Article(id=1243306311908180704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306309064442584, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1731168000000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774356924272, onlineDateStr=2026-03-24, pubDate=1747670400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774356924272, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774356924272, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774356924272, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243306309064442584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='5', pageStart='681', pageEnd='848', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1774356923595, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774357065180, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243306902965301262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306309064442584, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243306902965301263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306309064442584, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=742, endPage=754, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243306312185004773, articleId=1243306311908180704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Numerical simulation of time-averaged flow field around a cylinder under the action of oscillatory flow, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To study the time-averaged flow field characteristics of a cylinder under the action of periodic oscillating flow, the time-varying flow field around the cylinder was obtained by numerically solving the Navier-Stokes equations. The time-averaged flow field was obtained by averaging the velocity field over time. The time-averaged flow fields with different KC numbers under a given Stokes number β=20 for Reynolds number Re< 200 were compared and analyzed. It is found that: (1) when KC< 7 (Re<140), the oscillating flow vorticity source is always attached to the cylinder wall and gradually stretches along the oscillating flow direction; (2) the corresponding time-averaged flow field consists of four small-scale internal vortices with strong stable flow and four large-scale external vortices with weak flow; (3) the flow structure is of axisymmetric distribution; (4) when KC> 7 (140<Re<200), the symmetry of the vorticity distribution around the cylinder is destroyed, while the oblique vortex street and dissipative behavior appear, the corresponding time-averaged flow field structure is seriously distorted, and the flow field structure is closely related to the vortex shedding mode around the cylinder, (5) the strength of the time-averaged flow field increases exponentially with the increase of KC number, and (6) for double cylindrical tubes, the time-averaged flow fields under different arrangements and spacing ratios show rich flow field characteristics, and the gap flow intensity between tubes increases with the decrease of spacing ratio.

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为研究圆柱体在周期性振荡流作用下的时均流场特征,通过数值求解N-S方程组得到圆柱体周围的时变流场,进而对速度场进行时间平均获得时均流场。对雷诺数Re<200,给定Stokes数β=20下不同KC数的时均流场进行对比分析。研究发现:当KC<7(Re<140)时,振荡流涡量源始终附着在圆柱体壁面,并沿振荡流作用方向逐渐拉伸,对应的时均流场由4个尺度较小且具有强稳定流动的内部旋涡结构和4个尺度较大且流动较弱的外部旋涡组成,流动结构呈轴对称分布;当KC>7(140<Re<200)时,圆柱体周围涡量分布的对称性被破坏,并出现了斜向涡街和耗散行为,对应的时均流场结构发生严重畸变,其流场结构与圆柱体周围的涡脱落模式密切相关;时均流场强度随KC数的增大呈指数形式增强;对于双圆柱管,不同排列方式及管间距比下的时均流场呈现出丰富的流场特征,管间隙流强度随间距比的减小而增大。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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杨延锋(1991-),男,博士,讲师,通讯作者,E-mail:

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杨延锋(1991-),男,博士,讲师,通讯作者,E-mail:

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杨延锋(1991-),男,博士,讲师,通讯作者,E-mail:

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振荡流作用下圆柱体周围时均流场数值模拟研究
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杨延锋 1, 2 , 刘朝林 1 , 杨洋 1 , 辛凤 1
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025,29(5): 742-754
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025, 29(5): 742-754
振荡流作用下圆柱体周围时均流场数值模拟研究
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杨延锋1, 2 , 刘朝林1, 杨洋1, 辛凤1
作者信息
  • 1.长沙理工大学 能源与动力工程学院,长沙 410114
  • 2.河北省物理学与能源技术重点实验室,河北 保定 071003
