Article(id=1243306311123841184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306309064442584, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1732291200000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774356924085, onlineDateStr=2026-03-24, pubDate=1747670400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774356924085, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774356924085, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774356924085, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243306309064442584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='5', pageStart='681', pageEnd='848', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1774356923595, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774357065180, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243306902965301262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306309064442584, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243306902965301263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306309064442584, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=776, endPage=789, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243306311409053857, articleId=1243306311123841184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Collision characteristics of ship rotating machinery coupled with airbag-raft-limiter system subject to heaving motion, columnId=1242129251223274417, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Structural Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the collision dynamics of a marine rotating machinery integrated with an airbag-raft-limiter system under the influence of heaving motions, a dynamic model of an asymmetric system incorporating a limiter was developed. This model took into account the effect of the ship heaving motion and the limiter gap on the coupled airbag-raft-limiter system. The equations of motion were given dimensionless treatment to facilitate computational analysis. The study examined the influence of rotor speed, heaving amplitude, and limiter gap on the system’s dynamics utilizing nonlinear dynamics analysis techniques including phase diagrams, spectral responses, and energy trajectory diagrams. The findings indicate that an increase in heaving amplitude leads to collisions between the system and the limiter, causing a significant amplitude decrease while triggering a transition of motion from quasi-periodic state to chaotic state. Additionally, the collision alters the energy trajectory of the system, moving from a uniform distribution towards the collision zone.

