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In this paper, a NURBS-based geometric parametric level set topology optimization method is proposed to address the challenges faced by the traditional topology optimization method in seamlessly integrating CAD and CAE and dealing with the fragmentation between geometric modeling, structural analysis, and optimization design for complex ship structures. Firstly, the ship structure is immersed in a three-variable NURBS 3D solid structure. Then, a ray-tracing-algorithm is employed to quickly determine the relevant geometric information of the design domain, boundary, and load application area, such as units and control points, in order to establish the NURBS-based geometric parametric level set topology optimization method. By this method, the limitations of traditional NURBS-based topology optimization, which is restricted by regular NURBS topology, are overcome. The method can handle any complex CAD model. It is demonstrated through numerical examples that the computational efficiency of the algorithm can be improved by more than 30% compared to the traditional geometric SIMP method.

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针对复杂船舶结构“几何建模-结构分析-优化设计”相互割裂,交互繁琐低效,以及传统拓扑优化方法难于实现CAD和CAE无缝融合等问题,本文提出基于非均匀有理B样条(NURBS)的等几何参数化水平集结构拓扑优化方法,并用于二维和三维拓扑优化。对于三维复杂结构,将船舶结构数模浸入到三变量NURBS三维实体结构中,然后通过光线追踪算法来快速确定设计域、边界和载荷施加区域的相关单元、控制点等几何信息,进而建立基于NURBS和浸入方法的等几何参数化水平集拓扑优化方法。该方法克服了传统的等几何拓扑优化受限于规则NURBS拓扑的限制,可处理复杂CAD模型。数值算例表明相较于传统的等几何SIMP方法,该算法计算效率可提升30%以上。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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汪雪良(1977-),男,博士,研究员

陈帅(1996-),男,硕士,工程师

刘辉(1985-),男,博士,副教授,博士生导师

祝雪峰(1979-),男,博士,副教授,博士生导师,通讯作者,E-mail:

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caption=Two-dimensional design domain and level set model, figureFileSmall=74F7ins0pRElcTS7+34jeA==, figureFileBig=TBf3gNC+/DInrYN7KFUAAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243306191246442997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306173764584404, language=CN, label=图1, caption=二维设计域及水平集模型, figureFileSmall=74F7ins0pRElcTS7+34jeA==, figureFileBig=TBf3gNC+/DInrYN7KFUAAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243306191451963903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306173764584404, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Spatial discretization of the quarter-ring model for isogeometric and finite element units respectively, figureFileSmall=3MDrm9aV0b78RPP/FhgxGw==, figureFileBig=etBI7TMf80148Ytakp5aWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243306191540044290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306173764584404, language=CN, label=图2, caption=四分之一圆环模型的等几何分析和有限元空间离散, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306173764584404, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Level-set function corresponding to the initial topology, figureFileSmall=o3Gr2uWcD+XvKPsSmpq+rA==, figureFileBig=vqvlVWekMHSGrVjjHXEK5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243306193775608356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306173764584404, language=CN, label=图6, caption=初始拓扑结构对应的水平集函数(算例1), figureFileSmall=o3Gr2uWcD+XvKPsSmpq+rA==, figureFileBig=vqvlVWekMHSGrVjjHXEK5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243306193872077349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306173764584404, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Plane topology after optimization for Example 1, figureFileSmall=Zd5tECgeKw0kXp3ZDDTmTA==, figureFileBig=CFtryHL4CotqkdRD4T0Ujw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243306193964352041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243306194668995137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306173764584404, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Optimal topology after optimization for Example 2, figureFileSmall=6/4oha3BO5cR+OMgJlYxSw==, figureFileBig=u7i7RJo5lnlyMsaKObHBZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243306194769658439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306173764584404, language=CN, label=图11, caption=优化后的最优拓扑结构(算例2), figureFileSmall=6/4oha3BO5cR+OMgJlYxSw==, figureFileBig=u7i7RJo5lnlyMsaKObHBZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243306194853544520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306173764584404, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=3D level-set function corresponding to the optimized topology for Example 2, figureFileSmall=VkuaX2HVDnwzB54RMv0yCA==, figureFileBig=QWw2YBjQRxxDfOFujXP8uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243306194950013516, 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articleId=1243306173764584404, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Topology optimization results of 3D isogeometric NURBS level set, figureFileSmall=dS8/aNXCjQH7UzrZWEHMAQ==, figureFileBig=4pFO464AlIUKLynmZpFK7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243306195382026845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306173764584404, language=CN, label=图14, caption=三维等几何NURBS水平集拓扑优化结果(算例3), figureFileSmall=dS8/aNXCjQH7UzrZWEHMAQ==, figureFileBig=4pFO464AlIUKLynmZpFK7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243306195474301536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306173764584404, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Schematic diagram of connection bridge in trimaran cabin structure, figureFileSmall=97sd97mxEA/8/0TJZK7+tQ==, figureFileBig=9SKCUcIYGKeMXckz4dgl0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243306195566576228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306173764584404, language=CN, 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Comparison of topology optimization efficiencies between isogeometric level-set and finite element level-set with the same degree of freedom

