Article(id=1243306311492944603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306309064442584, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1731254400000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774356924173, onlineDateStr=2026-03-24, pubDate=1747670400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774356924173, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774356924173, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774356924173, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243306309064442584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='5', pageStart='681', pageEnd='848', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1774356923595, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774357065180, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243306902965301262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306309064442584, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243306902965301263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306309064442584, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=713, endPage=721, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243306311740408541, articleId=1243306311492944603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Calculation method for the wavelength of freak waves, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In freak wave-related research, the wavelength of the freak wave is generally calculated from the dispersion relation of the Stokes wave or linear wave. The freak wave, however, is a type of short-duration wave, also characterized by strong-nonlinearity. Its energy components are more complex compared to regular waves. Beside the effect of higher-order harmonics, the energy transfer occurs due to the nonlinear wave-wave interaction during the generation of freak waves. In order to check the accuracy of the wavelength of freak waves calculated from the dispersion relation, freak waves were experimentally simulated in a wave tank by focusing a range of component waves. The statistics on wavelength of freak wave were calculated from the time history of wave surface obtained from a wave gauge array. The statistical wavelengths conduted were compared to those of linear wave, 3rd- and 5th-order Stokes wave with identical wave heights and periods. The results from comparison indicate that the wavelengths from the 3rd- and 5th-order Stokes wave dispersion relations have a higher accuracy than that from the 1st-order dispersion relations of linear wave. And the 3rd-order dispersion relation is sufficient to describe the effect of higher-order harmonics on the wavelength. However, without accounting for the nonlinear wave-wave interaction, high-order dispersion relation will overestimate the wavelength of frear wave with longer periods and underestimate that for freak wave with shorter periods. And as a consequence, on the basis of the 3rd-order dispersion relation and regression model, a new improved method for higher accuracy calculation of the wavelengths of the freak wave was proposed. The accuracy of the wavelengths for the new method increases by over 50% compared to the tradional 3rd-order dispersion relation.

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在畸形波相关研究中,多采用线性波或者高阶Stokes波的色散关系估算畸形波波长,然而畸形波是一种波形持续时间较短的强非线性波浪。与规则波相比,畸形波的能量组成更为复杂,除了受高阶谐波影响,在其形成过程中,还会发生非线性的波-波相互作用。为了检查采用规则波色散关系估算畸形波波长的精度,本研究采用组成波聚焦的方法在试验水槽中模拟畸形波,根据浪高仪阵列采集的波面时间过程统计畸形波波长,并与相同波高和周期的1阶线性波、3阶Stokes波和5阶Stokes波波长进行对比,对比结果表明,与线性理论相比,采用3阶和5阶Stokes波色散关系估算畸形波波长的精度较高,3阶色散关系足以描述高阶谐波对波长的影响。另外,由于不能考虑非线性波-波相互作用,高阶色散关系会高估周期较长的畸形波和低估周期较短的畸形波。为了能更准确估算畸形波波长,本研究基于3阶色散关系,结合回归分析方法,提出一种精度更高的畸形波波长估算方法,与3阶Stokes波色散关系相比,计算精度提高50%以上。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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崔成(1984-),男,博士,副研究员

潘文博(1989-),男,博士,助理研究员,通讯作者,E-mail:

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崔成(1984-),男,博士,副研究员

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崔成(1984-),男,博士,副研究员

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潘文博(1989-),男,博士,助理研究员,通讯作者,E-mail:

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潘文博(1989-),男,博士,助理研究员,通讯作者,E-mail:

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Numerical study on generation and evolution of freak waves[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2012, 16(12): 1373-1384., articleTitle=Numerical study on generation and evolution of freak waves, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243306330820296869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306311492944603, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2003, volume=22, issue=null, pageStart=603, pageEnd=634, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=Kharif C, Pelinovsky E, journalName=European Journal of Mechanics B/Fluids, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kharif C, Pelinovsky E. Physical mechanisms of the rogue wave phenomenon[J]. 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Analysis of prototype freak waves[C]//Coastal Hydrodynamic, ASCE, 1987:618-632., articleTitle=Analysis of prototype freak waves, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243306333747921122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306311492944603, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=16, authorNames=王树青, 梁丙臣, journalName=海洋工程波浪力学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王树青,梁丙臣. 海洋工程波浪力学[M]. 青岛:中国海洋大学,2013., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243306333852778729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306311492944603, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=17, authorNames=Wang S Q, Liang B C, journalName=Wave mechanics for ocean engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang S Q, Liang B C. 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language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Comparison of the wavelengths among the present models and experiments and 3 rd-order theory, figureFileSmall=Ktf0AEIap8Qwv1YVpJtERA==, figureFileBig=D+VlPXojotEP1WnNLkYfPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243306329708806259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306311492944603, language=CN, label=图7, caption=改进模型计算结果与物理模型试验和3阶Stokes波结果对比, figureFileSmall=Ktf0AEIap8Qwv1YVpJtERA==, figureFileBig=D+VlPXojotEP1WnNLkYfPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243306329780109435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306311492944603, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Parameter range of simulated freak waves for 122 cases

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
畸形波上跨零点周期Tup/s0.7~2.7波陡ε0.03~0.23
畸形波下跨零点周期Tdown/s0.8~2.7畸形波参数α12.0~3.90
畸形波上跨零点波高Hup/cm3.6~22.6畸形波参数α22.0~4.2
畸形波下跨零点波高Hdown/cm3.5~22.4畸形波参数α32.0~4.8
无量纲水深d/Lf0.1~0.5畸形波参数α40.65~0.80
), ArticleFig(id=1243306329855606909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306311492944603, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模拟的122组畸形波特征参数范围

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
畸形波上跨零点周期Tup/s0.7~2.7波陡ε0.03~0.23
畸形波下跨零点周期Tdown/s0.8~2.7畸形波参数α12.0~3.90
畸形波上跨零点波高Hup/cm3.6~22.6畸形波参数α22.0~4.2
畸形波下跨零点波高Hdown/cm3.5~22.4畸形波参数α32.0~4.8
无量纲水深d/Lf0.1~0.5畸形波参数α40.65~0.80
), ArticleFig(id=1243306329952075904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306311492944603, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Normalized differences δ based on 122 cases

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工况δaveδmaxδmin
1ord-down0.090.320.00
1ord-up0.100.410.00
1ord-mean0.090.300.00
3ord-down0.090.300.00
3ord-up0.090.400.00
3ord-mean0.080.260.00
5ord-down0.090.300.00
5ord-up0.090.400.00
5ord-mean0.080.260.00
), ArticleFig(id=1243306330077905028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306311492944603, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

基于122组样本统计的无量纲差值δ

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工况δaveδmaxδmin
1ord-down0.090.320.00
1ord-up0.100.410.00
1ord-mean0.090.300.00
3ord-down0.090.300.00
3ord-up0.090.400.00
3ord-mean0.080.260.00
5ord-down0.090.300.00
5ord-up0.090.400.00
5ord-mean0.080.260.00
), ArticleFig(id=1243306330174374024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306311492944603, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Correlation coefficients for 12 cases

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工况R工况R
a=2b=2c=10.25a=1/2b=2c=50.85
a=2b=2c=30.67a=1/2b=2c=70.86
a=2b=2c=50.78a=1b=2c=50.83
a=2b=2c=60.79a=1/2b=1/2c=50.86
a=2b=2c=70.80a=1/2b=1c=50.86
a=1/3b=2c=50.85a=1/2b=3c=50.38
), ArticleFig(id=1243306330291814542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306311492944603, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同工况相关系数R值汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况R工况R
a=2b=2c=10.25a=1/2b=2c=50.85
a=2b=2c=30.67a=1/2b=2c=70.86
a=2b=2c=50.78a=1b=2c=50.83
a=2b=2c=60.79a=1/2b=1/2c=50.86
a=2b=2c=70.80a=1/2b=1c=50.86
a=1/3b=2c=50.85a=1/2b=3c=50.38
), ArticleFig(id=1243306330379894931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306311492944603, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Normalized differences δ for regression analysis

