足ASME PVOH-1标准的国产深海装备用耐压有机玻璃(下文简称耐压有机玻璃)作为研究对象,将2000 m工作潜深深海装备的观察窗作为目标应用背景,观察窗主要设计尺寸见后文图4(a),通过有限元静力学计算得到的工作压力下观察窗结构内部应力范围在0~45 MPa之间,因此综合考虑试验的测量精度和环境温度及蠕变试验压力筒的试验温度能力,设计了20 MPa、30 MPa、40 MPa三个应力水平下以及3 °C、15 °C、20 °C和40 °C四个温度水平的单轴压缩蠕变试验,共计12组组合,每组被测试样不低于2件,每件试样保压时间不低于24小时,试验数据分析分四个温度试验组进行。
本文采用的压缩蠕变试样在ASTM D695和ASME PVHO-1标准优选建议的尺寸基础上,扩大至直径25 mm和长度50 mm(图1)。
试验在中国船舶科学研究中心试验室的高低温压缩应力松弛蠕变试验机上进行,数据采集系统为试验机内置的测量控制系统。试验时通过温度箱控制试验温度恒定,然后将试样安装在蠕变试验机上并进行加压,利用引伸计记录试样变形随时间的变化,试验结束后分别对每件试样绘制蠕变-时间曲线。
为保证不同温度试验组的试验数据权重相近,需在每个温度、应力水平下选择一条完整、有效的蠕变-时间曲线及其测试数据用于耐压有机玻璃蠕变本构关系的拟合,所选曲线数据点统计见表1,相应的蠕变-时间曲线见图3中的黑色实线。
由于式(20)中包含的参数较多,现提出一种基于matlab内置拟合工具箱cftool的分步非线性拟合方法,具体步骤如下;
(1)采用公式(1)分别对不同温度试验组进行拟合得到参数Anm的拟合值,记作AIinIimii=1,2,3,4),其中n=aT+b,
(2)求得参数mi的平均值
(3)将m代回第一步,拟合得到本轮参数An的拟合值,记作AIIinIIii=1,2,3,4);
(4)采用公式,对AIIi拟合得到参数BCD的拟合值,其中C=-m/p,D=q/p-T0
(5)将mBCD代回第一步,得到本轮参数n的拟合值nIIIii=1,2,3,4);
(6)采用公式n=aT + b,拟合nIIIi得到参数ab的拟合值;
(7)由此建立包含参数BabmCD的蠕变本构关系拟合式;
(8)根据原数据的自变量σtT经拟合式计算得到相应的拟合值;
(9)采用下式计算得到原数据试验值与拟合值的相关系数r及拟合优度r2
分步拟合流程图见图2
按3.1节所述步骤对蠕变-时间曲线进行拟合:
(1)采用公式εc=ntm分别对四个温度试验组进行拟合,得到AIinIimii=1,2,3,4)的值,见表2
(2)按如下公式求得参数mi的平均值m
(3)将m=0.2383代回第一步,拟合值见表3
(4)采用公式,对AIIi拟合得到参数BCD的拟合值(表4);
(5)将BCD代回第一步,得到本轮参数n的拟合值nIIIii=1,2,3,4),见表5
(6)采用公式n=aT + b,对nIIIi拟合得到参数ab的拟合值见表6
(7)由此建立包含参数BabmCD的蠕变本构关系拟合式:
式中,T为温度,单位为K;t为时间,单位为h;εc为蠕变应变(%)。
上式仅为基于唯象理论的拟合公式,部分方程不具备真实的物理意义。公式适用于应力大于17 MPa、温度在3 °C~40 °C范围的耐压有机玻璃单轴蠕变行为的描述,对于应力小于17 MPa的范围,该公式可能出现温度下降速率反而升高的情况,理论上不符合客观现象。但由于应力水平较低时,蠕变应变很小,所以本文认为低应力水平时温度对蠕变的影响可近似忽略。
(8)根据原数据的自变量σtT,按拟合式计算得到相应的拟合值,见图3中虚线;
(9)采用式(21)计算得到试验值与拟合值的相关系数r=0.9895及拟合优度r2=0.9791。
