Article(id=1243306312843510518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306309064442584, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1732636800000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774356924495, onlineDateStr=2026-03-24, pubDate=1747670400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774356924495, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774356924495, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774356924495, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243306309064442584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='5', pageStart='681', pageEnd='848', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1774356923595, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774357065180, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243306902965301262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306309064442584, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243306902965301263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306309064442584, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=704, endPage=712, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243306313220997885, articleId=1243306312843510518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Numerical investigation on wave attenuation performance of the open breakwater with newly-developed elliptical arc-plate, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the open source programme OpenFOAM, a numerical model was established to investigate the behavior of the interaction between waves and the newly-developed open breakwaters with elliptical arc-plate. The numerical model was verified by using theoretical wave surface and previous experimental results. Focusing on the three types of open structures, such as double flat plate, flat-elliptical arc-plate and double elliptical arc-plate open breakwater, a total of 90 cases were designed to analyze their wave attenuation performance. Considering the indexes of transmission coefficient, reflection coefficient and energy dissipation coefficient comprehensively, the numerical results indicate that the open breakwater with flat-elliptical arc-plate exhibits a low-level transmitted wave energy and a high-level reflected wave energy, while the open breakwater with double elliptical arc-plate exhibits a high-level transmitted wave energy and a low-level reflected wave energy under most working conditions. Further analysis revealed that when the structure is placed above the hydrostatic level, the open breakwater with flat-elliptical arc-plate has higher wave attenuation