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An equivalent source method based on plane wave expansion and mirror imaging is proposed for predicting radiation from elastic structures in shallow water waveguide. This method uses the equivalent source framework and represents the Green’s function with plane wave expansion for virtual source intensities and far-field acoustic calculations. For seabed reflection coefficients dependent on incident angles, the Green’s function decomposes the spherical wave from a point source into plane waves, facilitating accurate reflection calculations on non-ideal boundaries. Comparisons with other Green’s function validate the computational accuracy. Numerical simulations of an elastic cylindrical shell under various excitation frequencies in shallow water waveguide confirm the method’s accuracy in sound field reconstruction.

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针对浅海波导中弹性结构辐射的预报问题,提出一种基于平面波展开镜像法的等效源方法,该方法以等效源法为主体框架,在求解虚拟源强度以及远场声场计算时采用平面波展开镜像法表示声场Green函数。对于海底反射系数是入射角函数的情况,文中Green函数在镜像法的基础上将点声源辐射球面波做各向平面波分解,实现球形波阵面在非理想平面边界上声反射的准确计算。通过不同方法表示的Green函数之间的对比,验证本文Green函数的计算精度。本文对浅海波导中弹性圆柱壳的数值仿真结果证明了基于平面波展开镜像法的等效源方法声场重构的准确性。

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陈弈书(1998-),男,硕士

张超(1982-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=eI7Vl02zWzRedkMH51Yvgg==, figureFileBig=FhqKTMQVXUTDMZRs3RVeiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243306334947492122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306313460073224, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Summary of calculation errors for the proposed method

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激励力频率虚拟源数目传递矩阵条件数l1上平均预报误差α1上及β1上平均预报误差
50 Hz1204.26E+078.61%9.65%
100 Hz2097.58E+065.96%7.01%
300 Hz6191.87E+087.48%8.45%
), ArticleFig(id=1243306335039766812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306313460073224, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本文方法的计算误差汇总

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激励力频率虚拟源数目传递矩阵条件数l1上平均预报误差α1上及β1上平均预报误差
50 Hz1204.26E+078.61%9.65%
100 Hz2097.58E+065.96%7.01%
300 Hz6191.87E+087.48%8.45%
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浅海波导中基于平面波展开镜像法的等效源方法
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陈弈书 1 , 石博旋 2a, 2b, 3 , 张超 2a, 2b, 3 , 商德江 2a, 2b, 3
船舶力学 | 流体与结构声学 2025,29(5): 840-848
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船舶力学 | 流体与结构声学 2025, 29(5): 840-848
浅海波导中基于平面波展开镜像法的等效源方法
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陈弈书1, 石博旋2a, 2b, 3, 张超2a, 2b, 3 , 商德江2a, 2b, 3
作者信息
  • 1.杭州应用声学研究所,杭州 310012
  • 2a.哈尔滨工程大学 水声技术全国重点实验室,哈尔滨 150001
  • 2b.哈尔滨工程大学 水声工程学院,哈尔滨 150001
  • 3.海洋信息获取与安全工信部重点实验室(哈尔滨工程大学)工业和信息化部,哈尔滨 150001
  • 陈弈书(1998-),男,硕士

    张超(1982-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Equivalent source method based on mirror source method using plane wave expansion in shallow water waveguide
Yi-shu CHEN1, Bo-xuan SHI2a, 2b, 3, Chao ZHANG2a, 2b, 3 , De-jiang SHANG2a, 2b, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.Hangzhou Applied Acoustics Research Institute, Hangzhou 310012, China
  • 2a.National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
  • 2b.College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
  • 3.Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security (Harbin Engineering University), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.015
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针对浅海波导中弹性结构辐射的预报问题,提出一种基于平面波展开镜像法的等效源方法,该方法以等效源法为主体框架,在求解虚拟源强度以及远场声场计算时采用平面波展开镜像法表示声场Green函数。对于海底反射系数是入射角函数的情况,文中Green函数在镜像法的基础上将点声源辐射球面波做各向平面波分解,实现球形波阵面在非理想平面边界上声反射的准确计算。通过不同方法表示的Green函数之间的对比,验证本文Green函数的计算精度。本文对浅海波导中弹性圆柱壳的数值仿真结果证明了基于平面波展开镜像法的等效源方法声场重构的准确性。