图3为根据拟合结果绘制的蠕变曲线拟合值与试验值的对比曲线,其中红色虚线为拟合曲线。可以看到,拟合曲线趋势与试验值一致,数值较为接近,由此可认为式(23)在3 °C~40 °C范围内,能较好地描述耐压有机玻璃单轴压缩蠕变行为的发展规律。
在单轴压缩蠕变本构关系研究的基础上,进一步探究不同温度、压力下观察窗结构蠕变的换算关系。首先定义参照组的载荷条件为3 °C(海水温度)和20 MPa(工作潜深的海水压力),对照组载荷条件为25 °C、26.6 MPa。根据本构关系式(23)可计算得到单轴应力状态下,25°C、26.6 MPa时的蠕变速率大约相当于3 °C、20 MPa时的17.7倍。
可根据观察窗模型及试验工装的设计参数(图4)和装配形式建立相应的有限元模型,分别建立两个有限元模型,其中模型一的载荷条件为3 °C、20 MPa,模型二为25 °C、26.6 MPa。
锥台形观察窗为轴对称结构,可在ANSYS中建立轴对称二维模型(图4-d)以减少计算量。采用plane182单元,网格尺寸为5 mm;在观察窗上表面施加均布压力载荷;对工装的下端面施加固定位移约束;采用TARGE169和CONTA172单元分别建立窗玻璃与窗座、窗座与试验工装的接触对;窗座选用316不锈钢,杨氏模量为200 GPa,观察窗为耐压有机玻璃,其材料属性、蠕变本构方程以及ANSYS参数设置如表7所示,其中杨氏模量由单轴压缩蠕变试验的线弹性加载阶段实测得到。本算例为恒温状态,当采用ANSYS内置的TBOPT=6本构方程形式[23]时,可将温度直接代入式(23)后按式(24)进行整理并求出参数C1~C3,参数C4作缺省处理;最后设置大变形静力分析求解。
根据计算结果分别提取观察窗高压面中心的径向应变值和低压面中心节点的轴向位移,计算求得保压期间高压面中心的径向应变值增量和低压面中心节点的轴向位移增量,由此可绘制观察窗在不同温度、压力下蠕变时的径向蠕变应变增量-时间曲线和轴向位移增量-时间曲线,同时将模型二(25 ℃、26.6 MPa时)的蠕变曲线沿时间轴拉伸17.7倍作出对应的3 ℃、20 MPa等效蠕变曲线(图5图6)。由图可知:(1)将模型二径向蠕变应变增量曲线沿时间轴拉伸17.7倍得到的3 ℃、20 MPa等效径向蠕变应变增量曲线与模型一(3℃、20 MPa)直接计算得到的径向蠕变应变增量曲线重合度较高;(2)但将模型二轴向位移增量曲线沿时间轴拉伸17.7倍得到的3 ℃、20 MPa等效轴向位移增量曲线与模型一直接计算得到的轴向位移增量曲线并未重合,通过作图法可测得两条曲线的换算倍率约为12.2,低于由本构关系式直接计算得到的换算倍率值。
分析原因有:(1)观察窗高压面中心径向应变增量表征的是该节点的蠕变变形,该点在蠕变过程中的应力水平变化较小,可近似地由单轴压缩蠕变的本构关系式进行估算;(2)而低压面中心节点的轴向位移增量表征的是整体变形,由于窗玻璃结构内部存在应力分布,各节点的应力水平有所不同,相应地各节点蠕变应变对温度的敏感程度也有所不同,故整体变形的换算倍率低于单轴状态的计算值。
为考核观察窗模型在3 ℃、20 MPa下保压1年(365天)的长期服役能力,并验证蠕变本构关系的准确性,本文以升温升压的加速形式开展了观察窗模型的考核试验,试验温度为25℃、试验压力为26.6 MPa。加速换算系数选取本构关系式换算倍率17.7和有限元模拟换算倍率12.2中的较小值,由此计算得到考核试验时间应不低于29.9天。
试验在中国船舶科学研究中心试验室进行,观察窗模型贴片方案见图7,贴片并完成密封后放入蠕变试验系统内承受静水外压(图8),压力、应变数据均由UCAM数字测量系统采集。
试验压力时间历程见图9,试验共计保压超30天,其中试验开始保压的前三天由于设备影响存在压力持续下降的情况,后续试验过程均通过定期增压的方式保障试验进行,整个保压过程的试验压力经加权平均计算为26.6 MPa。