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为了研究垂荡作用下船用旋转机械耦合浮筏-气囊-限位器系统的碰撞特性,针对船舶垂荡作用及限位器间隙对船用旋转机械耦合浮筏-气囊系统的影响,建立垂荡运动下具有限位器的非对称系统的动力学模型,并对运动方程进行无量纲化处理。利用相图、频谱响应和能量轨迹图等非线性动力学分析方法,研究转子转速、垂荡幅值和限位器间隙对系统动力学特性的影响。研究发现:在垂荡作用下的船用旋转机械耦合浮筏-气囊-限位器系统中,随着垂荡幅值的增加,系统与限位器发生碰撞,导致振幅大幅度减小,但运动状态从拟周期过渡到混沌;碰撞使系统能量轨迹由均匀分布向碰撞区域运动。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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李振华(1995-),男,硕士

李明(1963-),男,教授,博士生导师,通讯作者,E-mail:

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Advances in Mechanical Engineering, 2021, 13(12)., articleTitle=Nonlinear vibration behaviors of marine rotor system coupled with floating raft-airbag-displacement restrictor under ship heaving motion, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1243306335417250466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306311123841184, awardId=11972282, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(11972282), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1243306330308587965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306311123841184, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1243306330316976573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306311123841184, companyId=1243306330308587965, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Mechanics, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China), 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306311123841184, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of rotational speed on the system with different heaving amplitudes and frequencies, and steady state response of the system with different heaving amplitudes, figureFileSmall=EPApzqiQ9RBL2LvMK5HH3A==, figureFileBig=OfBNASuk1ArmifoQiYtcJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243306333617893921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306311123841184, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同垂荡幅值和频率下转速对系统的影响及不同垂荡幅值下系统的稳态响应, figureFileSmall=EPApzqiQ9RBL2LvMK5HH3A==, figureFileBig=OfBNASuk1ArmifoQiYtcJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243306333735334439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306311123841184, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Steady-state response of the system, figureFileSmall=Zm/A94SwDUVWVcSMnR3KmA==, figureFileBig=E41gSfp2HOvepiOsaZ9s4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243306333815026222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306311123841184, language=CN, label=图3, caption=系统的稳态响应(Ω=1,α=1,ΩH=0.01), figureFileSmall=Zm/A94SwDUVWVcSMnR3KmA==, figureFileBig=E41gSfp2HOvepiOsaZ9s4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243306333907300917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306311123841184, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Steady-state