  • 杨延锋(1991-),男,博士,讲师,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Numerical simulation of time-averaged flow field around a cylinder under the action of oscillatory flow
Yan-feng YANG1, 2 , Chao-lin LIU1, Yang YANG1, Feng XIN1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Energy and Power Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China
  • 2.Hebei Key Laboratory of Physics and Energy Technology, Baoding 071003, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.007
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为研究圆柱体在周期性振荡流作用下的时均流场特征,通过数值求解N-S方程组得到圆柱体周围的时变流场,进而对速度场进行时间平均获得时均流场。对雷诺数Re<200,给定Stokes数β=20下不同KC数的时均流场进行对比分析。研究发现:当KC<7(Re<140)时,振荡流涡量源始终附着在圆柱体壁面,并沿振荡流作用方向逐渐拉伸,对应的时均流场由4个尺度较小且具有强稳定流动的内部旋涡结构和4个尺度较大且流动较弱的外部旋涡组成,流动结构呈轴对称分布;当KC>7(140<Re<200)时,圆柱体周围涡量分布的对称性被破坏,并出现了斜向涡街和耗散行为,对应的时均流场结构发生严重畸变,其流场结构与圆柱体周围的涡脱落模式密切相关;时均流场强度随KC数的增大呈指数形式增强;对于双圆柱管,不同排列方式及管间距比下的时均流场呈现出丰富的流场特征,管间隙流强度随间距比的减小而增大。

振荡流  /  数值模拟  /  时均流场  /  旋涡

To study the time-averaged flow field characteristics of a cylinder under the action of periodic oscillating flow, the time-varying flow field around the cylinder was obtained by numerically solving the Navier-Stokes equations. The time-averaged flow field was obtained by averaging the velocity field over time. The time-averaged flow fields with different KC numbers under a given Stokes number β=20 for Reynolds number Re< 200 were compared and analyzed. It is found that: (1) when KC< 7 (Re<140), the oscillating flow vorticity source is always attached to the cylinder wall and gradually stretches along the oscillating flow direction; (2) the corresponding time-averaged flow field consists of four small-scale internal vortices with strong stable flow and four large-scale external vortices with weak flow; (3) the flow structure is of axisymmetric distribution; (4) when KC> 7 (140<Re<200), the symmetry of the vorticity distribution around the cylinder is destroyed, while the oblique vortex street and dissipative behavior appear, the corresponding time-averaged flow field structure is seriously distorted, and the flow field structure is closely related to the vortex