Article(id=1243306313535565998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306309064442584, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1732204800000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774356924660, onlineDateStr=2026-03-24, pubDate=1747670400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774356924660, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774356924660, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774356924660, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243306309064442584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='5', pageStart='681', pageEnd='848', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1774356923595, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774357065180, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243306902965301262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306309064442584, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243306902965301263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306309064442584, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=807, endPage=819, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243306315301367988, articleId=1243306313535565998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Strain reconstruction method of typical stiffened plate structures based on IFEM, columnId=1242129251223274417, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Structural Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Stiffened plates are the basic structural units of a ship hull, and the safety and reliability of such structures are of paramount importance during service. Therefore, accurate acquisition of physical parameters such as stress and strain in stiffened plate structures through real-time monitoring techniques can provide data support for the safety assessment and prediction of ship hull structures. By employing the inverse finite element method (IFEM) based on the least squares variational principle, strain-field reconstruction of stiffened plate structures was conducted. Initially, numerical simulations were performed on axially-loaded stiffened plates, and the simulation results were then input into the inverse finite element algorithm for strain field reconstruction. By designing different measurement point layout schemes, the errors between the reconstructed results and the simulation results were analyzed. Moreover, the Xgboost algorithm was applied to provide guidance for the selection of discrete measurement point quantities and locations. The results indicate that IFEM is applicable to strain reconstruction in stiffened plate structures of ship hulls, and by optimizing the positions of measurement points, a significant reduction in quantity of measurement points in the inverse finite element model can be achieved while maintaining high-precision reconstruction results. The findings of this study can provide technical support for the health monitoring and safety assessment of ship hull structures.

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加筋板是船体结构的基本组成单元,此类结构在服役过程中的安全可靠性需重点关注。通过实时监测技术准确获取加筋板结构的应力、应变等物理参量,可为船体结构的安全性评估与预报提供数据支撑。本文通过基于最小二乘变分原理的逆向有限元方法(IFEM)对船体加筋板结构进行应变场重构,首先开展轴压加筋板数值仿真研究工作,将仿真结果输入到逆向有限元算法中进行结构应变场重构,其次通过设计不同的测点布置方案,分析重构结果与仿真结果之间的误差,并结合Xgboost算法为离散测点的数量和位置选择提供依据。结果表明:IFEM可适用于船体加筋板结构的应变重构工作,而通过适当的测点位置优化,可在保持高精度逆有限元重构结果的同时,大量减少逆有限元模型中的测点数量。本文研究结果可为船体结构健康监测及安全性评估提供技术支撑。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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许梦桐(1999-),男,硕士研究生

甘进(1982-),男,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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error on points of verificatin for different reconstruction, figureFileSmall=tlqPb9xUCXYc/w+Pn3zAFw==, figureFileBig=0KQn0EiwD9Xi3ZGZIs/vEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243306342241383256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306313535565998, language=CN, label=图15, caption=验证测点处重构方案Mises应变误差, figureFileSmall=tlqPb9xUCXYc/w+Pn3zAFw==, figureFileBig=0KQn0EiwD9Xi3ZGZIs/vEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243306342316880728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306313535565998, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Mesh size and maximum stress

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网格尺寸/mm最大Mises应力/MPa网格尺寸/mm最大Mises应力/MPa
1019.114513.44
1517.305512.79
2016.1911011.28
), ArticleFig(id=1243306342400766810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306313535565998, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

网格尺寸与最大应力

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网格尺寸/mm最大Mises应力/MPa网格尺寸/mm最大Mises应力/MPa
1019.114513.44
1517.305512.79
2016.1911011.28
), ArticleFig(id=1243306342480458589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306313535565998, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Mises strain error for different layout schemes of measuring points

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点方案编号Mises应变平均误差最大误差
13.90%10.03%
23.89%9.92%
33.21%8.98%
43.41%9.10%
), ArticleFig(id=1243306342547567455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306313535565998, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

测点布置方案Mises应变误差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点方案编号Mises应变平均误差最大误差
13.90%10.03%
23.89%9.92%
33.21%8.98%
43.41%9.10%
), ArticleFig(id=1243306342627259234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306313535565998, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Mises strain error for stiffened plates with different thicknesses