浅海波导  /  声场预报  /  平面波展开镜像法  /  等效源法

An equivalent source method based on plane wave expansion and mirror imaging is proposed for predicting radiation from elastic structures in shallow water waveguide. This method uses the equivalent source framework and represents the Green’s function with plane wave expansion for virtual source intensities and far-field acoustic calculations. For seabed reflection coefficients dependent on incident angles, the Green’s function decomposes the spherical wave from a point source into plane waves, facilitating accurate reflection calculations on non-ideal boundaries. Comparisons with other Green’s function validate the computational accuracy. Numerical simulations of an elastic cylindrical shell under various excitation frequencies in shallow water waveguide confirm the method’s accuracy in sound field reconstruction.

shallow water waveguide  /  sound field prediction  /  mirror source method using plane wave expansion  /  equivalent source method
陈弈书, 石博旋, 张超, 商德江. 浅海波导中基于平面波展开镜像法的等效源方法. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (5) : 840 -848 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.015
Yi-shu CHEN, Bo-xuan SHI, Chao ZHANG, De-jiang SHANG. Equivalent source method based on mirror source method using plane wave expansion in shallow water waveguide[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (5) : 840 -848 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.015
波导中的弹性结构体的声辐射预报是水声领域中的热门问题,关于海洋环境中的弹性结构声辐射问题,大部分研究是将流体域视为自由场或半空间环境进行声辐射计算[1]。而水下航行器在浅海环境中的声场会受到来自海面、海底的反射、散射影响,声场环境不能视为理想的自由场或半空间环境。考虑信道环境下的弹性结构的声辐射计算已经越来越受到关注[2],有限元法、边界元法等[3]经过长时间的使用与完善,已经发展成为了较为成熟的算法,但有限元法的计算量会随计算距离的增大而显著增加,并不适合用于远场预报,而边界元法则涉及繁琐的边界奇异积分。