shedding mode around the cylinder, (5) the strength of the time-averaged flow field increases exponentially with the increase of KC number, and (6) for double cylindrical tubes, the time-averaged flow fields under different arrangements and spacing ratios show rich flow field characteristics, and the gap flow intensity between tubes increases with the decrease of spacing ratio.

oscillatory flow  /  numerical simulation  /  time-averaged flow field  /  vortices
杨延锋, 刘朝林, 杨洋, 辛凤. 振荡流作用下圆柱体周围时均流场数值模拟研究. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (5) : 742 -754 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.007
Yan-feng YANG, Chao-lin LIU, Yang YANG, Feng XIN. Numerical simulation of time-averaged flow field around a cylinder under the action of oscillatory flow[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (5) : 742 -754 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.007
圆柱体绕流引起的流体力学特征一直都是工程界和学术界研究的焦点,主要涉及升/阻力系数频谱特性、壁面流动分离特征和涡脱落及耗散行为等问题[1-4]。相比定常绕流问题,周期性振荡绕流具有更加丰富的且尚未被挖掘的流体力学特征,如圆柱体在周期性振荡来流下形成的时均流场这一隐含物理现象[5-7],这种振荡绕流伴随的时均流动是由不稳定边界层中非线性雷诺应力引起的[8]。研究表明,振荡流伴随的时均流场总是保持漩涡态[9-10],它的持续作用可以有效破坏边界层结构,促进物质掺混和热质传输过程[11-12]。然而,已有文献在对圆柱振荡绕流引起的流动与传热问题进行机理分析时,未考虑时均流场的作用机制[13-14],对时均流场的结构特性认识不清。因此,笔者重点对周期性振荡来流与圆柱体发生非线性相互作用产生时均不为零的时均流场特征进行研究,发现这种时均不为零的速度场其实是非线性N-S方程的体现。
圆柱周围的振荡流模式可用KC数(KC=UmT/D)、Stokes数(β=D2/)和雷诺数(Re=KC×β)等无量纲数控制,其中Um为振荡速度振幅,T为速度振荡周期,D为圆柱体直径,ν为流体运动粘度。周期性振荡流与障碍物发生相互作用时,其周围将形成两种不同的流场成分[15]:与振荡周期相关的自由振荡流和与时间无关的时均流场。目前,振荡绕流圆柱体的问题已经得到广泛的关注和研究[16-18],如Williamson[19]通过对单圆柱尾涡数量的实验研究,将尾涡模式分为5种模式:附着涡对模式(0<KC<7)、一对涡模式(7<KC<15)、两对涡模式(15<KC<24)、三对涡模式(24<KC<32)和四对涡模式(32<KC<40)。Bearman等[20]和Justesen[21]也证实了这些涡模式的存在。国内涂佳黄等[22]、曹兴等[23]、戴光清等[24]、何福森等[25]和凌国灿等[26]也对圆柱振荡绕流的流场特性进行了深入研究。但上述学者均没有对时间平均条件下的时均流场特性进行详细研究,如不同KC数下时均流场结构的演变规律和流动强度变化与速度分布等。Amir等[27]通过粒子示踪技术实验观测到了浸没在流体中振动圆柱诱导的时均流现象,证实了时均流特有的漩涡特性。An等[28]通过数值求解k-ω湍流模型下二维雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程,研究了大雷诺数(Re>392)条件下振荡绕流圆柱体周围的畸变性时均流场,但其研究并没有对小雷诺数(Re<200)下的时均流场结构特性进行研究,缺乏对时均流场演变规律的认识。
综上可知,周期性振荡绕流圆柱体引起的时均流场特征有待深入研究,尤其是对具有管阵列结构中的时均流场进行分析是后续的重要工作。对此,笔者重点计算研究单圆柱和双圆柱周围的时均流场特征。计算参数给定Stokes数β=20,对比分析KC<10(Re<200)情况下圆柱体周围的涡量分布与时均流的涡结构变化及速度分布规律,所得结论可为深刻认识周期性振荡流作用下圆柱体周围的流动机理提供一定的理论依据。