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方法自由度耗时/s柔顺度迭代步数
等几何(IGA)12 1583191112
有限元(FEA)13 7615291198
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同等自由度下等几何水平集拓扑优化和有限元水平集拓扑优化效率对比

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方法自由度耗时/s柔顺度迭代步数
等几何(IGA)12 1583191112
有限元(FEA)13 7615291198
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Material properties of the ship

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材料型号弹性模量/MPa泊松比σm/MPaσp0.2/MPaσsw/MPa
5083-H11670000.3305215125
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船体材料属性

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船舶结构NURBS等几何参数化水平集拓扑优化方法
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汪雪良 1, 2 , 陈帅 1, 2 , 刘辉 3 , 张世林 4 , 李政杰 1, 2 , 李飞 1, 2 , 赵南 1, 2 , 祝雪峰 4, 5
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2025,29(4): 610-618
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船舶力学 | 结构力学 2025, 29(4): 610-618
船舶结构NURBS等几何参数化水平集拓扑优化方法
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汪雪良1, 2, 陈帅1, 2, 刘辉3, 张世林4, 李政杰1, 2, 李飞1, 2, 赵南1, 2, 祝雪峰4, 5
作者信息
  • 1.中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 2.深海技术科学太湖实验室,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 3.武汉大学 土木建筑工程学院,武汉 430072
  • 4.大连理工大学 运载工程与力学学部,辽宁 大连 116024
  • 5.工业装备结构分析优化与CAE软件全国重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116024
  • 汪雪良(1977-),男,博士,研究员

    陈帅(1996-),男,硕士,工程师

    刘辉(1985-),男,博士,副教授,博士生导师

    祝雪峰(1979-),男,博士,副教授,博士生导师,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Topology optimization of NURBS-based isogeometric parameterized level set for complex ship structures
Xue-liang WANG1, 2, Shuai CHEN1, 2, Hui LIU3, Shi-lin ZHANG4, Zheng-jie LI1, 2, Fei LI1, 2, Nan ZHAO1, 2, Xue-feng ZHU4, 5
Affiliations
  • 1.China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, China
  • 2.Taihu Laboratory of Deepsea Technology Science, Wuxi 214082, China
  • 3.School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
  • 4.Faculty of Vehicle Engineering and Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
  • 5.State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis, Optimization and CAE Software for Industrial Equipment, Dalian 116024, China
出版时间: 2025-04-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.04.009
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针对复杂船舶结构“几何建模-结构分析-优化设计”相互割裂,交互繁琐低效,以及传统拓扑优化方法难于实现CAD和CAE无缝融合等问题,本文提出基于非均匀有理B样条(NURBS)的等几何参数化水平集结构拓扑优化方法,并用于二维和三维拓扑优化。对于三维复杂结构,将船舶结构数模浸入到三变量NURBS三维实体结构中,然后通过光线追踪算法来快速确定设计域、边界和载荷施加区域的相关单元、控制点等几何信息,进而建立基于NURBS和浸入方法的等几何参数化水平集拓扑优化方法。该方法克服了传统的等几何拓扑优化受限于规则NURBS拓扑的限制,可处理复杂CAD模型。数值算例表明相较于传统的等几何SIMP方法,该算法计算效率可提升30%以上。