利用等效源法将海洋信道中弹性结构的声辐射问题等效为一系列虚拟点源的声辐射问题,是解决信道中弹性结构声辐射的有效手段之一。等效源法又称波叠加法,最早由Koopmann等[4]提出,该方法将结构的辐射声场等效为一系列虚拟点源声场的叠加,虚拟源的源强通过匹配结构表面声压或法向振速获得。波叠加法的理论基础是基于Huygens原理的波叠加积分方程,Moser等[5]证明了该积分方程与Kirchhoff-Helmholtz积分方程之间的等价性;Jeans等[6]通过研究分析,发现等效源法回避了繁琐的边界奇异积分,降低了数学处理的难度;陈鸿洋等[7]针对使用等效源法预报浅海波导中结构体的声辐射,提出在匹配虚拟源强度时采用自由场格林函数,求得源强度后与声传播算法结合,以预测波导中圆柱壳体的辐射声场;钱治文等[8]则在前者的基础上,利用信道格林函数反演等效源强度,考虑了浅海信道中上下边界对等效源强度的影响,并通过多物理场耦合数值法、等效源法和浅海波导声传输函数建立了波导中弹性结构声辐射理论模型;Zhang等[9]提出了一种射线理论和等效源相结合的方法来预测浅海信道高频辐射声场,该方法对复杂信道环境具有良好的适应性和声场计算精度;黄河等[10]针对硬底均匀浅海信道提出了一种基于等效源法并在近、远场采用不同水声传播模型的建模方法,以Green函数为纽带,在求解源强和计算近场声辐射场时采用镜像虚源法,而在计算远场声辐射场时采用简正波法。上述学者的研究推动了等效源法在海洋声场计算中的应用。
等效源法能否准确地等效振动结构在很大程度上取决于能否精确求解虚拟源的源强度,而格林函数的选取是其中的重要一环。浅海信道中匹配虚拟源强度时,采用自由场格林函数构建传递矩阵会忽视波导上下边界的影响。简正波理论描述了信道的各阶模式,适用于计算远距离声传播,但在近场情况下简正波模式泄露会影响虚拟源源强的准确求解。射线理论是波动理论的高频近似,更适合用于预报高频声源的辐射声场。镜像法源于射线理论,将场点声压视作直达声和反射声的累加,其中反射声可视为由与实际声源关于波导上下边界呈镜像对称的一系列虚源所产生,该方法一般用于波导边界反射系数为常数的情况,若边界反射系数随入射角而变化,则镜像法会失准。鉴于上述方法均存在一定的局限性,本文选用平面波展开镜像法作为信道格林函数,该方法立足于反射系数描述的是平面波的声反射这一特点,在镜像法的基础上,将点声源辐射的球形波阵面进行各向平面波分解,推导整理得到的声场表达式适用于海底反射系数是入射角函数的复杂波导,且镜像虚源阶数是收敛的。钱治文等[11]用该方法计算点声源的近场声传播,而本文则将该方法引入等效源法作为格林函数以准确预报浅海信道中弹性结构的辐射声场。
等效源法是一种通过一系列虚拟点声源来重构并等效目标声场的预报方法,本文将等效源法引入浅海信道环境。如图1所示,建立浅海信道内的等效源模型,信道内存在一振动结构V,其封闭表面记为S,该封闭表面上的声压记为PS,虚拟源面S′位于封闭表面S的内部,其上任意位置记为ΩrS为封闭表面S上任意一处的位置矢量,r0为虚拟源面S′上任意一处的位置矢量,P为预报场点位置,其位置矢量记为r。均匀海水介质密度为ρa,声速为ca,海水深度为H1,均匀海底介质密度为ρb,声速为cb,吸收系数为αb,海底厚度为H2
根据等效源积分方程,振动结构V在任意场点P处产生的声压可视为V内虚拟源共同作用的结果,其积分形式[12]表示为
式中,j为虚数单位,ρa为海水介质密度,ω为角频率,q(Ω)表示位于Ω处的虚拟源源强,G(P,Ω)为信道环境下位于Ω处的虚拟源到场点P的格林函数,dS表示体微元。
为实现数值计算,需对公式(1)进行离散化处理。将虚拟源面离散为N个虚拟源,在振动结构V的封闭表面S上取M个离散点并获取各离散点处的表面声压PS,由N个虚拟源共同重构封闭表面S上第m个离散点处的声压
式中,qn是第n个虚拟源的源强度,r0n为第n个虚拟源的位置矢量,1 ≤ nNrSm为封闭面S上第m个离散点的位置矢量,1 ≤ mMG(|rSm - r0n|)是浅海信道环境下第n个虚拟源r0n到第m个离散点rSm的格林函数。将公式(2)写为矩阵方程的形式:
式中,{PS}为声压列向量,维度为M×1;{Q}为源强列向量,维度为N×1;维度为M×N的矩阵{DP}为声压传递矩阵,矩阵中第m行、第n列的元素表示第n个虚拟源源强到第m个离散点处声压以及振速的传递关系:
对公式(4)进行矩阵逆运算便可求出各个虚拟源的源强度,