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工况δaveδmaxδmin
a=1/2, b=2, c=50.040.100.00
a=1/2, b=2, c=70.040.090.00
a=1/2, b=1, c=50.040.100.00
a=1/3, b=2, c=50.040.100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1243306330467975318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306311492944603, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

畸形波波长与回归分析结果无量纲差值δ

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况δaveδmaxδmin
a=1/2, b=2, c=50.040.100.00
a=1/2, b=2, c=70.040.090.00
a=1/2, b=1, c=50.040.100.00
a=1/3, b=2, c=50.040.100.00
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畸形波波长计算方法研究
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崔成 , 潘文博
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025,29(5): 713-721
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025, 29(5): 713-721
畸形波波长计算方法研究
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崔成, 潘文博
作者信息
  • 交通运输部天津水运工程科学研究所,港口水工建筑技术国家工程研究中心,天津 300456
  • 崔成(1984-),男,博士,副研究员

    潘文博(1989-),男,博士,助理研究员,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Calculation method for the wavelength of freak waves
Cheng CUI, Wen-bo PAN
Affiliations
  • National Engineering Research Center of Port Hydraulic Construction Technology, Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, MOT, Tianjin 300456, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.004
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在畸形波相关研究中,多采用线性波或者高阶Stokes波的色散关系估算畸形波波长,然而畸形波是一种波形持续时间较短的强非线性波浪。与规则波相比,畸形波的能量组成更为复杂,除了受高阶谐波影响,在其形成过程中,还会发生非线性的波-波相互作用。为了检查采用规则波色散关系估算畸形波波长的精度,本研究采用组成波聚焦的方法在试验水槽中模拟畸形波,根据浪高仪阵列采集的波面时间过程统计畸形波波长,并与相同波高和周期的1阶线性波、3阶Stokes波和5阶Stokes波波长进行对比,对比结果表明,与线性理论相比,采用3阶和5阶Stokes波色散关系估算畸形波波长的精度较高,3阶色散关系足以描述高阶谐波对波长的影响。另外,由于不能考虑非线性波-波相互作用,高阶色散关系会高估周期较长的畸形波和低估周期较短的畸形波。为了能更准确估算畸形波波长,本研究基于3阶色散关系,结合回归分析方法,提出一种精度更高的畸形波波长估算方法,与3阶Stokes波色散关系相比,计算精度提高50%以上。

畸形波  /  波长  /  非线性  /  波-波相互作用

In freak wave-related research, the wavelength of the freak wave is generally calculated from the dispersion relation of the Stokes wave or linear wave. The freak wave, however, is a type of short-duration wave, also characterized by strong-nonlinearity. Its energy components are more complex compared to regular waves. Beside the effect of higher-order harmonics, the energy transfer occurs due to the nonlinear wave-wave interaction during the generation of freak waves. In order to check the accuracy of the wavelength of freak waves calculated from the dispersion relation, freak waves were experimentally simulated in a wave tank by focusing a range of component waves. The statistics on wavelength of freak wave were calculated from the time history of wave surface obtained from a wave gauge array. The statistical wavelengths conduted were compared to those of linear wave, 3rd- and 5th-order Stokes wave with identical wave heights and periods. The results from comparison indicate that the wavelengths from the 3rd- and 5th-order Stokes wave dispersion relations have a higher accuracy than that from the 1st-order dispersion relations of linear wave. And the 3rd-order dispersion relation is sufficient to describe the effect of higher-order harmonics on the wavelength. However, without accounting for the nonlinear wave-wave interaction, high-order dispersion relation will overestimate the wavelength of frear wave with longer periods and underestimate that for freak wave with shorter periods. And as a consequence, on the basis of the 3rd-order dispersion relation and regression model, a new improved method for higher accuracy calculation of the wavelengths of the freak wave was proposed. The accuracy of the wavelengths for the new method increases by over 50% compared to the tradional 3rd-order dispersion relation.