试验后的观察窗模型见图10,经试验过程中和试验结束后的检验,观察窗模型及试验工装未出现泄漏和破坏现象,窗玻璃上未发现肉眼可见的变形和缺陷,但小端面圆周处出现部分密封胶挤入锥面的情况,说明窗玻璃近小端面的锥面与窗座锥面未完全贴合,这是由试样的制造公差导致的,但并未影响结构的密封性能。
分别提取试验模型主要测点位置及对应的有限元模型节点结果,绘制对比曲线,如图11图12所示。
由图可知,模型各点应变的有限元计算值与试验值趋势基本一致(试验值在保载阶段的第一个波谷是试验压力下降导致的),两者在数值上存在一定误差,推测原因为:本文开展的单轴压缩蠕变试验时长为24小时,由此得到的材料蠕变本构关系侧重于描述蠕变第一阶段,对于长期蠕变规律的描述则存在一定误差,采用该蠕变本构关系进行蠕变有限元分析将同样导致误差,且该误差可能随时间的增长而有所增加。
表8图11图12中的有限元计算值与试验测试值在不同保压时刻的误差统计。该误差随着时间的增加普遍存在上升趋势,但未超过15%;除0时刻由于试验压力实测为27.2 MPa,高于有限元计算压力,导致该时刻部分测点的误差为负值以外,其余时刻各节点计算值相较于试验实测值的误差均为正,即计算得到的变形量普遍大于实测变形量。
本文针对耐压有机玻璃开展了单轴压缩蠕变本构关系的理论推导和试验研究,基于有限元分析提出了观察窗结构的加速蠕变试验方法,并通过模型试验进行了有限元解与试验值的对比分析。研究主要得到以下结论:
(1)有机玻璃单轴压缩蠕变行为对于应力的敏感度与温度相关,采用本文提出的蠕变本构方程和分步拟合法对试样试验数据进行分析,拟合优度为0.9791。说明该本构方程能较好地描述有机玻璃在一定温度、应力范围内的单轴压缩蠕变规律;
(2)通过有限元蠕变分析得到25 °C、26.6 MPa下观察窗结构的轴向位移增量曲线与3 °C、20 MPa下的轴向位移增量曲线两者间的换算系数为12.2,基于该倍率可定量地提出观察窗模型的加速蠕变试验温度、压力与相应的试验时间方案。
(3)观察窗模型通过了升温升压条件下的加速蠕变试验考核,且试验结果与有限元分析结果误差不超过15%,较好地验证了本文有机玻璃本构关系在进行结构有限元蠕变分析时的准确性。
本文对观察窗的蠕变应变预测计算值略大于实测值,偏大的预测值更能保证材料和结构的安全余量,因此在工程应用中是有利的。该研究可为深海装备观察窗等有机玻璃耐压结构的蠕变研究和长期服役能力考核提供理论与数据支撑。
  • 中国科学院冷泉装置前期关键技术攻关项目(LQ-GJ-02)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.008
  • 接收时间:2024-11-20
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-20
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中国科学院冷泉装置前期关键技术攻关项目(LQ-GJ-02)
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    1.中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
    2.深海技术科学太湖实验室,江苏 无锡 214082
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

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种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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