周期性振荡流作用下圆柱体周围的流动可以利用N-S方程组来描述。这里考虑一般情况,引入无量纲量将Navier-Stokes方程无量纲化。将长度、速度、压力和时间分别进行无量纲化为:(XY)=(xy)/D,(UV)=(uv)/Umτ=Umt/D,其中(XY)是无量纲化笛卡尔坐标,UV分别是XY方向的无量纲化速度分量,τ是无量纲化时间,P是无量纲压力,ρ是流体的密度,p是流体压力,Um为进口速度幅值。Navier-Stokes方程的无量纲形式为
式中,雷诺数Re=UmD/ν,其中ν是流体的运动粘度。基于上述无量纲化方法,振荡流的无量纲周期与KC数相同,Stokes数β=Re/KC。结合给定的边界条件,方程(1)~(3)由基于有限元软件COMSOL Multiphysics的流动模块求解,采用P1+P1离散化方法,对流体速度场和压力场通过分段线性插值离散求解以获得低雷诺数流的高精度解。在COMSOL软件中,P1+P1是一种有限元离散化方法,用于求解偏微分方程。在P1+P1离散化中,使用线性元素(P1)对主要变量进行离散化,使用另一个线性元素(P1)对辅助变量进行离散化。这种离散化方法可以提供较高的数值精度,并且适用于各种类型的问题。线性元素比高阶元素在计算上所需资源更少,也不容易引入发散振荡,从而提高了数值鲁棒性。
圆柱体的阻力系数CF和升力系数CL由下式[17]定义:
式中,FxFy分别为圆柱体单位长度上的阻力、升力。
时均流场可通过对某一个流动周期内的振荡流速求平均得到,即时均流速度可计算为
时均流速度大小Us定义为
综上,时均流的计算步骤主要分两步完成:(1)数值求解N-S方程组得到振荡流作用下圆柱体周围的振荡流场特性;(2)对振荡流速度场做时间平均得到时均流场。因此,通过上述方法可以分析得到周期性扰动诱导的振荡流与时均流之间的关系。
图1给出了周期性振荡绕流单圆柱体的二维数值计算模型示意图。
图1所示,计算域为宽度L=20D和高度H=20D的矩形计算域,计算域左下角点为坐标原点,圆柱体位于计算域的中心。周期性振荡流作用方向平行x轴。D为圆柱体直径,D=20 mm。计算域内速度分量的初始值均为零,即(u0,v0)=0。圆柱壁面设置为无滑移边界。计算域的上、下边界设置为对称边界条件。计算域进口水平速度分量u=Uin=Um sin⁡(2πt/T),垂直速度分量ν=0。其中Um为振荡流速度幅值,T为振荡周期(取为0.02 s)。计算域出口设定成压力出口边界,满足pout=0。假定计算流体的密度为1.0 kg/m3,动力粘度为0.001 Pa⋅s。
图2给出了圆柱体附近的有限元网格。对圆柱近壁面区域采用结构化四边形单元进行离散化。圆柱截面周长由160个节点离散。圆柱壁面附近径向的最小单元尺寸为Δ1=0.001D,Δ1表示附着在圆柱面上第一层网格的厚度。
为了保证边界层的计算精度,合理选取第一层网格高度Δ1是十分重要的。周期性振荡流在圆柱体壁面上形成的粘性边界层厚度[9]定义为
根据方程式(7)可计算得到粘性边界层厚度δν=2.5 mm。由此可见,为精确计算振荡流在圆柱体上的近壁效应,粘性边界层需要精细的网格划分。可以发现,Δ1=0.02 mm<<δν,这满足边界层网格的划分要求。此外,为了节省计算成本,边界层网格单元的大小可随离圆柱体壁面距离的增加而逐渐增大。由此,设定边界层区域四边形网格单元的膨胀比为1.15,边界层外区域网格单元的膨胀比为1.3,共生成网格数47 286。改变第一层网格Δ1的大小,分别取Δ1=0.005 mm、0.01 mm、0.03 mm、0.05 mm生成四种计算网格,对比x/D=0截线上x方向的无量纲速度分布,可以发现在Δ1<0.03 mm后的速度分布基本不变。为了充分说明第一层网格高度对计算结果的影响,又对比分析了不同Δ1x/D=0.6截线上x方向瞬时速度分布最大值的相对误差,发现x/D=0.6截线上x方向瞬时速度分布最大值在Δ1<0.03 mm后的变化率小于1.5%,故可认为在该网格精度下(Δ1<0.03 mm)的数值结果已能够满足要求。综上,本文计算选取Δ1=0.02 mm,生成的网格满足计算要求。
为节省计算时间和计算资源,需要确定合适的时间步长Δt。考虑Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy(CFL)稳定性判据:
式中,u为每个网格单元中速度的大小,Δl为对应速度u的单元格大小。由于在本研究进行的所有模拟中,CFL的最大值都保持在1以下,据此设定时间步长Δt=0.01T
进一步地,为了验证计算域大小对模拟结果的影响。在遵循相同的网格划分规则下,图3给出了计算域大小分别为20D和25D,KC=5(Re=100)时,圆柱体壁面阻力系数的历时曲线在两个计算域下的对比。