freak wave  /  wavelength  /  nonlinearity  /  wave-wave interaction
崔成, 潘文博. 畸形波波长计算方法研究. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (5) : 713 -721 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.004
Cheng CUI, Wen-bo PAN. Calculation method for the wavelength of freak waves[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (5) : 713 -721 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.004
畸形波(freak wave)或凶波(rogue wave)是一种包含在随机波列当中的独立、异常大波。它广泛存在于世界各大海域,具有非线性强、持续时间短、能量集中、频带宽和波峰突出于周围波浪场等特征。在它发生的前后,还常伴随着海中深洞(hole in the sea)和连续大波(three sisters)等异常波浪现象[1]。因此,畸形波会对航行的船舶和海上建筑物等造成严重危害[2-4]
畸形波是一种非线性很强的波浪。通常采用波陡来量化波浪的非线性,而波陡则是通过波高和波长来计算。另外,畸形波的持续时间较短,可能小于畸形波的周期,其传播演变以及其与船舶或者海洋结构物的相互作用过程是一种局部时-空过程,因此需要补充波长来更准确地描述畸形波的局部时-空特征。对于波峰、波谷、波高和周期等波浪参数,一般可通过统计定点波面时间过程获取,而波长是描述波浪空间特征的参数,并不能通过少量的定点观测记录直接确定。对于规则波,如线性波或者高阶Stokes波,有稳定的传播波形,可以根据波高和周期,采用色散关系间接确定波长。然而畸形波持续时间较短,不能保持稳定的波形传播,没有理论上的色散关系可描述畸形波波长和周期的关系,在畸形波相关研究中,多采用线性波或者高阶Stokes波的色散关系近似估算畸形波的波长[5-8]。Cui等[8]在研究非线性对畸形波传播速度的影响中采用波陡参数量化非线性贡献,其中波陡采用3阶色散关系估算。目前还没有关于采用规则波色散关系估算畸形波波长精度的分析和讨论。
与高阶Stokes波不同,非线性对畸形波的影响除了高阶谐波处还有波-波间的相互作用。波-波间相互作用可以加宽波浪频谱宽度,从而改变波浪外部形态[9-10],使波形变高变窄,呈现出明显的水平和垂直方向的不对称性。波面不对称也是畸形波重要的外部特征之一,高阶Stokes波波面不对称仅表现在垂直方向。畸形波和高阶Stokes波在内部结构和外部特征两个方面均表现出了明显差异。Abroug等[11]的研究成果指出,输入频谱类型和波陡会显著影响组成波聚焦过程中的非线性波-波间相互作用。由此可见波陡和波-波间相互作用会互相影响。对于三维波浪场,方向分布范围增加会引起非线性散焦,从而减小波陡和波-波间的非线性相互作用强度,这是因为聚焦持续的时间较短,波-波间的非线性相互作用主要受主波向波群控制[1012]
综上所述,采用规则波色散关系估算畸形波波长的精度尚无明确结论,除了高阶谐波,波-波间相互作用可能是影响畸形波波长的重要因素。本研究依据物理模型试验结果,分析采用规则波色散关系估算畸形波波长的精度,然后基于3阶色散关系,结合回归分析方法,提出一种精度更高的可以考虑波-波间相互作用的半经验、半理论的畸形波波长估算方法。
模拟畸形波所用的试验水槽长56 m,宽1.0 m,最大工作水深为0.7 m。水槽一端配备推板式造波机,另一端布置消波边界。为了记录畸形波的时-空生成、演化过程,在水槽中布置一组由32个电容式浪高仪组成的仪器阵列,间距0.2 m,从距造波机18 m处开始布置,试验水深为0.5 m,试验布置见图1