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
厚度/mmMises应变平均误差最大误差厚度/mmMises应变平均误差最大误差
33.25%8.47%143.25%9.35%
43.19%8.74%223.24%9.24%
63.21%8.98%263.28%9.54%
103.27%8.25%
), ArticleFig(id=1243306342702756710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306313535565998, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同厚度的验证测点Mises应变误差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
厚度/mmMises应变平均误差最大误差厚度/mmMises应变平均误差最大误差
33.25%8.47%143.25%9.35%
43.19%8.74%223.24%9.24%
63.21%8.98%263.28%9.54%
103.27%8.25%
), ArticleFig(id=1243306342803420008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306313535565998, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Mises strain error of reconstruction for schemes with different defect measuring points

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
重构方案编号缺失测点数量Mises应变平均误差最大误差
1183.93%8.52%
2123.89%7.29%
3163.61%7.03%
), ArticleFig(id=1243306342870528874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306313535565998, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

重构布置方案Mises应变误差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
重构方案编号缺失测点数量Mises应变平均误差最大误差
1183.93%8.52%
2123.89%7.29%
3163.61%7.03%
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基于IFEM的典型加筋板结构应变重构方法研究
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许梦桐 1 , 蒋镇涛 2 , 汪雪良 2 , 朱全华 2 , 陈国材 2 , 甘进 1
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2025,29(5): 807-819
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船舶力学 | 结构力学 2025, 29(5): 807-819
基于IFEM的典型加筋板结构应变重构方法研究
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许梦桐1, 蒋镇涛2, 汪雪良2, 朱全华2, 陈国材2, 甘进1
作者信息
  • 1.武汉理工大学 船舶海洋与能源动力工程学院,武汉 430063
  • 2.中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 许梦桐(1999-),男,硕士研究生

    甘进(1982-),男,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Strain reconstruction method of typical stiffened plate structures based on IFEM
Meng-tong XU1, Zhen-tao JIANG2, Xue-liang WANG2, Quan-hua ZHU2, Guo-cai CHEN2, Jin GAN1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Energy Power Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
  • 2.China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.012
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加筋板是船体结构的基本组成单元,此类结构在服役过程中的安全可靠性需重点关注。通过实时监测技术准确获取加筋板结构的应力、应变等物理参量,可为船体结构的安全性评估与预报提供数据支撑。本文通过基于最小二乘变分原理的逆向有限元方法(IFEM)对船体加筋板结构进行应变场重构,首先开展轴压加筋板数值仿真研究工作,将仿真结果输入到逆向有限元算法中进行结构应变场重构,其次通过设计不同的测点布置方案,分析重构结果与仿真结果之间的误差,并结合Xgboost算法为离散测点的数量和位置选择提供依据。结果表明:IFEM可适用于船体加筋板结构的应变重构工作,而通过适当的测点位置优化,可在保持高精度逆有限元重构结果的同时,大量减少逆有限元模型中的测点数量。本文研究结果可为船体结构健康监测及安全性评估提供技术支撑。

结构健康监测  /  加筋板  /  逆向有限元法  /  应变重构  /  数值计算.

Stiffened plates are the basic structural units of a ship hull, and the safety and reliability of such structures are of paramount importance during service. Therefore, accurate acquisition of physical parameters such as stress and strain in stiffened plate structures through real-time monitoring techniques can provide data support for the safety assessment and prediction of ship hull structures. By employing the inverse finite element method (IFEM) based on the least squares variational principle, strain-field reconstruction of stiffened plate structures was conducted. Initially, numerical simulations were performed on axially-loaded stiffened plates, and the simulation results were then input into the inverse finite element algorithm for strain field reconstruction. By designing different measurement point layout schemes, the errors between the reconstructed results and the simulation results were analyzed. Moreover, the Xgboost algorithm was applied to provide guidance for the selection of discrete measurement point quantities and locations. The results indicate that IFEM is applicable to strain reconstruction in stiffened plate structures of ship hulls, and by optimizing the positions of measurement points, a significant reduction in quantity of measurement points in the inverse finite element model can be achieved while maintaining high-precision reconstruction results. The findings of this study can provide technical support for the health monitoring and safety assessment of ship hull structures.