需要注意的是,等效源法在求解源强时往往面对的是一个不适定的声学逆问题。这是因为振动体表面上获取的声压和法向振速数据可能不属于获得该问题精确解所需的数据集合,从而导致该问题不存在精确解甚至是近似解。因此,对于等效源法中求解源强的数值过程,需要使用特殊的方法来求解广义逆矩阵,结合L曲线法的Tikhonov正则化方法在目前等效源法中应用最为广泛,也是最为有效的广义逆矩阵求解方法[13]
求得虚拟源源强{Q}后,便可计算各个虚拟源在任意场点产生的声压并进行线性叠加,得到总声场为
式中,qn是第n个虚拟源的源强度,G(|r - r0n|)为第n个虚拟源r0n到场点P的信道格林函数。
格林函数是分析结构振动声辐射的重要数学工具,为其提供了解析解。格林函数种类的选取更是等效源法的重要一环,根据不同的应用场景应选择不同的格林函数以确保等效源法的计算精度。
本文研究的是Pekeris浅海波导中的声场问题,将声场上下边界视为平整边界,海面为压力释放边界,满足绝对软边界条件,反射系数V1=−1,而海底视为液态边界,反射系数为V2,设信道深度为H。镜像法是以几何声学模型为理论基础的经典算法,从射线的角度求解声场,原理如图2所示。
该方法将经过海面和海底的反射声线视作是由各自的虚源发出的,这些虚源与真实声源在空间位置上是关于海面以及海底对称的,随着计入的声线反射次数的增加,虚源的数目也相应增加,理论上当虚源数目达到无穷时,其反射声线与直达声线的叠加便组成浅海信道中的总声场[14]
式中,诸系数的定义为
式中,r表示声源到接受点的水平距离,n为镜像反射的次数,H为信道深度,zz0分别为声源与接收点深度。
本文所考虑的信道环境,其海底反射系数V2与入射角的函数关系可写为
式中,l=ρb/ρaβ=ca/cbρaρb分别为海水和海底的密度,cacb分别为海水和海底的声速,θ是平面波的入射角。如图3所示,为了准确计算球面波在海底界面上的声反射问题,需对球形波阵面进行各向平面波分解。
根据双重傅里叶变换,球面波的平面波展开式[15]
将水平方向写为简正模式形式并代入式(7),经因式分解以及无穷级数求和,可将式(7)改写为
式(11)延拓了镜像法的波导适用性,随入射角变化的海底反射系数不再适合准确描述球形波阵面在平整界面上的声反射,而将球面波展开为各向平面波后,可准确计算各向平面波在海底的声反射,再通过累加得到总声场。本文将平面波展开镜像法作为信道等效源法的格林函数。
为了验证平面波展开镜像法的准确性,建立如图4所示的浅海信道点声源模型。均匀海水介质密度ρa=1000 kg/m3,声速ca=1500 m/s,海水深度为H1=30 m;均匀海底介质密度为ρb=2000 kg/m3,声速为cb=1800 m/s,吸收系数为αa=0.5 dB/λ,海底厚度为H2=∞;海面为声压释放边界,反射系数V1=−1;幅值为1的单极点声源位于深度zs=10 m处;声场水平截线位于信道中心深度zr=15 m处。
海底反射系数V2与入射角θ之间的数值关系可由式(9)计算获得,如图5所示。
波数积分法(FFP)是在水平分层介质的前提下,对深度分离的波动方程积分变换解进行数值积分的一种声场计算方法,原则上,该方法是计算水平分层介质中声场最为准确的方法[16]。将平面波展开镜像法在zr=15 m深度处的声场预报结果与由声学工具包Scooter计算获得的波数积分解进行比对,比对结果如图6所示。由图示结果可知,对于不同频率的点声源,平面波展开镜像法的声场预报结果与波数积分法在近、远场均有很高的吻合度。
相比于传统镜像法,平面波展开镜像法的优势在于其适用于边界反射系数为入射角函数的复杂波导环境。在点声源频率为100 Hz和200 Hz情况下,将平面波展开镜像法与传统镜像法在zr=15 m深度处同一水平路径上的声场预报结果进行比对,如图7所示。由图示结果可得,对于海底反射系数可近似视为定值的近场,传统镜像法与平面波展开镜像法的声场预报结果较为吻合,但随着传播距离增大,传统镜像法的声场预报误差逐渐增大,同时虚源阶数的不足会对传统镜像法的计算准确度产生较大影响。
通过上述对比验证,证明了在边界反射系数为入射角函数的复杂浅海波导环境下,平面波展开镜像法可以准确地预报点声源的辐射声场,且声场解不受镜像虚源阶数的影响,是收敛的。