performance compared with the double flat plate type and double elliptical arc-plate. Therefore, the open breakwater with flat-elliptical arc-plate could be selected when it is submerged at suitable depths based on hydrodynamic conditions in engineering practice. This research provides design references for the breakwaters which could simultaneously meet the requirements of wave attenuation and water permeability.

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本文基于开源程序OpenFOAM,构建了波浪与新型椭圆弧板式透空堤相互作用的数值模型,并利用理论解和物理模型试验验证了其准确性。在前人研究的基础上,提出了平椭圆弧板式与双椭圆弧板式两种新型透空式防波堤结构,根据不同波高、周期和潜深共设计90种工况,分析了双平板式、平椭圆弧板式和双椭圆弧板式三种透空式结构的消浪性能。从透射系数、反射系数和能耗系数三方面综合考虑,发现在大多数工况下,平椭圆弧板式透空堤的消浪透射波能低而反射波能高,双椭圆弧板式透空堤的透射波能高而反射波能低。进一步分析发现,当结构均设置在静水面以上时,平椭圆弧板式透空堤与双平板式和双椭圆弧板式相比具有更高的消浪性能。因此,在工程实践中,可根据具体水域的水动力条件,选择露出水面适当高度的平椭圆弧板式透空堤。本文的研究成果能够为实际工程应用中既需要有消浪功能、又要求透水性的防波堤结构设计提供参考。

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曹裕德(1998-),男,硕士

武雅洁(1980-),女,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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数值模拟参数

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新型椭圆弧板式透空堤消浪特性的数值模拟研究
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曹裕德 a , 武雅洁 a, b , 王楠 a , 周家宁 a , 梅灿 a
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025,29(5): 704-712
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025, 29(5): 704-712
新型椭圆弧板式透空堤消浪特性的数值模拟研究
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曹裕德a, 武雅洁a, b , 王楠a, 周家宁a, 梅灿a
作者信息
  • a.中国海洋大学 工程学院,山东 青岛 266100
  • b.中国海洋大学 山东省海洋工程重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100
  • 曹裕德(1998-),男,硕士

    武雅洁(1980-),女,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Numerical investigation on wave attenuation performance of the open breakwater with newly-developed elliptical arc-plate
Yu-de CAOa, Ya-jie WUa, b , Nan WANGa, Jia-ning ZHOUa, Can MEIa
Affiliations
  • a.College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266101, China
  • b.Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266101, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.003
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本文基于开源程序OpenFOAM,构建了波浪与新型椭圆弧板式透空堤相互作用的数值模型,并利用理论解和物理模型试验验证了其准确性。在前人研究的基础上,提出了平椭圆弧板式与双椭圆弧板式两种新型透空式防波堤结构,根据不同波高、周期和潜深共设计90种工况,分析了双平板式、平椭圆弧板式和双椭圆弧板式三种透空式结构的消浪性能。从透射系数、反射系数和能耗系数三方面综合考虑,发现在大多数工况下,平椭圆弧板式透空堤的消浪透射波能低而反射波能高,双椭圆弧板式透空堤的透射波能高而反射波能低。进一步分析发现,当结构均设置在静水面以上时,平椭圆弧板式透空堤与双平板式和双椭圆弧板式相比具有更高的消浪性能。因此,在工程实践中,可根据具体水域的水动力条件,选择露出水面适当高度的平椭圆弧板式透空堤。本文的研究成果能够为实际工程应用中既需要有消浪功能、又要求透水性的防波堤结构设计提供参考。

新型椭圆弧板式  /  消浪性能  /  透射系数  /  反射系数  /  数值模拟