response of the system with Ω=1.56 for different heave amplitudes, figureFileSmall=8EiKEOOfs3V45EJdMiMOKQ==, figureFileBig=/d2AfZ5AT+BgkSiH8E8I8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243306333995381307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306311123841184, language=CN, label=图4, caption=Ω=1.56时,不同垂荡幅值下系统的稳态响应, figureFileSmall=8EiKEOOfs3V45EJdMiMOKQ==, figureFileBig=/d2AfZ5AT+BgkSiH8E8I8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243306334075073088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306311123841184, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Steady-state response of the system with Ω=2.42 for different heave amplitudes, figureFileSmall=plAh2N3wkORgw0i3riMlNw==, figureFileBig=9ShKsxwIRjIK+PYaPNjh7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243306334158959177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306311123841184, language=CN, label=图5, caption=Ω=2.42时,不同垂荡幅值下系统的稳态响应, figureFileSmall=plAh2N3wkORgw0i3riMlNw==, figureFileBig=9ShKsxwIRjIK+PYaPNjh7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243306334238650959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306311123841184, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Steady-state response of the system with Ω=3.14 for different heave amplitudes, figureFileSmall=FxYdFjp8KjcVTUZQmXN3vA==, figureFileBig=/3xzwiF3x5TwgrYxWR75iA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243306334330925652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306311123841184, language=CN, label=图6, caption=Ω=3.14时,不同垂荡幅值下系统的稳态响应, figureFileSmall=FxYdFjp8KjcVTUZQmXN3vA==, figureFileBig=/3xzwiF3x5TwgrYxWR75iA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243306334410617433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306311123841184, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Relationship between limiter gap and vibration amplitude for different heaving amplitudes, figureFileSmall=GF2d8cc4WtY6FffGfCKEyg==, figureFileBig=//ZRen8qbd6vNFdks4Cp2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243306334498697824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306311123841184, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同垂荡幅值下限位器间隙与振幅关系, figureFileSmall=GF2d8cc4WtY6FffGfCKEyg==, figureFileBig=//ZRen8qbd6vNFdks4Cp2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243306334578389606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306311123841184, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Elastic potential energy trajectory diagram of the raft-airbag (Ω=1, ΩH=0.01, α=1), figureFileSmall=fsXjY/RBYSSKP4aouNcjSA==, figureFileBig=F9Gzrur7kBt3a5DF9d+AKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243306334649692781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306311123841184, language=CN, label=图8, caption=浮筏-气囊的弹性势能轨迹图(Ω=1,ΩH=0.01,α=1), figureFileSmall=fsXjY/RBYSSKP4aouNcjSA==, figureFileBig=F9Gzrur7kBt3a5DF9d+AKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243306334733578868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306311123841184, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Elastic potential energy trajectory diagram of the raft-airbag (Ω=1, ΩH=0.01, ε=3500), figureFileSmall=Z9i3HMDtiWNbq0huvNsFcQ==, figureFileBig=ZPAKv4aJCPVCegfqjylhQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243306334821659258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306311123841184, language=CN, label=图9, caption=浮筏-气囊的弹性势能轨迹图(Ω=1,ΩH=0.01,ε=3500), figureFileSmall=Z9i3HMDtiWNbq0huvNsFcQ==, figureFileBig=ZPAKv4aJCPVCegfqjylhQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243306334926516864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306311123841184, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Dimensionless parameter expressions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称参数符号表达式
无量纲位移xX1X2X3X4x0/ex1/ex2/ex3/ex4/e
无量纲限位器间隙αδ/e
垂荡无量纲幅值εaH/e
质量比nme/m
转子无量纲转速Ω
无量纲垂荡频率ΩH
浮筏-气囊无量纲垂向固有频率Ωn
浮筏-气囊无量纲转动惯量JJ0/(me2)
限位器弹力无量纲力矩M/(mge)
浮筏无量纲长度、宽度γβb/ea/e
无量纲时间τωt
), ArticleFig(id=1243306335014597255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306311123841184, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

无量纲参数表达式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称参数符号表达式
无量纲位移xX1X2X3X4x0/ex1/ex2/ex3/ex4/e
无量纲限位器间隙αδ/e
垂荡无量纲幅值εaH/e
质量比nme/m
转子无量纲转速Ω
无量纲垂荡频率ΩH
浮筏-气囊无量纲垂向固有频率Ωn
浮筏-气囊无量纲转动惯量JJ0/(me2)
限位器弹力无量纲力矩M/(mge)
浮筏无量纲长度、宽度γβb/ea/e
无量纲时间τωt
), ArticleFig(id=1243306335127843469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306311123841184, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Range of values for the ship heaving parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数符号取值
垂荡幅值ε0~5000
垂荡频率ΩH0~0.03
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船舶垂荡参数取值范围

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参数符号取值
垂荡幅值ε0~5000
垂荡频率ΩH0~0.03
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垂荡运动下船用旋转机械耦合浮筏-气囊-限位器系统的碰撞特性研究
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李振华 , 李明
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2025,29(5): 776-789
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船舶力学 | 结构力学 2025, 29(5): 776-789
垂荡运动下船用旋转机械耦合浮筏-气囊-限位器系统的碰撞特性研究
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李振华, 李明
作者信息
  • 西安科技大学 力学系,西安 710054
  • 李振华(1995-),男,硕士