采用双波列叠加模型计算造波板的驱动信号[13],在波浪水槽中实现畸形波可控生成。在该模型中,目标谱能量被分成两部分,一部分能量分配给瞬态波列,另一部分能量分配给常规随机波列,波面表达如下:
式中,ηxt)表示距离造波板x处的波面时间过程,η1xt)和η2xt)分别表示常规随机波列和瞬态波列的波面时间过程,a1i=(2p1S(ff)1/2a2i=(2p2S(ff)1/2分别表示两波列第i个组成波的振幅,kiωiωi在第i个频域区间上随机选取,为避免波浪以周期2π/Δω重复出现)和εi(0~2π内均匀分布)分别表示第i个组成波的波数、角频率和随机初相位,xctc分别表示瞬态波的聚焦时间和位置。其中,p1=80%,p2=20%,该分配比例能生成满足定义的畸形波,Sf)表示谱密度函数,本文选用修正的P-M谱[14]
式中,Tave表示平均周期,Hs表示有义波高。根据造波原理,造波板的驱动信号S0t)为
式中,Wi表示第i个组成波的传递函数,Wi=4sinh2kid/(sinh2kid + 2kid),d表示水深。本研究中将满足α1>2,α2>2,α3>2和α4>0.65的大波定义为畸形波[15]。其中α1=Hf/Hsα2=Hf/H−1α3=Hf/H+1α4=ηf/HfHf表示畸形波波高,H−1H+1表示畸形波前后波浪的波高,ηf表示畸形波波峰。
有研究成果显示,在畸形波的生成、演化过程中,波面变化过程有对称特征[1],如图2所示,其中Ts表示有义周期,Ls表示有义周期对应的1阶波长。当畸形波峰值达到最大时,波峰两侧的波谷值较为接近(图2中间图);在最大波峰形成之前,波峰左侧的波谷值与右侧波谷值相比较大(图2左侧图),并在波峰增大的过程中逐渐减小;在最大波峰演化减小的过程中,波峰右侧波谷值逐渐增大,随后会逐渐超过波峰左侧的波谷值(图2右侧图)。
对于图2中左侧的波面时间过程,下跨零点波高较大,而对于图2中右侧波面时间过程,上跨零点波高较大。两组波面时间过程中均包含能量高度集中的大波,但是如果仅采用一种跨零点方法统计波高,两组大波中会有一组大波不满足畸形波定义。另外,畸形波在水平方向有明显不对称特征,对畸形波周期影响较大。因此,为了能更完整捕捉畸形波过程,以及更细致地描述畸形波形态特征,分别采用上跨零点法和下跨零点法两种方法统计畸形波的特征参数。
在水槽中共模拟122组畸形波,其特征参数范围见表1Lf表示畸形波波长,ε表示一阶波陡,Tup表示上跨畸形波周期,Tdown表示下跨畸形波周期,Hup表示上跨畸形波波高,Hdown表示下跨畸形波波高。图3给出了一组畸形波模拟结果示例,图3(a)描述了测点位置固定时,畸形波波面的时间历程,图3(b)描述了畸形波发生时刻空间各测点处的波面。从表1中可以看出,上跨零点波高和下跨零点波高的最小值相差3%,而上跨零点周期和下跨零点周期相差14%,差异相对较大,这是由畸形波波面水平方向不对称引起的。
为了分析采用规则波理论估算畸形波波长的精度和畸形波波长的影响因素,下面对在相同波高和周期条件下的畸形波、1阶线性波、3阶和5阶Stokes波的波长进行对比分析。1阶线性波、3阶和5阶Stokes波波长计算方法分别见式(4)~(6)[16]
式中,L1L3L5分别表示1阶、3阶和5阶Stokes波的波长,对应的波数k1=2π/L1k3=2π/L3k5=2π/L5c=cosh4k5ds=sinh4k5d
本文共模拟了122组畸形波,根据畸形波发生时刻的波面空间分布,分别统计出物理模拟畸形波的上跨零点波长和下跨零点波长。表2给出了畸形波波长与规则波波长对比结果,精度采用无量纲差值δ描述,见式(7)。
式中,δ下标ave、max和min分别表示n个样本的平均值、最大值和最小值。本研究中n=122。Lfi表示第i个样本畸形波的波长,Lsi表示与第i个样本畸形波相同波高和周期条件下规则波的波长。由δ表达式(7)可知,δ值越小,规则波理论估算的波长结果与畸形波波长越接近,精度越高。表2中1ord、3ord和5ord分别对应1阶线性波、3阶和5阶Stokes波工况,up、down、mean表示波长统计方法,分别对应上跨零点波长、下跨零点波长,以及上跨零点波长和下跨零点波长的平均值。