Based on the open source programme OpenFOAM, a numerical model was established to investigate the behavior of the interaction between waves and the newly-developed open breakwaters with elliptical arc-plate. The numerical model was verified by using theoretical wave surface and previous experimental results. Focusing on the three types of open structures, such as double flat plate, flat-elliptical arc-plate and double elliptical arc-plate open breakwater, a total of 90 cases were designed to analyze their wave attenuation performance. Considering the indexes of transmission coefficient, reflection coefficient and energy dissipation coefficient comprehensively, the numerical results indicate that the open breakwater with flat-elliptical arc-plate exhibits a low-level transmitted wave energy and a high-level reflected wave energy, while the open breakwater with double elliptical arc-plate exhibits a high-level transmitted wave energy and a low-level reflected wave energy under most working conditions. Further analysis revealed that when the structure is placed above the hydrostatic level, the open breakwater with flat-elliptical arc-plate has higher wave attenuation performance compared with the double flat plate type and double elliptical arc-plate. Therefore, the open breakwater with flat-elliptical arc-plate could be selected when it is submerged at suitable depths based on hydrodynamic conditions in engineering practice. This research provides design references for the breakwaters which could simultaneously meet the requirements of wave attenuation and water permeability.

newly-developed elliptical arc-plate type  /  wave attenuation performance  /  transmission coefficient  /  reflection coefficient  /  numerical simulation
曹裕德, 武雅洁, 王楠, 周家宁, 梅灿. 新型椭圆弧板式透空堤消浪特性的数值模拟研究. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (5) : 704 -712 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.003
Yu-de CAO, Ya-jie WU, Nan WANG, Jia-ning ZHOU, Can MEI. Numerical investigation on wave attenuation performance of the open breakwater with newly-developed elliptical arc-plate[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (5) : 704 -712 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.003
防波堤作为重要的海岸工程防护设施,在设计过程中不仅要考虑安全性和经济性,而且要考虑其对环境的负面影响。传统的实体防波堤结构由于对水流的阻挡,不仅阻断水流,使区域性水环境恶化,而且冲刷和淤积影响大,破坏输沙平衡,造成海岸带侵蚀严重。因此,为适应水深浪大、保证海水交换、改善港内水质环境且造价低廉等需求,港口工程结构型式向透空式结构、消能式结构及多功能型结构等方向发展。其中透空式防波堤结构既能够起到消浪掩护的作用,又有一定的透水能力,是目前海岸工程界研究的热点和发展方向。