    李明(1963-),男,教授,博士生导师,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Collision characteristics of ship rotating machinery coupled with airbag-raft-limiter system subject to heaving motion
Zhen-hua LI, Ming LI
Affiliations
  • Department of Mechanics, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.010
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为了研究垂荡作用下船用旋转机械耦合浮筏-气囊-限位器系统的碰撞特性,针对船舶垂荡作用及限位器间隙对船用旋转机械耦合浮筏-气囊系统的影响,建立垂荡运动下具有限位器的非对称系统的动力学模型,并对运动方程进行无量纲化处理。利用相图、频谱响应和能量轨迹图等非线性动力学分析方法,研究转子转速、垂荡幅值和限位器间隙对系统动力学特性的影响。研究发现:在垂荡作用下的船用旋转机械耦合浮筏-气囊-限位器系统中,随着垂荡幅值的增加,系统与限位器发生碰撞,导致振幅大幅度减小,但运动状态从拟周期过渡到混沌;碰撞使系统能量轨迹由均匀分布向碰撞区域运动。

垂荡运动  /  浮筏-气囊-限位器  /  碰撞

To investigate the collision dynamics of a marine rotating machinery integrated with an airbag-raft-limiter system under the influence of heaving motions, a dynamic model of an asymmetric system incorporating a limiter was developed. This model took into account the effect of the ship heaving motion and the limiter gap on the coupled airbag-raft-limiter system. The equations of motion were given dimensionless treatment to facilitate computational analysis. The study examined the influence of rotor speed, heaving amplitude, and limiter gap on the system’s dynamics utilizing nonlinear dynamics analysis techniques including phase diagrams, spectral responses, and energy trajectory diagrams. The findings indicate that an increase in heaving amplitude leads to collisions between the system and the limiter, causing a significant amplitude decrease while triggering a transition of motion from quasi-periodic state to chaotic state. Additionally, the collision alters the energy trajectory of the system, moving from a uniform distribution towards the collision zone.

heaving motion  /  airbag-floating raft-limiter  /  collision
李振华, 李明. 垂荡运动下船用旋转机械耦合浮筏-气囊-限位器系统的碰撞特性研究. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (5) : 776 -789 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.010
Zhen-hua LI, Ming LI. Collision characteristics of ship rotating machinery coupled with airbag-raft-limiter system subject to heaving motion[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (5) : 776 -789 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.010
船舶在航行过程中有多种不可控因素,在遇到恶劣的海况时,船舶会发生剧烈的垂荡、纵摇和横摇等运动[1],即使在海上正常的航行过程中,垂荡运动也是一种常见的现象。船体垂荡通常具有一定的周期性,与海浪的周期相对应,这意味着船体会随海浪的起伏而运动,其运动频率取决于海浪的频率。虽然船体垂荡频率低于船用浮筏-气囊耦合旋转机械系统的工作频率,但在垂荡运动下产生的牵连惯性力对旋转机械系统的正常运行影响较大。因此,研究垂荡运动下浮筏-气囊系统的动力学特性,可为浮筏-气囊的参数优化提供更准确的理论数据。
浮筏-气囊隔振系统是一种用于减振和隔振的装置,广泛应用于船舶、海洋平台和海上结构等领域[2-3],它能够有效减小船舶或者海洋平台在海浪等外部作用力下的振动和冲击,从而提高船舶的稳定性,减少结构疲劳和损坏的风险。一些学者对浮筏-气囊隔振系统的动力学特性进行了较深入的研究,结果表明浮筏-气囊隔振系统与旋转机械系统同样具有复杂的动力学行为,出现了单周期、倍周期、拟周期和混沌等现象[4-6]。吕志强等[7]将气囊隔振器应用在浮筏隔振装置中,可显著提高低频隔振效果,研究还发现了通过调节气囊压力保持筏架姿态平衡的可行性。上述对浮筏-气囊的隔振性能及动力学特性的研究,为隔振系统的振动控制及参数优化提供了理论支撑。