等几何分析  /  拓扑优化  /  参数化水平集  /  NURBS  /  船舶结构

In this paper, a NURBS-based geometric parametric level set topology optimization method is proposed to address the challenges faced by the traditional topology optimization method in seamlessly integrating CAD and CAE and dealing with the fragmentation between geometric modeling, structural analysis, and optimization design for complex ship structures. Firstly, the ship structure is immersed in a three-variable NURBS 3D solid structure. Then, a ray-tracing-algorithm is employed to quickly determine the relevant geometric information of the design domain, boundary, and load application area, such as units and control points, in order to establish the NURBS-based geometric parametric level set topology optimization method. By this method, the limitations of traditional NURBS-based topology optimization, which is restricted by regular NURBS topology, are overcome. The method can handle any complex CAD model. It is demonstrated through numerical examples that the computational efficiency of the algorithm can be improved by more than 30% compared to the traditional geometric SIMP method.

isogeometric analysis  /  topology optimization  /  parameterized level set  /  NURBS  /  complex ship structure
汪雪良, 陈帅, 刘辉, 张世林, 李政杰, 李飞, 赵南, 祝雪峰. 船舶结构NURBS等几何参数化水平集拓扑优化方法. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (4) : 610 -618 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.04.009
Xue-liang WANG, Shuai CHEN, Hui LIU, Shi-lin ZHANG, Zheng-jie LI, Fei LI, Nan ZHAO, Xue-feng ZHU. Topology optimization of NURBS-based isogeometric parameterized level set for complex ship structures[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (4) : 610 -618 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.04.009
传统拓扑优化方法,不论是隐式方法(如SIMP,ESO,LSM等[1])还是显式方法(如MMC/MMV,几何映射法等[2-3]),均采用有限元分析方法对结构进行分析,但有限元的低阶形函数会导致数值不稳定及计算精度低等问题。此外,复杂结构在进行拓扑优化之前还需花费大量时间来划分网格。因此,亟需发展高效、高精度、以及可处理复杂结构的新型拓扑优化方法。近年来,基于等几何分析的拓扑优化方法成为结构优化领域研究热点,该方法采用NURBS或T样条等高阶连续的基函数来离散求解微分方程,具有较高的计算精度[4-5],且能够克服传统优化方法无法实现“几何建模-结构分析-优化设计”之间无缝融合的缺陷。