图3对比分析可知,在遵循相同的网格划分规则下,计算域大小对阻力系数的影响很小,仅峰值处存在微小波动,如图3(b)所示。与此同时,还对比了计算域大小分别为20D、25D、30D、40D时阻力系数幅值的变化规律,发现阻力系数幅值随计算域的减小而增大,其幅值依次为5.17、5.08、4.94、4.67。这是因为计算域越小阻塞比D/H越大,这将导致振荡来流在流经圆柱时受到更大的干扰,促使湍流程度增大,从而增加了阻力系数幅值。从时均流场形成的物理机制分析可知,振荡来流在圆柱管壁上的粘性耗散是驱动时均流场的本质。因此,只要边界层网格划分的精细程度足够,就不会对时均流场结果的分析和规律的探究造成影响。文中选取的计算域远远大于粘性边界层厚度,这能够充分呈现和分析粘性边界层内外时均流漩涡的变化规律,尤其能够看出时均流外涡的演变规律。对比发现,计算域为20D和25D时的阻力系数幅值相对变化率小于2%,因此选取20D的计算域既能满足计算要求又可减少计算资源。
为验证数值模型的可靠性,将KC=5和β=20条件下计算得到的无量纲瞬时速度分布与文献[29]的实验数据进行对比分析。图4给出了x/D=−0.6、0、0.6和1.2四个位置(如图1所示)处x方向和y方向的瞬时速度分布对比曲线。
图4可以看出,数值结果预测的速度场分布与Dütsch的实验数据相符合,证实了数值模型的可靠性。如图4所示,x轴方向和y轴方向的速度分布曲线在不同的截面上形状变化很大。x轴方向的速度分量u关于y/D=0对称,而y轴方向的速度分量ν关于y/D=0呈反对称分布。此外,在圆柱壁附近存在较大的速度梯度(x/D=±0.6),而在远离圆柱体(x/D=1.2)处速度分布相对平坦。这表明,圆柱体附近的流场变化较大,而远离圆柱体的流场变化平缓。
给定Stokes数β=20,图5给出了KC=6时第101个周期内的涡量等值线图,分别对应着t=100.25T、100.50T、100.75T、101.00T四个时刻,反映了涡量云图的演变规律。计算结果表明,在计算时间达到100个周期时,振荡来流作用下的时变流场特征已达到动态稳定状态。
图5知,当KC=6时,圆柱体周围的四对旋涡在水平轴方向呈明显的狭长状。在t=100.25T时刻,圆柱体受到正向振荡流的作用使圆柱右侧的旋涡发展膨胀,继而在t=100.5T时刻突然受到反向的振荡流作用,内部旋涡受到压缩变形,在反向振荡流持续作用下,在t=100.75T时刻圆柱体左侧的旋涡开始膨胀发展,这时,在t=101T时刻又受到正向振荡流的作用,使圆柱体左侧内涡受到挤压。如此,在周期性振荡流的作用下,圆柱体附近旋涡结构在左右侧不断出现膨胀压缩的动态变化,且没有发生彻底的涡脱耗散现象。
为说明大KC数振荡流引起的丰富涡脱落行为,图6给出了KC=10时不同时刻圆柱体周围的即时涡量分布。模拟结果表明,当KC>7时,圆柱体周围旋涡结构的对称性被破坏,并出现了旋涡脱落和耗散行为。
图6知:当KC=10时,圆柱体周围出现了显著的旋涡脱落现象,并出现旋涡膨胀、分裂、耗散等现象;在t=100.25T时刻,在正向振荡流作用下,圆柱体左右两侧分别出现了A、B(C)、D、E及附着在壁面上的一对小涡共计6个涡,组成了三对旋转方向相反的旋涡结构;在正向振荡流的持续作用下,在t=100.5T时刻,B涡分离出了一个小涡C,D涡变得狭长,E涡膨胀变大,左侧的A涡和B涡向着圆柱体靠近;在t=100.75T时刻,在负向振荡流作用下,t=100.5T时刻的D涡分裂成F、G两个涡结构,同时附着在圆柱体下壁面的内涡H出现;在负向振荡流的持续作用下,在t=101T时刻,A、B、G涡远离圆柱体,F、C涡靠近圆柱体,E涡变得狭长呈即将脱落的态势,H涡沿圆柱体壁面向上膨胀,对E涡的分离有助推作用。综合以上的分析可知,附着在圆柱体壁面上的旋涡是形成外层旋涡的涡量源,这也是振荡流作用下圆柱体壁面不断发生流动分离产生的涡脱落行为。此外,从图6中可以明显看出,在KC>7的条件下,圆柱体振荡绕流最明显的特征是形成斜向涡街。
图7给出了KC<7情况下圆柱体周围时均流场的流线图及速度分布。时均流场结构是通过对振荡流在第101周期内的速度分量进行时间平均得到。
图7(a)显示了KC=2时的时均流场结构,圆柱体周围出现了4个尺度较小的强稳定流动的内部旋涡结构和4个尺度较大强度较弱的外部旋涡结构。内涡和对应的外涡总是呈反向旋转。此外,4个大涡结构产生的两股气流从圆柱体的左右两侧由内向外流动,这与振荡流的作用方向有关。由图7(a)中径向速度分布知,在θ=225°方向上的时均流最大速度为0.425 m/s,其强度仅为给定振荡来流速度振幅2 m/s的21.25%,但圆柱体壁面内涡存在位置的径向方向具有较大的速度梯度。这表明,时均流漩涡的存在使圆柱体受到持续的切应力作用,这对于清除壁面积灰、破环边界层结构和加强对流换热具有显著效果。与图7(a)的时均流旋涡结构相比,图7(b)中大KC数对应的内涡尺度较小,但壁面速度梯度更大,最大时均流速达到2.25 m/s。这是因为振荡流在圆柱壁面的粘性耗散效应随着KC数的增大而减弱,导致粘性耗散形成的内涡尺度也随之减小。在225°方向上速度分布的“速度谷值”表征了内涡的中心位置,180°方向上速度分布的波峰位置刚好处在相邻两个呈反向旋转的旋涡的交界面上,因为旋涡交界面上的流动出现相向增强。从时均流场的流线密度及速度分布可知,内涡的强度要远大于外涡。此外,对比分析图7知,随着KC数的增大,旋涡结构在垂直方向上逐渐受到压缩,使水平方向的流速增大,形成具有射流性质的流动。