限位器是一种用于控制和限制机械或者设备运动范围的装置[8],其主要功能是在机械或者设备到达预定位置时,通过触发信号停止动作或改变运动方向,从而防止因超过运动范围而导致损坏或事故的发生。在船用旋转机械中,近年来的一些研究表明,选择较小的限位器间隙和匹配合理的刚度有利于减小系统的共振[9-10]。船舶在海上航行时会遇到恶劣的海况,这对船舶机械系统中的旋转机械是一个巨大的挑战,如限位器设计或安装不恰当,可能会造成机械设备发生损坏或者限位器无法发挥作用。因此,限位器的参数优化及设计研究就显得尤为重要。
接触碰撞在实际工程中是一种广泛存在的力学现象。由于碰撞过程时间短暂且同时伴随能量损失,因此根据碰撞时的接触情况将碰撞分为完全弹性碰撞、非完全弹性碰撞与塑性碰撞[11-13],又根据碰撞时有无摩擦分为光滑碰撞与非光滑碰撞[14]。相关学者对碰撞问题进行了实验和理论研究,王旭鹏等[15]在考虑材料屈服强度和初始碰撞速度的基础上,提出了一种变恢复系数模型,基于实验对系统进行了有效性和准确性验证;吴鑫等[16]建立了一类单自由度受拟周期激励的具有悬臂结构的碰撞振动系统,通过数值模拟发现系统在一定参数范围内会出现奇异非混沌及多稳态共存的现象;文智华[17]建立了二自由度两类含非线性约束的机械碰撞振动系统,通过数值计算得到该类动力学模型的动力学特性。另外,一些学者还研究了具有间隙并受到谐波激励的机械振动系统,通过多参数和多性能仿真分析,揭示了动态性能与系统参数之间的关系和匹配规律[18-20]
上述工作对浮筏-气囊的隔振特性和限位器的参数优化,以及机械碰撞的动力学行为进行了深入研究。然而,对于具有浮筏-气囊结构的旋转机械系统,研究其在牵连运动下与限位器碰撞的动力学行为及限位器的参数优化非常必要。因此,本文将重点探讨垂荡运动下船用旋转机械耦合浮筏-气囊系统与限位器碰撞的非线性动力学行为。
垂荡运动下船用旋转机械耦合浮筏-气囊-限位器碰撞示意图及三维模型如图1所示。为了便于研究问题,现做如下假设:(1)实际工况中浮筏-气囊-限位器耦合旋转机械系统的安装位置不在船体中心,但为了便于计算,假设系统的安装位置处于船体中心。(2)浮筏与旋转机械为一个整体,质量为m,转子偏心产生的偏心质量为me及偏心距e,浮筏长度为b、宽度为a。船舶在垂荡过程中,系统相对于船体的垂向位移为x0,偏转角度为θ。气囊的刚度为三次非线性刚度,且被简化为三次非线性的弹性力,设其弹性力的大小为。限位器的刚度为线性刚度,刚度为k2。垂向阻尼为线性阻尼,总阻尼因子为c。(3)垂荡产生的牵连位移简化为移动基础位移xH。(4)碰撞接触为点接触,假定在水平方向不存在滑动摩擦,碰撞为非完全弹性碰撞,碰撞前后系统速度发生改变。根据分析力学相关理论建立系统振动微分方程。
船用旋转机械耦合浮筏-气囊系统与限位器碰撞时,四个碰撞点x1x2x3x4的位移有以下关系:
系统总动能可表示为
式中,xz=x0+xH为系统绝对位移,J0为浮筏转动惯量,J1为旋转机械的转动惯量,νxνy分别为偏心质量me在水平和竖直方向的速度,可分别表示为
经整理可得到系统的总动能为
系统的Rayleigh耗散函数为
由于恶劣海况等因素的影响,可能使系统发生大幅度振荡从而与限位器碰撞。因此,对系统与限位器碰撞作如下假设:系统与限位器碰撞为无摩擦碰撞且碰撞前后只存在能量损失;碰撞只考虑垂向接触。则四个碰撞点在垂向的限位器弹力大小为
式中,σi为限位器的变形量,可表示为
式中,x10为旋转机械耦合浮筏-气囊系统的静平衡位移,满足以下关系式:
则系统的限位器弹力为
系统与限位器碰撞而产生的力矩可表示为
在碰撞处,即xi-x10 > δi=1,2)或xi-x10 < -δi=3,4)时,碰撞前后的速度可表示为
式中:分别表示碰撞前后的瞬时速度;μψ为碰撞恢复系数,碰撞恢复系数表示原有系统的刚体平动携带的整体动能因碰撞产生的能量重新分配,反映了碰撞过程中系统能量的损失程度[21]。由于系统上下间隙不一致,因此系统为非对称系统,μ1表示系统与上限位器碰撞的碰撞恢复系数,μ2表示系统与下限位器碰撞的碰撞恢复系数。
为了更准确地描述系统在碰撞过程中的状态,本文引入气囊的三次非线性弹性势能表征系统在碰撞过程中状态的变化,其表达式为
Lagrange函数中广义力向量Qj包括重力、限位器弹力和力矩,可表示为
式中,Θ为Heaviside函数,其具体表达形式为
根据第二类Lagrange方程
式中,qj为广义坐标,T为系统动能,Qj为广义力,u为弹性势能。则系统的运动微分方程为
式中,船体在垂荡作用下产生的位移满足正弦关系[21-23],即xH=aHsinωHt。因此,船舶在垂荡牵连运动下的垂荡加速度表达式为
式中,aH是垂荡幅值,ωH是垂荡频率。令,总阻尼因子c=2 mζωn,其中ζ为阻尼比,ωn为浮筏-气囊的固有频率,λ为特征长度。将式(18)整理为
为去除物理量单位的影响,简化后续分析,利用浮筏-气囊质量m和偏心距e对运动微分方程进行无量纲化处理,无量纲参数见表1
对方程无量纲化作以下规定:。则系统的无量纲运动微分方程为
式中,限位器弹力F可无量纲化为Fi,其表示为
式中,φ=k2/k1,其中φ为比例系数,σi的无量纲化形式,即
式中,四个碰撞点Xii=1,2,3,4)的位移无量纲方程为
式中,限位器力矩Mi无量纲化后的方程为
对引入的三次非线性气囊弹性势能进行无量纲化后,其表达式为
考虑到气囊的三次非线性特性及限位器的分段弹性力函数,采用45阶龙格-库塔求解系统的无量纲振动微分方程。浮筏-气囊耦合船用旋转机械系统的各无量纲参数取值如下:浮筏无量纲宽度β=400,浮筏无量纲长度γ=3200,质量比n=0.01,浮筏无量纲垂荡频率Ωn=0.5,阻尼比ζ=0.1,特征长度λ=20,比例系数φ=20,浮筏-气囊的无量纲转动惯量J=8.67×105。在数值模拟过程中,选择系统运动周期的1/100作为计算步长,系统的初始值为x=4.0,x′=0,θ=0.0001,θ′=0。浮筏-气囊与限位器未碰撞时,系统的碰撞恢复系数μ1=μ2=1,浮筏-气囊与限位器碰撞时,系统的碰撞恢复系数μ1=0.74,μ2=0.8[15]。船舶在发生垂荡运动时,其垂荡幅值及垂荡频率取值范围见表2[24]