SHM  /  stiffened plate  /  inverse finite element method (IFEM)  /  strain reconstruction  /  numerical calculation
许梦桐, 蒋镇涛, 汪雪良, 朱全华, 陈国材, 甘进. 基于IFEM的典型加筋板结构应变重构方法研究. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (5) : 807 -819 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.012
Meng-tong XU, Zhen-tao JIANG, Xue-liang WANG, Quan-hua ZHU, Guo-cai CHEN, Jin GAN. Strain reconstruction method of typical stiffened plate structures based on IFEM[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (5) : 807 -819 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.012
船舶在航行过程中,可能会受到来自连续海浪的长期循环载荷以及短期极端载荷的影响,从而对其结构造成损伤,因此需要对船体结构的健康状态进行实时监测。逆向有限元方法(IFEM)是一种有前途的应变信息重构结构变形的方法,IFEM不受外部载荷特性干扰,能够直接获得结构位移场。因此,IFEM是一种适用于船舶结构健康监测的高效方法,可以及时获取船舶关键区域的应变信息,是实现高性能、高可靠性、分布式结构应变的监测与反演技术,为快速获得船舶应变场分布信息提供支持。
IFEM最早是由Tessler等[1]提出,采用变分原理,以Mindlin中厚板理论和最小二乘变分原理为基础,建立截面应变与位移场之间的转换关系,开发了一种三节点逆壳单元(iMIN3)用于板壳结构的形状感测。随后这一方法被广泛应用于航空航天领域的结构健康监测中[2-3]。为了在船舶与海洋结构变形监测领域实现IFEM的应用,Kefal等[4-7]提出了一种四节点四边形逆壳单元方法(iQS4)。Colombo等8验证了iQS4方法在夹板损伤检测方面的适用性,Li等[9-11]则通过应用该方法进行海上风力涡轮机和圆柱壳结构的结构健康监测,随后Abdollahzadeh等[12]成功地将iQS4应用于不同类型的简化船体结构,进行仿真分析和逆有限元位移重构,得到了准确度很高的变形重构结果。国内也有不少学者对IFEM方法进行了验证和应用。黄辉[13]提出了基于中面应变理论的逆有限元方法,并在悬臂板结构上验证了其准确性;李婧[14]通过iQS4的逆有限元方法开发了一套适用于船舶典型舱结构的在线监测系统,通过少量应变信息评估结构健康状况,验证了该方法的准确性和可行性,并开发了实时感知结构健康状态的监测系统;闫宏生等[15]则研究了船体加筋板结构的位移重构问题,并通过优化测点数量和位置实现了高精度重构。这些研究结果表明,IFEM在海洋结构变形监测领域有较广泛的应用前景。
本文基于以上的研究,进一步研究逆有限元法在实际结构中应用的可行性。以船体典型加筋板结构为研究对象,利用有限元软件ABAQUS对加筋板进行数值仿真分析,并提取相关目标节点应变信息来作为实际应变传感器的测量应变,对加筋板进行逆有限元应变重构以验证其重构精度,最后将IFEM与Xgboost拟合算法相结合,对离散测点进行拟合来重构全局应变场以验证其重构精度,为离散测点的数量和位置选取提供依据,从而为实际船体复杂结构应变重构和船体结构安全性评估提供理论基础和科学依据。
逆有限元法类似于有限元分析,将结构划分成有限个逆向单元,然后建立最小二乘微分方程,重构得到结构的位移分布。
图1为一四节点逆向单元(iQS4)[4]示意图,局部坐标系原点位于单元形心处,θxθyθz分别是绕着x轴负向、y轴正向和z轴正向的转角,单元厚度为2h,节点1、2、3、4分别为单元的四个节点。由线弹性理论可知,结构表面应变εb可由式(1)表示为面内拉压应变e(ue)与弯曲应变k(ue)的线性组合。截面横向剪切应变εs由四节点单元形函数的偏导数矩阵与单元节点位移矩阵ue表示,如式(2)所示。