前人已从理论分析、物理模型实验和数值模拟三方面对板式透空堤水动力特性进行了大量研究。Weigel[1]最早提出了透空式防波堤的概念,即将单层竖直板作为挡浪结构。后来很多学者在其研究基础上提出了不同结构型式的透空式防波堤结构,期望能够更好地提高消浪性能。邱大洪等[2]进行了薄板的探究,主要从波能流的角度出发,推导出了单层竖直板透射系数与反射系数的解析表达式。Usha等[3]采用特征函数展开法计算了有限水深条件下双层水平板的反射系数和透射系数。王科等[4]使用边界单元法探讨了单层竖直板和水平板的波浪透射系数和反射系数与板的相对尺寸、相对潜深之间的相互关系。Rao等[5]对淹没倾斜单板进行了物理模型试验研究,讨论了波陡度结合单板的相对潜深、放置角度对于波浪透射系数的影响。Neelamani和Rajendran将水平板与竖直板结合,提出了“T”型[6]和“⊥”型[7]透空式挡浪结构,并通过物理模型试验研究了二者的消浪效果,结果表明,随着相对波高和相对水深增加,两者的透射系数都随之减小。Liu等[8]基于线性波势能理论,利用特征函数展开法分析了双层垂直板的水动力特性,其中向浪侧为透水开孔板,靠岸侧为不透水板。Li等[9]则使用物理模型试验研究了双层垂直实板的水动力特性,并指出两板之间自由液面的存在,使部分频率范围内的入射波引起挡板间水体共振,显著增强了该结构的消浪效果。王晶和程永舟等[10]使用物理模型试验研究了双层水平格栅板结构的消浪性能和波浪力。Zhou等[11]使用RNG k-ε湍流模型研究了不同孤立波下平板阵列式防波堤的消浪性能,通过对流场和涡场的求解,研究了平板阵列式防波堤的消浪机理。
虽然,国内外学者在板式透空堤研究方面取得了一定成果,但现有研究中,防波堤的结构型式多数是以水平板、竖直板以及二者相结合的结构为主。近些年,部分学者开始研究将板式结构与弧形结构结合。弧板结构在竖直方向的延伸,增强了挡浪效果,同时进一步促进了涡旋形成,提高了消浪性能。潘春昌等[12]提出了一种新型圆弧板透空堤结构,并探讨了不同结构和波浪条件下的消波性能,指出相对宽度、层间距与层数对消波性能影响较大。李雪艳等[13]通过数值模拟探讨了平板式、上弧板式、下弧板式三种防波堤的消波性能,并指出综合反射系数、透射系数、能耗系数等指标,下弧板式消波性能最优。侯成义等[14]采用了物理试验的方法,比较了规则波作用下平弧板式与双平板式的消浪性能。于珍等[15]使用数值模拟方法,将双弧防波堤与潜堤相结合,实验结果表明组合结构进一步提升了消浪效果。
本文基于开源程序OpenFOAM,构建了波浪与新型椭圆弧板式透空堤相互作用的数值模型,验证了其准确性。在前人研究的基础上,首次使用椭圆弧板结构,提出平椭圆弧板式与双椭圆弧板式两种新型透空式防波堤结构,系统地讨论了不同波浪要素和结构潜深对新型透空堤消浪性能的影响,并将二者的消波能力与双平板式透空堤进行比较,希望为实际工程应用中既要求有消浪功能,又要求有透水性的防波堤结构提供设计参考。
基于流体连续性方程、动量方程和k-ε SST湍流模型,构建波浪与板式防波堤相互作用的数值模型。连续性方程为
动量方程为
式中,ui是流体在xy方向上的速度分量,p是动水压力,ρ是流体密度,gi是重力加速度分量,μe为动力粘性系数。
本文采用Larsen和Fuhrman[16]修正后的k-εSST湍流模型封闭控制方程,该模型不仅可有效解决波浪衰减问题,而且能使波浪在长时间模拟中保持稳定。
本文的数值模拟采用速度边界法造波,依据Stokes二阶波浪理论,在左侧造波边界上实时给定液相表面高程和质点速度,实现水槽的数值造波。
同时,采用Jacobsen等[17]提出的松弛区域方法消波,在数值波浪水槽的两侧设置松弛区域,可以有效防止造波边界波浪的二次反射和出口边界波浪反射。
在每一个计算时间步长内,对松弛区域内的流体表面高程和质点速度进行修正:
式中,Φ为需要修正的物理量,Φcomputed为数值模拟求出的未经修正的物理量,Φtarget为期望值,wR为修正系数(wR∈[0,1]),其在松弛区内的数值满足:
式中,σ代表松弛区域内的相对水平位置,其值范围在0~1。
为了提高数值计算的准确性和计算效率,在模拟波浪与防波堤相互作用之前,先验证网格的收敛性。考虑空水槽中波浪传播的情况,数值水槽如图1所示布置。水槽长24 m,高0.8 m。其中左侧松弛区长度为4 m,右侧松弛区长度为5 m,防波堤结构放置在水槽中部,结构前端距造波边界11 m。水深h=0.6 m,波高H=0.06 m,周期T=1.2 s。本文先设置了整体网格尺寸为0.024 m,为了更精确地获取波高数据,对波面附近网格进行各向异性加密,加密区域为x∈(0,24),y∈(h−2.0Hh+2.0H)。三种不同加密区域网格(粗糙、中等、精细)的基本参数信息如表1所示。
在二维水槽模型中对水深h=0.6 m,波高H=0.06 m,周期T=1.2 s的工况进行模拟,三种网格尺寸在2#波高仪的波面历时曲线如图2所示。通过比较可以看出,“中等”网格尺寸的数值模型产生的波高比“粗糙”网格尺寸的数值模型产生的波高稍大一些,且“中等”网格分辨率和“精细”网格分辨率得到的波高几乎相等。这表明本文设置的“中等”网格分辨率已经能够准确模拟波浪的实际情况。
将本文所建数值模型用于模拟二阶Stokes波(h=0.6 m、H=0.06 m和T=1.2 s),并提取1#、2#和3#处的波高历时曲线与二阶Stokes的理论值进行比较(如图3所示)。由图可以看出,在离造波边界不同距离处,数值解与二阶Stokes波理论解吻合良好,表明本文所建数值水槽能够产生稳定、可靠的规则波。同时,在松弛区的4#浪高仪处,波高接近于0,表明本文建立的松弛区能有效地消除反射波。
为了进一步验证模型的准确性,我们比较了5组不同工况(水深h=0.6 m,波高H=0.06 m,潜深d=−0.05 m,周期T分别为1.2 s、1.4 s、1.6 s、1.8 s和2.0 s)下数值模拟的双平板式透空堤透射系数和物理模型试验结果[18],结果如图4所示。可以看出,在5组工况条件下,数值模拟的透射系数与物理模型试验结果的相对误差分别为3.2%、4.5%、4.9%、10.0%和4.3%。因此,可以认为本文建立的数值模型能够较为准确地模拟波浪与板式防波堤的相互作用,为后续进行平椭圆弧板式与双椭圆弧板式新型结构消浪效果的研究奠定了基础。
本文模拟工况采用规则波,根据弧板数量分为三种结构型式,考虑不同波高、周期和潜深共计90组工况,具体参数设置如表2所示。