图2为不同垂荡幅值和频率下转速对系统的影响及不同垂荡幅值下系统的稳态响应。图2(a)为不同转速下垂荡幅值对系统的影响,限位器间隙α=1,垂荡频率ΩH=0.01。系统无限位器时,位移随着垂荡幅值的增大呈近似线性增长且没有下降趋势,这表明垂荡运动对于系统的振幅影响较大。系统中含有限位器且垂荡幅值ε < 2700时,浮筏-气囊不与限位器碰撞,系统振幅仍呈近似线性增加。低转速下浮筏-气囊的振幅随着垂荡幅值的增大而呈近乎线性增大,高转速下浮筏-气囊振幅曲线由于转速的影响,其振幅有一定波动。
垂荡幅值2700≤ε<2850时,浮筏-气囊单侧与限位器发生碰撞,系统振幅曲线的斜率迅速减小,表明限位器对系统振幅影响较大。垂荡幅值ε≥2850时,浮筏-气囊与双侧限位器发生碰撞,系统幅值变化较小,并且高转速下其幅值在一定范围内振荡,表明垂荡激励对系统影响达到了最大,转速对系统的影响开始显现。
图2(b)为不同转速下垂荡频率对系统的影响,限位器间隙α=1,垂荡幅值ε=2000。不同转速条件下,垂荡频率ΩH < 0.012时,随着垂荡频率的增加,系统的振幅呈非线性增大且斜率越来越大,表明系统与限位器碰撞前,系统幅值随着垂荡频率的增加而快速增大。当垂荡频率ΩH ≥ 0.012时,系统与单侧限位器发生碰撞,转子转速Ω=1的系统幅值在局部有下降趋势,其余转子转速的振幅增速开始减小,表明限位器对低转速系统影响较大。垂荡频率0.017 ≤ΩH≤ 0.026,转子转速Ω=2.42时,系统的振幅高于其他转速下的振幅,表明在此垂荡频率区间及转速下系统对限位器的冲击力较大。
图2(c)为不同垂荡幅值下系统的稳态响应,限位器间隙α=1,垂荡频率ΩH=0.01,转子转速Ω=1。当垂荡幅值ε=0时,系统中只存在转子偏心引起的激振力,系统呈周期性运动。随着垂荡幅值ε增加到2000,系统振幅明显增加,此时系统以垂荡牵连力作大周期运动,以转子不平衡引起的激振力做小周期运动,表明垂荡激励对系统幅值影响较大。当垂荡幅值ε=2700时,系统幅值仍在增加且与单侧限位器发生碰撞,此时系统与限位器发生微碰撞导致系统运动幅值发生改变。随着垂荡幅值的不断增大,系统与限位器的碰撞方式发生了改变,从微碰撞过渡到严重碰撞。系统振幅的增速快速减小,系统的运动状态发生改变。
图3展示了垂荡频率ΩH=0.01、限位器间隙α=1、转子转速Ω=1时,不同垂荡幅值情况下系统的稳态响应。图3(a)为垂荡幅值ε=2000时系统的稳态响应。时域响应图中,垂荡运动使得系统的位移呈稳定的大周期振动,局部放大图为转子不平衡激励引起系统的小周期振动。对应的频谱图中出现了垂荡频率fH和2倍的垂荡频率及工频f1,且垂荡频率占比最大,表明垂荡作用是影响系统运动状态的主要原因。同时,从频谱图中也可以看出系统作周期性运动,系统的相图为均匀的“圆环”状,其运动状态是准周期的。
图3(b)为垂荡幅值ε=2700时系统的稳态响应。时域响应图中系统的振幅随着垂荡幅值的增大而增大,且系统与下限位器发生微碰撞。这是因为此系统为非对称系统,由于浮筏-气囊及旋转机械的重力作用导致系统与单侧限位器碰撞。局部放大图中,系统微碰撞部分的振荡幅度增大。相图中系统的左侧发生突变,系统的运行状态开始由稳定向不稳定过渡。频域响应图中垂荡频率fH占比最大,同时出现了2倍垂荡频率和工频f1,说明系统与限位器发生微碰撞的情况下,其运动状态未发生改变,系统运动状态为准周期。
图3(c)为垂荡幅值ε=3500时系统的稳态响应。时域响应图中,系统振幅再次增大,但增大幅度减小,这表明系统与上下限位器的碰撞情况加剧。局部放大图中系统碰撞部分的振幅为先增大后减小,表明碰撞后能量损失导致系统振幅逐渐较小。相图中“圆环”左右两侧都发生突变,且左侧突变大于右侧,表明系统与下侧限位器碰撞情况更严重。频谱图中垂荡频率fH占比最大,2倍fH消失但出现了3fH和5fH以及一些不知名的频率,且工频附近出现连续谱,表明系统运动状态发生改变,系统的运动状态是混沌的。
图4为转子转速Ω=1.56时,不同垂荡幅值下系统的稳态响应。时域响应图中,转子转速的增大不影响系统的振幅,且系统下一个周期的运行轨迹与上一个周期运行轨迹一致;频域响应中,系统出现垂荡频率fH和工频f1,垂荡频率占比最大,工频次之。这表明在未碰撞阶段,转速对于浮筏-气囊的运动状态影响较小,垂荡作用是影响系统运动状态的主要原因。微碰撞阶段,局部放大图中碰撞区域的振幅明显增大且碰撞区域变大,碰撞后速度对系统运动状态的影响更加凸显。相图中,转子转速的增加使得相图左侧(碰撞区域)的轨迹呈倍数增加,相图的突变区域也开始扩大,这与局部放大图中系统碰撞后的轨迹相对应,表明速度的增加加剧了系统的碰撞。
随着垂荡幅值增大,时域响应图中,碰撞区域的运动轨迹混乱且碰撞区域变大,这表明系统与限位器的碰撞情况严重。局部放大图中,有无限位器对系统振幅的影响更加明显,系统运动轨迹在限位器所在位置的上下振动且振动轨迹混乱。相图中,其轨迹的左右两侧都发生突变,与低转速在严重碰撞阶段的相图相比,其相图轨迹突变幅度为低转速时的两倍。频谱响应图中,除垂荡频率fH和工频f1外,在垂荡频率和工频附近出现了连续谱和6倍fH,表明在高垂荡幅值下系统运动状态发生改变,倍频的出现体现了系统的非线性特性,连续谱及未知频率的出现则表明了此时系统的运动状态已从拟周期过渡到了混沌状态。
图5为转子转速Ω=2.42时,不同垂荡幅值下系统的稳态响应。时域响应图中在垂荡幅值ε=2000时,系统呈周期性运动。在相图中,局部相图轨迹出现不光滑的现象,这表明在无碰撞阶段转速对系统运动状态开始产生影响。频谱响应中,系统频率仍以垂荡频率fH为主,工作频率f1次之。当垂荡频率ε=2700时,系统与下限位器发生微碰撞,但碰撞轨迹与Ω=1.56时相比,系统的振动幅值大幅度减小,相图中的轨迹突变较小,且频谱图中只存在垂荡频率和工频,这表明在此转速及垂荡幅值下,系统运动的振动幅值明显减小。
垂荡幅值ε=3500时,系统与限位器发生严重碰撞。相图中,左右两侧的相轨迹突变几乎相近,这表明系统与上下限位器的碰撞情况相近,系统运动情况也更加稳定。频域响应图中,出现垂荡频率fH和工频f1以及6倍fH,并且还出现了连续谱和未知频率。倍频的出现不仅表明系统中浮筏-气囊的非线性因素,同时还说明系统的垂荡幅值过大,系统与限位器的碰撞情况严重;而连续谱和未知频率的出现,则表明此时系统的运动较为混乱,其运动状态为混沌。