基于上述情形,国内外学者开始研究基于等几何分析的拓扑优化方法,Jahangiry等[6-7]提出了二维等几何水平集拓扑优化方法;Dijk和王曦等[8-9]提出三维等几何参数化水平集拓扑优化方法;王选等[10]提出了基于NURBS插值的三维渐进结构优化方法;Zhang等[11]提出了基于MMV的显式等几何拓扑优化方法;Hou[12]提出了基于MMC的显式等几何拓扑优化方法;刘宏亮等[13]提出了等几何应力约束水平集拓扑优化方法,考虑了实际问题中应力水平的限制,以避免应力集中或应力过高导致的结构断裂和疲劳破坏等现象。
虽然已有学者将传统的拓扑优化方法用等几何分析方法实现,但由于NURBS基函数不能局部加密的缺点,仍局限于处理规则拓扑结构,难于处理复杂的工程结构。鉴于此,本文提出一种基于浸入思想的NURBS等几何参数化水平集拓扑优化方法,该方法克服了等几何拓扑优化方法中不能局部加密的问题,因而可处理复杂CAD模型。
在等几何分析中,由B样条构造非均匀有理B样条(NURBS)是数值离散化的常用方法。由n个样条基函数组成的节点向量Π,是表示曲线参数坐标的非递减实数序列:
式中,p是B样条的阶数。样条参数定义域总区间[η1ηn+p+1],其中[ηiηi+1]为节点区间。给定一个节点向量,B样条基函数按照Cox-de Boor公式递归定义。
对于零阶(p=0),
对于非零阶(p>0),
基于张量积形式,构造二维B样条基函数为
其中,Bipη)和Bjqζ)分别为对应于节点向量Π={η1η2...ηn+p+1}和H={ζ1ζ2...ζm+q+1}的p阶和q阶的单变量B样条基函数。NURBS基函数是从B样条中通过赋予每个基函数一个正权值wi来获得的:
通过张量积公式,构造二维NURBS基函数为
式中,wi,j是对应于张量积BipηBjq的权重值。
在水平集方法中,结构边界∂隐式表示为高一维水平集函数Φxt)的零水平集,它是Lipschitz连续的,其中t是伪时间。在参考域DRdd=2或3)上定义水平集函数Φxt),用水平集表示的二维模型如图1所示。结构水平集的数学表达式为
水平集函数Φxt)对伪时间t求导,得到Hamilton-Jacobi方程:
式中,法向速度vn=(∂x/∂t)·(∇Φ/|∇Φ|)是初始水平集函数。求解Hamilton-Jacobi偏微分方程,使边界沿法线方向移动。
在传统的水平集方法中,水平集模型数学上通常表示为Hamilton-Jacobi偏微分方程。然而,求解Hamilton-Jacobi方程是困难和耗时的。为了解决这个问题,可采用参数化水平集方法,也就是将Hamilton-Jacobi问题转换为常微分方程。有几种不同的插值函数可用于此参数化,例如,线性B样条基函数、全局支撑径向基函数和紧支撑径向基函数。这些方法都是基于设计域中的插值点,由于控制点不一定在设计域中,因此不适用于等几何插值。在基于NURBS的参数化水平集方法中,可以将原始偏微分方程转换为一组更易于数值求解的常微分方程。该方法的核心思想是使用NURBS基函数(而不是插值)以参数化方式表示水平集函数:
式中,φit)是与第i个格点相关的扩充系数,Nix)为NURBS对应的基函数。参数化后,空间和时间相关的水平集函数被分为空间相关项Nix)和时间相关项φit),并且在优化过程中仅更新后者。将式(9)代入式(8),Hamilton-Jacobi偏微分方程改写为
式中,vn是扩充系数对时间的导数,即
采用参数坐标ηζ,利用控制点对设计域的水平集函数进行插值,式(9)可表示为
式中,Niηζ)是影响(ηζ)的第i个控制点的基函数。与传统有限元方法相比,等几何分析的NURBS基函数指的是控制点而不是节点,不像拉格朗日有限元基函数那样具有插值性。两者对应为不同二次形式的空间离散化如图2所示,可以看出,在等几何分析中,自由度数量要小得多,且影响一个单元的控制点不一定在单元域内,也可能在问题域外。
基于NURBS参数化的最小柔顺性优化问题的流程如图3所示。虚线内的方框表示循环中的主要步骤,当两次迭代之间目标函数的变化小于指定的容差时,即获得最优拓扑。
为了证明基于等几何的水平集拓扑优化的性能,本章给出了2个平面问题算例和2个三维问题算例。在除了最后一个算例外的其余算例中,弹性模量和泊松比分别设定为1 Pa和0.3。假设点荷载大小为P=1 N。Heaviside函数的近似宽度被认为是,其中∆x和∆y分别是xy方向上的控制点距离。此外,松弛参数为ε=0.01。时间步长被认为是,其中vmax是边界上的最大速度,β是调整收敛速度的移动极限因子,并且在所有算例中都设置为0.3。
算例1:如图4所示,采用上述算法研究在端部中心承受点荷载的悬臂梁的拓扑优化问题,其目标函数为柔顺度最小化。L/H等于2,其中L=5 m,H=2.5 m。为了离散设计域,使用了一个具有1326个控制点的NURBS面片,NURBS基函数的阶数为2阶。对于两个方向,表示物体的节点向量为η={0,0,0,0.0204,...,0.9796,1,1,1}和ξ={0,0,0,0.0416,...,0.9583,1,1,1},体积分数取45%。图5表示初始拓扑结构,图6为其所对应的三维水平集函数,图7为优化后的平面拓扑结构。