式中,形函数的偏导数矩阵只与单元尺寸和节点位置坐标有关。
安装在结构上的传感器获得的离散应变是IFEM方法的基本输入。如图2所示,结构实测应变可表示为,下标j为单元内应变传感器个数,上标“+”和“-”分别表示结构的上、下表面,2h为结构厚度。测得的结构表面离散应变与结构平面应变以及弯曲应变之间的关系如式(3)~(4)所示。
式中,为中厚板中性面拉压应变,为中厚板中性面弯曲应变,下标ε表示实际所测得离散应变值。
因此,应变向量可表示为
对于薄壳结构的变形而言,横向剪切应变的影响远小于平面应变和弯曲应变。由于大多数海洋结构通常适合用薄壳来建模,因此通常忽略实测横向剪切应变。
IFEM求解结构位移场的核心是构造最小二乘误差函数,当误差函数达到最小值时,即意味着实测应变与理论应变之间的差异最小,此时求得的单元节点位移场就对应于结构在实测应变状态下的实际变形情况。
单元内理论应变与实测应变的误差函数包含平面应变、弯曲应变以及横向剪切应变三个部分,可表示为
式中,λ为罚参数(0 < λ < 1),其大小与测量数据与理论分析结果之间的相关程度有关,代表着结构所承受弯曲应变、平面拉压应变和横向剪切应变之间的比例关系。误差函数里的范数计算表达式如式(7)~(9)所示:
式中,n > 0是单元内应变传感器的数量,积分域Ae为单元内整个区域。
对误差函数关于位移向量求偏导,
式中,kefe表达式为
对于复杂曲面结构,每个单元内建立的局部坐标系方向互不相同,因此需要将各个单元局部坐标系统一转换到整体结构坐标系。先根据局部坐标系与整体坐标系里各个坐标轴方向的偏差角度来求解坐标转换矩阵Te,再将单元矩阵按照式(13)~(14)进行矩阵运算以完成坐标变换。
根据式(10)、(13)~(14)可得
式(13)~(15)中kefeue均为整体坐标系下所对应的表达式。
为了结合结构位移边界约束条件,使得结构内各个逆向单元之间满足变形协调条件,统一求解结构上所有单元的各个节点的所有自由度,将转换成整体坐标系后的单元矩阵,按照标准的有限元总体矩阵组装步骤进行组装,如式(16)~(18)所示。
式中,上标nel为逆向单元个数,Te为坐标转换矩阵。
所有单元矩阵组装成结构总体矩阵后,最终可得
式中,等号左边的K矩阵是一个对称矩阵,与应变测量点所在逆向单元的单元节点位置和应变测量点位置有关;而等号右边的F矩阵,与结构表面的实时应变测量值有关,故在变形监测的过程中需要进行实时更新。结合单元边界条件,消除结构的整体刚体位移,系数矩阵K将简化为一个正定矩阵,求逆后可得到所有单元节点的位移U。求解得到单元节点的位移U后,根据式(1)求得结构的应变场,最终实现对结构的应变重构。
加筋板是典型的船舶结构单元,实现加筋板结构应变场重构,能够为船舶服役安全评估提供技术支撑。本文基于ISSC分析报告,选取了如图3所示的纵向双跨距加筋板结构,其横向两跨距为“1/2+1+1/2”的模型作为本节的研究对象。
该板架结构的材料为Q235,弹性模量E=2.06×105 MPa,泊松比μ=0.3。加筋板的边界条件如图4所示,加载端为固支边界,纵向边界为自由边界。
本节对网格尺寸大小为10~110 mm的模型进行分析,不同网格尺寸模型的Mises应力云图如图5所示。随着网格数量的增多,模型应力分布与最大应力计算结果逐渐趋于稳定,网格尺寸过小会降低计算效率,而过大又会导致计算结果失真,故在计算时间和网格尺寸之间需找到平衡点。由表1可知,当网格尺寸为15 mm时最大Mises应力计算结果趋于稳定。综合考虑计算得到的载荷与板架模型的变形模式以及计算时间,本文后续有限元模型研究的网格尺寸选为15 mm。
为了探讨测点布置方案对应变场重构精度的影响,以轴压工况为例,采用有限元软件ABAQUS对加筋板进行仿真分析,以一个板格作为一个划分单位,在每个板格单元的纵向和横向分别布置1至2个目标测点,从而设置了四种测点布置方案如图6所示。提取目标测点处上下表面的应变值作为输入数据,在逆有限元算法中重构加筋板的全场应变。
四种布置方案测点的Mises应变重构结果如图7所示。
图8所示,选取20个随机测点作为应变场重构验证测点验证重构应变场精度。为避免结果具有偶然性,选取的随机测点与输入测点在XY方向上错落分布。