图6为转子转速Ω=3.14时,不同垂荡幅值下系统的稳态响应。垂荡幅值ε=2000时,系统呈周期性运动,局部图中可以看出有无限位器不影响系统的运动状态。频谱响应图中出现垂荡频率fH和工频f1,但相图中部分区域的相图轨迹出现了不光滑的现象,这是由于转子转速增大引起的。垂荡幅值ε=2700时,系统单侧与限位器发生微碰撞。局部放大图中,碰撞区域的系统轨迹仅在响应曲线的峰值处出现波动,整体上由于碰撞导致系统振动幅值增大,较上一个转速,系统碰撞情况加重。相图中碰撞区域的相图轨迹大于上一个转速Ω=2.42的轨迹且碰撞区域附近系统的相图轨迹出现振荡现象,这表明转速的增大使得碰撞的影响范围增大。频域响应图中出现垂荡频率fH和工频f1。垂荡幅值ε=3500时,系统与双侧限位器发生了严重碰撞。局部放大图中,碰撞区域的系统运动轨迹出现不稳定的振荡现象。频域响应图中出现了f1/2工频,同时出现了连续谱,表明系统的运动状态发生改变,且转子转速对系统运动状态的影响增大,系统由拟周期进入混沌。
图7为不同转速条件下浮筏-气囊振幅随限位器间隙的变化关系图。在系统与限位器的碰撞阶段,系统的位移随限位器间隙的增大呈线性增大。在无碰撞阶段,系统幅值达到最大且不再随限位器间隙的改变而变化。垂荡幅值ε=2000时,限位器间隙α增大到0.8后,系统的幅值达到最大,为1.46;在垂荡幅值ε=2700时,限位器间隙α增大到1后,系统幅值达到最大,为1.97;在垂荡幅值ε=3500时,限位器间隙增大到1.3后,系统的幅值达到最大,为2.54。表明当系统无限位器时,垂荡幅值越大,系统的振动幅值越大,且系统幅值与转速无关。在浮筏-气囊与单侧限位器碰撞时,其振幅的增速减小,且转速越大,系统幅值减小越明显。当转子转速Ω=2.42时(如图7(c)),在碰撞阶段随着限位器间隙的增大,不同垂荡幅值的曲线几乎重合。这表明在此转速下垂荡幅值的增加对系统运动状态的影响较小,此现象与上述转子转速Ω=2.42时系统的稳态响应吻合。
碰撞引起的振动不仅造成能量的损耗,同时也会导致设备的故障或损坏,增大了船舶的安全风险,也降低了隐蔽性。因此,通过对浮筏-气囊弹性势能的分析可以有效检测旋转机械对船舶的影响,对系统的振动控制具有重要意义。下面重点讨论不同垂荡幅值及不同限位器间隙对浮筏-气囊弹性势能特性的影响。
图8为转子转速Ω=1、垂荡频率ΩH=0.01、限位器间隙α=1时,不同垂荡幅值下浮筏-气囊的非线性弹性势能轨迹图。图8(a)为垂荡幅值ε=2000时,浮筏-气囊的弹性势能的能量轨迹。垂荡幅值ε=2000时,系统处于无碰撞状态,三维空间浮筏-气囊的弹性势能轨迹呈阶梯状上升,其能量轨迹在θoz平面的投影为下宽上窄,这是由于浮筏-气囊重力的影响;而在xoz平面的投影则为一条光滑曲线。垂荡幅值ε=2700时,系统与限位器产生微碰撞,如图8(b)所示。微碰撞对x方向影响较小,但在系统的θ方向却产生较大的影响。在无碰撞区域,浮筏-气囊的能量轨迹变窄,而在碰撞区域浮筏-气囊的能量轨迹向两侧扩展,与低垂荡幅值相比,系统碰撞区域在θ方向的能量轨迹扩大了一个量级。垂荡幅值ε=3500时,如图8(c)所示,系统与上下限位器产生严重碰撞,系统能量轨迹呈“工”字形,能量轨迹主要集中在碰撞区域。垂荡程度的加深使能量轨迹在θ方向又增加了一个量级,且下部能量轨迹宽度大于上部能量宽度,表明对于非对称系统下限位器碰撞强度大于上限位器碰撞强度。能量轨迹集中在碰撞区域且轨迹杂乱,表明此时系统处于混沌状态。
图9为转子转速Ω=1、垂荡频率ΩH=0.01、垂荡幅值ε=3500时,不同限位器间隙的浮筏-气囊非线性弹性势能轨迹图。当限位器间隙α=0.6时,如图9(a)所示,由于限位器间隙较小,系统与上下限位器均发生了极为严重的碰撞现象,相较于上限位器碰撞的能量轨迹,下限位器碰撞的能量轨迹更为突出,且能量主要集中在碰撞区域。在碰撞区域系统的能量轨迹混乱,表明此时系统的运动状态为混沌。当限位器间隙α=1.1时,如图9(b)所示,此时系统仍与限位器发生严重碰撞,且上限位器能量轨迹大于下限位器,表明限位器间隙的增大使系统的碰撞方式发生改变。当限位器间隙α=1.3时,如图9(c)所示,系统与下限位器发生微碰撞,能量分布呈梯状,碰撞区域减小且能量轨迹与严重碰撞相比,其轨迹大约减小了一个量级,表明微碰撞对系统运动状态影响较小。
本文重点研究了垂荡作用下船用旋转机械耦合浮筏-气囊-限位器的碰撞特性,考虑了船舶垂荡作用和限位器间隙对船用转子耦合浮筏-气囊系统的影响,建立了垂荡作用下含间隙的非对称系统的动力学模型,并对方程进行无量纲化处理,采用数值求解得到系统的稳态响应,分析了垂荡作用下系统的碰撞特性。研究发现:
(1)垂荡作用下船用旋转机械耦合浮筏-气囊-限位器系统的碰撞运动状态,随垂荡幅值的增大表现为拟周期→混沌,在无碰撞阶段转子转速的增加加速了系统进入混沌状态。
(2)垂荡作用下浮筏-气囊系统的弹性势能能量轨迹在未碰撞阶段呈阶梯状,随着碰撞程度的增加能量轨迹变为工字状,碰撞使系统在θ方向的能量轨迹变化明显,且能量主要集中在碰撞区域。
(3)垂荡作用下船用旋转机械耦合浮筏-气囊-限位器系统,相比无限位器时系统的振动幅值,限位器有效抑制了系统振动幅值的增大;随着限位器间隙的增大,其振动幅值近似线性增加直至限位器失去作用;系统与限位器产生严重碰撞时,减小限位器间隙可以有效控制系统的振动幅值但不改变系统的运动状态。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(11972282)
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2025年第29卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.05.010
  • 接收时间:2024-11-23
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-23
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(11972282)
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    西安科技大学 力学系,西安 710054

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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