为了分析和比较平椭圆弧板式与双椭圆弧板式两种新型结构的消波特性,本文设计了双椭圆弧板式(图5(a))、平椭圆弧板式(图5(b))和双平板式(图5(c))三种结构型式。其中d为潜深,正值表示结构位于静水面下方,负值表示结构位于静水面上方。迎浪面宽度W为0.6 m,弧高d0为0.12 m,两板最高点之间的距离S为0.06 m,水平板厚为0.01 m。其椭圆弧上表面长轴为0.55 m、短半轴为0.11 m,下表面长轴为0.53 m、短半轴为0.1 m。
基于上述已验证的数值模型,本文分别对双平板式、平椭圆弧板式和双椭圆弧板式三种结构型式的消浪特性进行了系统模拟和分析。在结构的迎浪向一侧一倍波长外布置两根浪高仪,利用Goda两点法[19]计算波浪的反射系数Kr,为了提高计算反射系数的精度,设置间距为四分之一波长。与结构的迎浪向一侧类似,在结构的背浪向一侧一倍波长外也布置两根浪高仪,采用上跨零点法计算透射波并进行平均以求得透射系数Kt
根据能量守恒定律,入射波能量为反射波能量、透射波能量与耗散波能量之和。因此,波能耗散系数Kd的计算式为
图6展示了不同波高和潜深条件下,三种透空式结构的透射系数随相对波长的变化情况。可以看出,三种结构的透射系数均随着相对波长增大而增大。在90%的工况下,平椭圆弧板式透空堤的透射系数最小;而在93%的工况下,双椭圆弧式透空堤的透射系数最大。进一步分析发现,当d=−0.03 m(图6(a)和(d))时,平椭圆弧板式透空堤平均透射系数为0.517,其最小透射系数为0.188;当d=0 m(图6(b)和(e))时,其平均透射系数为0.588,最小透射系数为0.36;当d=0.03 m(图6(c)和(f))时,其平均透射系数为0.554,最小透射系数为0.217。双椭圆弧板因狭窄的板间距不利于水质点进入板层中间产生波能耗散,且容易发生越浪,所以其透射系数最高。双平板式透空堤容易发生波浪破碎,但是仅扰动水质点的水平方向,而平椭圆弧板式透空堤在造成波浪破碎的同时,水质点不仅受到水平与竖直两个方向的扰动,同时在板层中产生更加强烈的紊动从而消耗波能,因此透射系数最低。综合分析表明,平椭圆弧板式透空堤的透射系数最低,且在露出水面时,能够显著降低波浪透过率。
图7展示了不同波高和潜深条件下,三种透空式结构的反射系数随相对波长的变化情况。由图可知,93%的工况下,双椭圆弧板式透空堤的反射系数最小。其中,当d=−0.03 m(图7(a)和(d))时,双椭圆弧板式透空堤的反射系数与双平板式相差较大,平均减少42.1%,而与平椭圆弧板式相比,相差较小,平均减少17.9%。当d=0 m和d=0.03 m(图7(b)、(c)、(e)和(f))时,双平板式与平椭圆弧板式的反射系数相差不大,而双椭圆弧板式透空堤的反射系数与双平板式和平椭圆弧板式相比平均分别减少64.7%和63.7%。
图8展示了不同波高和潜深条件下,三种透空式结构的波能耗散系数随相对波长的变化情况。可以看出,波能耗散系数均随着相对波长的增大而减小,相比平椭圆弧板式透空堤,双椭圆弧板式的波能耗散系数下降迅速。当d=−0.03 m时(图8(a)和(d)),除个别工况外,平椭圆弧板式透空堤的波能耗散系数最高,比双椭圆弧板式平均高出21%,比双平板式平均高出28.2%。当d=0 m以及d=0.03 m时(图8(b)、(c)、(e)和(f)),双椭圆弧板式波能耗散系数下降速率快于平椭圆弧板式透空堤,因此周期较长时平椭圆弧板式透空堤的波能耗散系数较双椭圆弧板式大,而周期较短时情况相反。双平板式透空堤由于迎浪面小,只能依靠破坏水质点在竖直方向上的运动来消能,因而在90%的工况下,其波能耗散系数最低。
本文基于开源程序OpenFOAM,构建了波浪与椭圆弧板式结构相互作用的数值模型并验证了其准确性和有效性。在前人研究的基础上,首次使用椭圆弧板结构,提出了平椭圆弧板式与双椭圆弧板式两种新型透空式防波堤结构,通过设置不同波浪要素和结构潜深,模拟和分析了双椭圆弧板式、平椭圆弧板式和双平板式3种板式透空堤的消浪性能。得到的主要结论如下:
(1)平椭圆弧板式透空堤在90%的工况下透射系数最小,在露出水面状态下,平均透射系数为0.517。双椭圆弧式在93%的工况下透射系数最高。双椭圆弧板式透空堤对波浪的反射系数在93%的工况下低于双平板式和平椭圆弧板式。在露出水面状态下,双椭圆弧板式透空堤反射系数相比双平板式平均减少42.1%,与平椭圆弧板式相比相差较小,平均减少17.9%。
(2)不同潜深和波高条件下,三种结构的波能耗散系数均随着相对波长的增大而减小。双椭圆弧板式透空堤的波能耗散系数下降速率高于平椭圆弧板式。且在露出水面时,平椭圆弧板式透空堤的波能耗散系数最高,比双椭圆弧板式和双平板式平均分别高出21%和28.2%。
(3)综合考虑透射系数、反射系数和能耗系数指标,发现在大多数工况下,平椭圆弧板式透空堤消浪透射波能低而反射波能高,双椭圆弧板式透空堤透射波能高而反射波能低。进一步分析发现,当结构位于静水面以上时,平椭圆式透空堤与双平板式、双椭圆弧板式相比具有更好的波能耗散性。在工程实践中,可根据具体水域的水动力条件,选择露出水面适当高度的平椭圆弧板式透空堤,从而获得较好的消浪效果。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51739010)
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2025年第29卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.003
  • 接收时间:2024-11-27
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-27
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(51739010)
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    a.中国海洋大学 工程学院,山东 青岛 266100
    b.中国海洋大学 山东省海洋工程重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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