表2中可以看出,在当前试验范围内,相同阶数的色散关系,平均波长工况(mean)的δ值小于等于上跨零点波长工况(up)和下跨零点波长工况(down)的δ值,采用1阶线性、3阶和5阶色散关系估算畸形波平均波长最大相对误差分别为30%、26%和26%,即采用规则波理论估算畸形波平均波长(mean)的精度最高,估算畸形波上跨零点波长的精度最低,采用1阶线性、3阶和5阶色散关系估算畸形波上跨零点波长最大相对误差分别为41%、40%和40%。平均波长精度高是因为采用平均值减小了波形水平不对称的影响,波长统计结果更加稳定。因此本研究重点关注畸形波平均波长估算方法,后文出现的畸形波波长均为平均波长,即上跨零点波长和下跨零点波长的平均值。对于相同的统计波长方法,3阶和5阶色散关系估算结果精度较高,且精度参数δ一致。由此可见,3阶精度足以描述高阶谐波对波长的影响。
为了分析提高畸形波波长计算精度的方法,图4给出畸形波波长与具有相同波高和周期为3阶Stokes波波长两者随周期变化的对比。图中Lf表示畸形波试验结果,L3表示3阶Stokes波理论估算结果。从图中可以看出,采用Stokes波理论估算畸形波的波长的精度受周期影响,周期较小的畸形波波长会被低估,周期较大的畸形波波长会被高估。尽管3阶以上Stokes波具有非线性特征,但是仅能描述高阶谐波对波长的贡献。高阶谐波会增加波长,却不能描述组成波之间的非线性波-波相互作用,而非线性波-波相互作用在畸形波形成中起到了至关重要的作用,会使能量转移到高频和低频端,加宽畸形波内部的频域分布宽度,从而影响畸形波波长。如果高频能量对于波长的贡献大于低频能量就会减小波长,反之,如果低频能量对波长的贡献大于高频能量则会增加波长。对于长周期(低频)畸形波,非线性波-波相互作用产生的高频能量对波长的贡献大于低频能量的贡献,表现为减小波长,因此3阶色散关系会高估畸形波波长;对于周期适中的畸形波,非线性波-波相互作用产生的高频能量对波长的贡献与低频能量相当,综合而言对畸形波波长的影响较小,因此3阶色散关系估算畸形波波长精度较高;对于短周期(高频)畸形波,非线性波-波相互作用产生的高频能量对波长的贡献小于低频能量的贡献,表现为增加波长,因此3阶色散关系会低估畸形波波长。这是因为组成波频率本身较高,非线性波-波相互作用产生的更高频成分不稳定,容易耗散,因此对于畸形波波长的影响较小,非线性波-波相互作用产生的低频能量起主要作用。
由线性波、3阶和5阶Stokes波的波长公式即式(4)~(6)可知,波长主要取决于水深和周期,3阶以上的Stokes波波长还受描述非线性的波陡参数影响,波浪非线性越强则波长越长。畸形波是非线性很强的波浪,也需要考虑波陡对波长的影响。根据前文分析,3阶精度足以描述高阶谐波对波长的影响,3阶Stokes波波长表达式相对较为简洁,因此本研究在3阶Stokes波波长基础上,通过改进提出一个新的估算畸形波波长的半经验、半理论模型,即
式中,k3表示3阶Stokes波波数,ε表示1阶波陡,可由式(5)确定。考虑到由于3阶Stokes波理论不能考虑非线性波-波相互作用,会高估周期较大的畸形波波长(T>2.0 s),低估周期较小的畸形波波长(T<1.6 s),在表达式中增加(tanhk3d)c项,该项随着周期的增加而减小,通过选择适当的系数c来描述非线性波-波相互作用产生的高频能量对畸形波波长的影响。通过对波陡ε增加指数系数a来描述非线性波-波相互作用产生的低频能量对畸形波波长的影响。当式中a=2,b=2,c=0,e1=1和e2=0,则为3阶Stokes波长表达式。
采用回归分析方法确定参数abce1e2。令:
选取12组不同的abc值,对Y*X*进行回归分析,计算出合适的参数e1e2使得误差平方和最小。表3给出了相关系数值R图5给出了相关系数R随参数abc的变化。从图中可以看出,当a=2,b=2时,随着c的增加相关系数也增大,当c大于等于5时,增长趋势变缓;当b=2,c=5时,随着a的增加相关系数却减小;当a=1/2,c=5,b<2时,b值变化对相关系数R影响很小。综上所述,a可取1/3或1/2,b可取1/2~2,c可取5~7,这些参数值情况下对应的相关系数较大。图6给出了a=1/2,b=2,c=5工况;a=1/2,b=2,c=7工况;a=1/2,b=1,c=5工况;a=1/3,b=2,c=5工况的回归分析结果。这4组工况相关系数分别为R=0.85、R=0.86、R=0.86、R=0.85。表4给出了4组工况的无量纲差值δ(式(7)),此处Lsi为改进新模型式(8)计算结果。图7给出了改进新模型计算畸形波波长结果与物理模型试验结果和3阶Stokes波理论估算结果的对比,物理模型试验结果用实线表示,3阶Stokes波理论估算结果用虚线表示,改进模型计算结果用点划线表示,其中“LM1”,“LM2”,“LM3”和“LM4”分别对应“a=1/2,b=2,c=5”,“a=1/2,b=2,c=7”,“a=1/2,b=1,c=5”和“a=1/3,b=2,c=5”参数组合。与3阶Stokes波理论相比,改进模型计算结果与物理模型试验结果拟合得更好,尤其是在周期较长(T>2.0 s)和周期较短(T<1.6 s)的工况下。从表4中可以看出,使用本研究提出的改进新方法计算畸形波的波长,δaveδmax分别为0.04和0.09。与3阶Stokes波理论相比,平均相对误差δave减小了50%,最大相对误差减小了65%,显著提高了畸形波波长估算精度。
图6中可以看出,当a=1/2,b=2,c=7和a=1/2,b=1,c=5时,X*的大致范围是0.2~2.9,数据点在散点图的左下端较为集中,集中区X*的大致范围是0.2~1.5;当a=1/2,b=2,c=5时,X*的大致范围是0.5~3.0;当a=1/3,b=2,c=5时,X*的大致范围是0.9~3.8。根据X*的取值,选择相应取值拟合较好的一组参数计算畸形波波长。
本文采用组成波叠加的方法在波浪水槽中模拟122组二维畸形波,波陡ε范围为0.03~0.23。依据物理模型试验结果分析了采用1阶线性波、3阶和5阶Stokes波理论估算畸形波波长的精度,其中采用3阶和5阶Stokes波色散关系估算畸形波平均波长(上跨零点波长和下跨零点波长的平均值)的精度较高,但是最大相对误差仍可达26%,估算畸形波上跨零点波长的精度最低,最大误差可达41%。Stokes波理论不能描述非线性波-波相互作用,会高估周期较大的畸形波波长,低估周期较小的畸形波波长。本研究提出的改进计算方法可显著提高畸形波波长的估算精度,与3阶Stokes波理论计算结果相比,精度提高50%以上。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51509120)
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2025年第29卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.004
  • 接收时间:2024-11-11
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-11
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(51509120)
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    交通运输部天津水运工程科学研究所,港口水工建筑技术国家工程研究中心,天津 300456

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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