算例2:在这个例子中,研究了所提出的方法在曲线设计域(四分之一环)中获得最佳拓扑的能力,目标函数仍是柔顺度最小,如图8所示。在四分之一环的底部进行固定约束,在顶部施加一个载荷,在一定材料量下寻求刚度最大化的结构。用一个具有861个控制点NURBS面片离散设计域,其中NURBS基函数的阶数为2阶,在两个方向上,所采用的等间距节点向量为η={0,0,0,0.0256,...,0.949,1,1,1}和ξ={0,0,0,0.0526,...,0.947,1,1,1},体积分数定为35%。图9表示初始拓扑结构,图10为其所对应的三维水平集函数,图11为算例2优化后的最优拓扑结构,图12表示最优结构对应的三维水平集函数。
算例3:设计域如图13所示,在一个3维悬臂梁的末端中心施加一个载荷,寻求在一定材料量下刚度最大化的结构。该设计域被划分为32×8×16个NURBS单元,NURBS基函数阶数为2阶,体积分数设置为35%,其中3个方向的等距节点向量为η={0,0,0,0.0204,...,0.9796,1,1,1},ξ={0,0,0,0.0416,...,0.9583,1,1,1},ζ={0,0,0,0.0523,...,0.9126,1,1,1},图14为算例3的NURBS水平集拓扑优化结构。
表1表示本文方法所得结果与有限元水平集拓扑优化方法的对比情况。在约束载荷设置相同的情况下,等几何水平集拓扑优化方法相较于传统水平集方法,达到同等优化结果时所需的自由度更少,耗时更短,效率提升约30%以上。
算例4:该算例聚焦于某三体船舱段结构的连接桥的优化设计。如图15所示,此三体船舱段上部共有2个连接桥结构,其中连接桥被设置为设计域,边界条件施加于片体。取连接桥设计域的二分之一部分进行拓扑优化设计,设计目标函数是刚度最大化,材料属性如表2所示。
由于设计域是非规则形状,我们需要将其浸入到一个三变量NURBS背景样条网格中,通过光线追踪算法提取与设计域相交的单元和控制点。如图16所示,该模型被浸入到一个三变量NURBS背景样条网格中。根据船舶结构规范进行设计,在船体与水面接触区域施加总横中垂剪力1681.94 kN,将主船体舱段两个侧面固定。图17表示三维嵌入域结构二分之一连接桥控制点,蓝色控制点是连接桥设计域激活控制点,红色部分是下方非设计域控制点。
图18表示优化后连接桥的最优拓扑结构,图19表示重构后连接桥结构和整体三体船模型。根据计算结果,刚度较未优化模型提升了56%。
在本文中,等几何分析(IGA)被用于水平集拓扑优化中,使用NURBS基函数对水平集函数进行参数化,NURBS基函数也用于分析,将水平集函数的控制点作为优化问题的设计变量,通过求解Hamilton-Jacobi方程来更新相应的控制网格。本文方法能够在一定的材料量下找到刚度最大化的结构,在避免应力集中的情况下找到重量最小的方案。相对于基于有限元的方法,本文提出的方法能使用更少的离散化点和设计变量来获得平滑且明确定义的边界,该方法继承了IGA的优点,相同精度下计算效率更高。后续我们将基于层次截断THB样条来研究可局部加密的复杂结构等几何参数化水平集方法,并将其用于复杂船舶结构轻量化拓扑优化中。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFE0104300; 2021YFB3300601; 2021YFC2802300)
  • 船舶总体性能创新研究开放基金(12322204)
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2025年第29卷第4期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.04.009
  • 接收时间:2024-10-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-19
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFE0104300; 2021YFB3300601; 2021YFC2802300)
船舶总体性能创新研究开放基金(12322204)
作者信息
    1.中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
    2.深海技术科学太湖实验室,江苏 无锡 214082
    3.武汉大学 土木建筑工程学院,武汉 430072
    4.大连理工大学 运载工程与力学学部,辽宁 大连 116024
    5.工业装备结构分析优化与CAE软件全国重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116024

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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