综上分析可知,当KC<7时,周期性振荡流在圆柱壁面上引起的涡量分布是类似的,即圆柱体周围始终吸附着4对呈横轴对称的旋涡流,且粘性边界层内的2对内涡流始终大于边界层外的涡流强度。而且,随着KC数的增大,振荡流涡量分布在振荡流作用方向上逐渐变得狭长,但其特征是围绕圆柱的不分离蠕动流动[30]。因此,在低KC数条件下一种时均流结构可以对应于多个涡量分布模式。
文献[31]基于涡量守恒的思想,对动量方程取旋度得到涡量方程。进而通过引入流函数,并结合N-S方程组理论得到了流函数方程的理论解形式:包含时均项和时变项。由此可见,周期性振荡流在圆柱体周围可以形成两种流场:一种是与时间无关的时均流(如图7所示),另一种是与时间有关的自由振荡流(如图56所示)。
图8给出了KC>7情况下圆柱体周围时均流场结构及速度分布。
图8(a)所示,当KC=8时,圆柱体周围的时均流场结构发生严重畸变,原先4个对称分布的外涡结构首先发生畸变,然后拉扯内涡结构发生变形。这是由于圆柱体壁面附近的旋涡呈不对称脱落导致的。Williamson[19]在物理实验中也观察到了与本研究中相似的流动特征。这些瞬时流动结构的不对称性导致了非对称的时均流场结构。这种振荡流动结构以横向涡街为特征,所有的旋涡都从圆柱体一侧脱落并在垂直于振荡方向上形成对流。图8(a)和图8(b)的速度分布与图7(a)和图7(b)相比,其速度分布也发生了变化。如图8(b)所示,KC=10对应的振荡流在圆柱体周围的惯性效应很大,自由振荡流成分占主导地位,时均流场结构受到振荡流惯性效应的影响而发生严重畸变。由此可见,对于较大的KC数,时均流场结构的不对称性是由于振荡流在圆柱壁面发生斜向涡街导致的,即振荡流的作用方向与旋涡脱落方向不一致导致的。从图8知,对于KC>7,圆柱体周围的时均流场结构呈现出与图7完全不同的分布,圆柱体周围出现大涡扰动,且小尺度内涡结构被破坏消失。
为考察不同KC数下振荡流在圆柱体壁面发生涡脱落行为时的阻力系数和升力系数的变化规律,在图9中给出了KC=4、6、8和10时第101T内的阻力系数和升力系数曲线。
图9(a)、9(b)分析可知,当KC<7时,圆柱壁面上的升力系数CL始终为0,这说明贴近圆柱壁面的旋涡没有发生涡脱现象(如图5所示)。而由图9(c)、9(d)分析可知,当KC>7时,升力系数才出现波动,其波动值随着KC的增大而增大,这是因为KC越大,流动越不稳定,容易发生流动分离现象,如图5所示。同时,随着KC数的增大(如KC=10),升力系数幅值随之增大,不规则性增强,对阻力系数的干扰也增大。这表明,随着KC数的增大,涡脱落行为对圆柱体壁面上的阻力和升力造成较大影响。从阻力系数和升力系数的脉动曲线也可以看出,随着KC数增大,旋涡脱落的不规则性和强度均随之增大。
为综合比较不同KC数下圆柱周围的时均流场强度特性,图10给出了在180°和225°方位上的最大时均流速随KC数的变化规律曲线。
图10分析可知,时均流场最大流速随KC数的增大而快速增加,且在时均流漩涡方向上(θ=225°)的流场强度总是要大于其它方向的流动强度。比如在KC=10时,θ=225°方向上的最大时均流速约为4.4 m/s,而θ=180°方向上的最大时均流速度仅为3.68 m/s。结合图8的径向速度分布可知,与相应的振荡流速度幅值相比,内涡流速幅值小于流体速度幅值Um的50%,而外涡流速要小于流体速度幅值Um的5%。
以上详细讨论了周期性振荡流作用下单圆柱体周围形成的时均流场特性。采用同样的数值方法,对于KC=4,图11给出了不同间距比S/D下双圆柱并联结构周围的时均流场分布。
对于双圆柱并联结构,图12给出了不同间距比下双圆柱间隙水平方向上的时均流速度分布。
图11(a)知,当S/D=4时,双圆柱并联结构周围共存在16个旋涡结构,包括附着在两圆柱体壁面上的8个尺度较小的强旋涡结构、外围4个尺度较大的弱旋涡结构和两圆柱间隙区域4个中等尺度的旋涡结构。这表明,当间距比较大时,间隙区域的旋涡结构相互作用较弱,使并联双圆柱周围旋涡结构的正常形态得以维持。随着间距比S/D减小,当S/D=2时,并联双圆柱之间的旋涡结构受到挤压使涡结构尺度减小,两圆柱间隙区域4个中等尺度的旋涡结构消失,涡结构总个数由16个减少为12个,如图11(b)所示。随着间距比进一步减小,当S/D=4/3时,并联双圆柱间隙区域的旋涡发生强相互作用,使间隙区域旋涡结构消失并发展为沿振荡流作用方向上的射流形式,如图11(c)所示。由以上分析可知,时均流场特性与涡旋脱落流态密切相关。