根据图9中所示的验证测点Mises误差分布结果可知,四种测点布置方案在验证测点处的Mises应变值的平均误差均在5%以内。表2列出了四种测点布置方案的Mises应变的平均误差和最大误差。在四种测点布置方案中,均为验证测点18#的Mises应变误差最大。需要注意的是,在验证测点编号为16#~20#这个区域,这些测点位于加载端附近,该区域的模型应力变化梯度较大,造成重构数据与实测数据存在一定差异,导致该区域验证测点误差较大。
从不同测点布置方案的应变重构误差结果可以看出,与测点方案1和2相比,测点方案3和4在轴压作用下具有更高的精度,这是因为加筋板在轴压作用下,其应变梯度主要沿纵向方向变化,增加纵向测点数量有助于减小误差。因此,测点方案3和4通过在板格的纵向布置两个测点,更好地反映了板格内部的应变特征,因而具有更高的重构精度。测点方案3和测点方案4相比,虽然测点方案4的测点布置较为密集,但其Mises应变重构精度并没有大幅度提升。因此在保证应变重构精度的情况下,采用测点布置方案3较为合适。
在工程应用上一般将0.01~0.0125<t/It/I<0.125~0.2(t为板壳的厚度,I为板长或板宽的最小尺寸)称为薄板壳,将t/I>0.2的板壳称为中厚板壳或厚板壳[16]。IFEM方法基于中厚板变形理论,在进行变形重构时适用范围有限,但在应变重构工作中的影响尚不明确。有鉴于此,本节将探讨板厚对应变场重构精度的影响,依次选取厚度为3 mm和4 mm的薄板,以及厚度为6 mm、10 mm、14 mm、22 mm和26 mm的中厚板的加筋板模型。值得注意的是,根据“厚板”定义,本文计算模型板厚需达到88 mm才可满足“厚板”要求,这与实际工程出入较大,故不在考虑范围内,采用15 mm网格尺寸进行数值分析,测点布置方案与2.3节中的方案3一致,并通过随机测点来验证算法有效性。
不同板厚下加筋板的验证测点误差分布如图10所示。在不同的板厚下,20个验证测点的Mises应变平均误差在5%以内。当厚度为4 mm时,其Mises应变重构平均误差最小,其中验证测点18#的重构误差最大。可以看出:在薄板范围内,适当改变板厚,对IFEM的重构精度变化的影响不大。
在中厚板范围内,当厚度为6 mm时,其Mises应变平均误差最小,其中验证测点19#的重构误差最大;当厚度为26 mm时,其Mises应变平均误差最大,其中验证测点18#的重构误差最大。厚度4 mm和26 mm两种板厚的Mises应变重构结果对比如图11所示。不同板厚下重构出的Mises应变平均误差和最大误差如表3所示。
通过表3误差分析可以看出,在薄板和中厚板范围内改变加筋板的板厚,逆向有限元算法的重构精度无明显变化,均能较好地重构出应变场,靠近加载端的验证测点16#~20#的Mises应变重构误差大于5%,但未超出10%。在靠近加载端的边界处,由于应力分布的变化梯度大,重构精度会受到影响,但并不妨碍IFEM在整体上表现出对薄板和中厚板结构应变场进行重构的能力。说明在该板厚范围内,IFEM对重构轴压工况下加筋板的应变场有较好的适用性。
在实际研究中,通常需要布置多个测点以了解结构变形的真实情况。虽然测点越多,得到的数据越准确,但是这也增加了测量难度与成本。因此,需要在试验中尽可能少地布置测点,同时获得完整、合理的数据。此外,插值函数等方法常用于拟合试验数据来得到未布置测点的状况。所以如何合理地布置测点就成了一个需要解决的问题。下面将重点介绍如何解决测点优化后应变测点值的输入问题,并在后续研究中着手测点优化布置问题。
在测点监测过程中由于各种因素的影响,导致部分测点可能会出现故障。这时需要一种能有效估算失效点应变值的方法,以保证识别的精度。通过最小二乘法拟合,可以在一定程度上估计失效点的值。Xgboost回归方法的出现提供了一个新的解决方案,它不仅灵活高效且适用于复杂模式下的应变拟合。通过测点监测获取原始数据,采用故障点拟合方法处理故障点,利用Xgboost进行精确拟合,最后用应变重构验证结果。
Xgboost集成了多个弱回归模型的二分树模型,形成一个强回归模型。可以建立二分树模型,如下所示:
式中,R1R2是分割的输入空间,c1c2是对应的输出值。对R1R2重复式(20)直到满足收敛条件,将输入空间分成m个区域R1R2Rm生成决策树。在本研究中,通过设置二分树的最大深度来限制收敛准则。