将平面波展开镜像法用于信道等效源法之中,作为虚拟源源强求解以及声辐射预报所使用的信道格林函数。为了验证基于平面波展开镜像法的等效源方法的准确性,如图8所示,建立浅海信道中弹性圆柱壳模型。信道参数与2.1节一致,弹性圆柱壳半径r=1 m,高h=10 m,厚度d=0.005 m,材料为钢,密度为7850 kg/m3,杨氏模量为2×1011 Pa,泊松比为0.33。圆柱壳位于信道中心深度处,在圆柱壳靠近波导下边界一侧的内壁上施加一个F=1 N的激励力,方向垂直向下。
在声学有限元软件COMSOL中建立相应有限元模型,计算获得圆柱壳表面及水域中的声压,计算频率分别为50 Hz、100 Hz和300 Hz,提取壳体表面声压数据作为信道等效源法的输入量计算虚拟源源强。如图9所示,对应上述三种激励频率,在圆柱壳表面分别均匀放置120个、209个以及619个声压测点,虚拟源面以背离圆柱壳表面一定距离的方式位于壳体内部并满足缩比系数为0.7,虚拟源个数与声压测点数保持一致。
在如图10所示的水平路径l1xy水平截面α1以及yz垂直截面β1上,将本文方法在上述三种激励情况下预报的声场与COMSOL计算的有限元解进行比对。其中,l1位于深度H=20 m处,α1位于信道中心深度处,β1所处位置满足圆柱壳关于该截面对称条件。
水平路径l1、水平截面α1以及垂直截面β1上的声场比较结果分别如图11图12所示,图例中的FEM代表有限元解,ESM代表基于平面波展开镜像法的等效源方法预报结果。通过声压级曲线以及声场云图的比对可以发现,无论是在单一路径还是整个声场截面上,本文方法的声场预报结果与COMSOL有限元解在不同激励频率情况下均有较高的吻合度。
为定量评价基于平面波展开镜像法的等效源方法在不同激励情况下的声场预报精度,定义平均声压预报误差为
式中,N为离散的场点个数,PESM为场点处信道等效源法的预报值,PFEM为场点处有限元解。根据表1所整理的数据可以看出,在3种激励情况下,本文方法的平均声场预报误差均小于10%,这就验证了本文方法的有效性以及准确性。
针对海底反射系数是入射角函数的复杂浅海波导中弹性结构的声辐射预报问题,本文提出了一种基于平面波展开镜像法的等效源方法,该方法以一系列虚拟源等效替代振动结构,并选择平面波展开镜像法作为格林函数。该格林函数将点源辐射球面波分解为各向平面波,实现了球形波阵面在非理想平整界面上声反射的准确计算。以浅海信道中点声源为算例,验证了平面波展开镜像法的声场预报结果与波数积分解一致,且相比于传统镜像法,本文格林函数的声场预报结果不受镜像虚源阶数的影响,也更加稳健。以浅海信道中圆柱壳声源为算例,对于不同的检验场点分布,基于平面波展开镜像法的等效源方法平均声场预报误差均小于10%,验证了本文方法的有效性以及准确性。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(11974089)
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2025年第29卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.015
  • 接收时间:2024-11-14
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-14
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(11974089)
作者信息
    1.杭州应用声学研究所,杭州 310012
    2a.哈尔滨工程大学 水声技术全国重点实验室,哈尔滨 150001
    2b.哈尔滨工程大学 水声工程学院,哈尔滨 150001
    3.海洋信息获取与安全工信部重点实验室(哈尔滨工程大学)工业和信息化部,哈尔滨 150001

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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