图12知,双圆柱并联结构中心水平方向上的时均流速度随间距比S/D的减小而整体增大,其速度分布大致呈“M”形式分布。中心位置处时均流速度为零,中心位置两侧的流速度峰值刚好处在上下对称涡结构的交界面上,因为漩涡界面上的流动方向一致,流动得到增强。间距比S/D=4、2和4/3时,时均流速峰值速度分别只有相应振荡流速度峰值的0.6倍(2.4 m/s)、0.3倍(1.2 m/s)和0.05倍(0.2 m/s)。综上分析,对于给定的振荡流强度,随着间距比的减小,双圆柱间隙区域的时均流旋涡结构相互作用的强度随之增大。从图11(c)可以看出,当间距比很小时,并联双圆柱在x轴方向上诱发了“强射流”流场。
同样,对于KC=4,图13分别给出了不同间距比S/D下双圆柱串联结构周围的涡量分布云图及相应的时均流模式。与图11(a)类似,当S/D=4时,图13(a)中串联双圆柱周围同样存在16个涡结构,且都关于xy轴对称分布。随着间距比减小,当S/D=2时,双圆柱间隙区域4个中等尺度的涡结构消失,且附着在圆柱壁面上的8个强涡流结构尺度减小,如图13(b)所示。随着间距比进一步减小,当S/D=4/3时,发现附着在圆柱壁面上的8个强涡流结构尺度进一步减小,尤其是双圆柱间的四个涡流结构,如图13(c)所示。此外,图13(c)并没有发生类似图11(c)中出现的射流流场。这是因为当间距比很小时,由双圆柱的相互遮蔽作用而使间隙区域产生的涡流强度较弱。
对于双圆柱串联结构,图14给出了不同间距比双圆柱间隙中心垂直方向上的时均流速度分布。由图14知,双圆柱串联结构中心垂直方向上的时均流速度随间距比S/D的减小是先增大后减小的。这是因为,当串联双圆柱的间距比小到一定程度时,在周期性振荡流作用方向上,串联双圆柱的间隙区域始终处于近壁尾涡区,导致间隙区域涡流的相互作用反而减弱。这从图13(c)中双圆柱间隙区域的涡流流线密度可看出,间隙区域的流线密度明显要小于周边的流线密度,流线密度与流体速度成正比。
对比图12图14知,在x轴方向上(即振荡流作用方向),时均流的流动强度明显要大于y轴方向上的流动强度。对于给定参数的振荡流,双圆柱排列的方式对时均流场结构特性具有重要影响。可以预测,随着间距比和振荡流作用方向的改变,双圆柱结构或周期性管阵列结构将呈现出丰富的时均流结构特征。相同振荡来流作用下,并联双圆柱周围的时均流动强度整体要大于串联双圆柱。这是因为,串联双圆柱与振荡来流之间的非线性相互作用较弱。
本文采用有限元方法数值计算了周期性振荡流作用下圆柱周围的时均流场特性。当KC<7(Re<140)时,时均流场由4个尺度较小且具有强稳定流动的内部旋涡结构和4个尺度较大且流动较弱的外部旋涡组成,流动结构相对于x轴和y轴都是对称的。随着KC数的增大,附着在圆柱体壁面上的时均流场内涡结构尺度随之减小,但流动强度增大。当KC>7(140<Re<200)时,圆柱振荡绕流最明显的特征是形成斜线涡街,对应的时均流场结构发生严重畸变。从圆柱体脱落的斜向涡旋之间的非线性相互作用是造成时均流场结构发生畸变的主要原因。在圆柱体附近的时均流场内涡强度远大于外涡,且内涡流速幅值小于振荡流速度幅值的50%,外涡流速幅值小于振荡流速度幅值的5%。双圆柱的排列方式及间距比是影响时均流场的关键参数。间隙区域的时均流漩涡结构个数随间距比的减小而减少,但流动随之增强。双圆柱并联结构要比串联的时均流动强度大。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年基金资助项目(12304491)
  • 湖南省自然科学基金青年基金资助项目(2023JJ40010)
  • 长沙市自然科学基金资助项目(2023cskj017)
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2025年第29卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.007
  • 接收时间:2024-11-10
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-10
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国家自然科学基金青年基金资助项目(12304491)
湖南省自然科学基金青年基金资助项目(2023JJ40010)
长沙市自然科学基金资助项目(2023cskj017)
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    1.长沙理工大学 能源与动力工程学院,长沙 410114
    2.河北省物理学与能源技术重点实验室,河北 保定 071003

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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