图12所示,Xgboost方法的原理是建立一个新的决策树模型,该模型正在学习一个新的函数来拟合上次迭代预测的残差。将所有二分树模型的回归值相加,得到最终的回归结果。
基于Xgboost回归方法,本文提出了一种改进缺陷点拟合IFEM重构测点输入的方法,具体如下:
(a)以已有测点的坐标作为训练集的输入,以应变作为训练集的回归值。然后,采用Xgboost方法对训练集进行训练。
(b)将目标缺失测点的坐标输入训练模型,输出拟合应变值。最后,将拟合应变引入到应变重构方法中,进行结构应变重构。
以轴压工况为例,以2.3节中的测点方案3为基础,来探讨重构测点优化布置方案对应变场重构精度的影响。依据参考文献[17]中的布置方案,本文以图6中的方案3为基础,设置了三种测点缺失重构布置方案,如图13所示,提取每种方案中测点的上下表面应变值作为输入数据,进行Xgboost拟合,再将拟合后的所有测点数据输入到IFEM应变重构算法中,进行应变重构。最终通过20个随机测点来验证算法重构应变场的准确性。
通过Xgboost拟合缺失测点应变,代入到逆向有限元重构算法中,得到三种重构布置方案测点的Mises应变重构结果,如图14所示,而验证测点的Mises应变误差如图15所示。
图15可知,针对三种重构方案,其验证测点的Mises应变的平均误差值均在5%以内。对于三种重构方案,导致其误差较大的验证测点还是集中在靠近加载端的16#~20#测点。
表4所示,通过误差分析可以看出,重构测点方案2和3相较于测点方案1精度更高,这是因为在重构测点数量上,方案2、3的缺失测点数量较少,通过Xgboost算法得到重构测点其应变更贴合于验证测点值。对比重构方案2和重构方案3可发现方案3缺失点较多,但仍能重构出较好的Mises应变值,且其精度更高。因此选取重构方案3就可完成逆有限元应变重构,这样既能减少测点的数量,也可以得到船舶关键位置的高精度应变重构结果。需要指出的是,经过Xgboost算法优化得到的测点布置方案并不是唯一的,即使是在测点数相同的情况下也可能有不同的布置方案,本文给出的测点方案只是误差满足精度要求的其中一种优化方案。
本文将有限元分析结果作为实际测量值输入逆有限元算法中,得到了逆有限元应变重构结果并分析了重构误差,最后将Xgboost算法引入逆有限元算法中,对测点布置方案进行优化。通过研究得到了以下结论:
(1)通过对轴压载荷作用的船体加筋板板进行IFEM重构,并与数值仿真结果对比,除加载端由于较大应力突变导致其误差结果偏大之外,在其余区域应变重构均符合要求,验证了IFEM的精确性和有效性。
(2)通过对不同板厚的加筋板模型进行IFEM重构,结果表明在薄板和中厚板范围内选用不同板厚,逆向有限元算法的重构精度无明显变化,这对加筋板的应变场重构具有较好的适用性。
(3)采用Xgboost算法对逆向有限元测点的数量和位置进行优化,结果表明优化后的测点方案在重构过程中验证测点的重构误差能够控制在5%以内。同时在逆有限元法的实际应用中,该算法在保持高精度结果的同时可大幅减少测点数量。
(4)本文研究表明,对于加筋板结构可以采用Xgboost算法作为优化后测点方案数据补充,从而达到加筋板结构应变场重构的效果。
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2025年第29卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.012
  • 接收时间:2024-11-22
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-22
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船舶总体性能创新研究开放基金资助项目(32822229)
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    1.武汉理工大学 船舶海洋与能源动力工程学院,武汉 430063
    2.中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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