Article(id=1243306173164798917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306166663622912, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.04.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1729267200000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774356891193, onlineDateStr=2026-03-24, pubDate=1745078400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774356891193, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774356891193, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774356891193, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243306166663622912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='4', pageStart='517', pageEnd='679', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1774356889644, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774357043129, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243306810493485479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306166663622912, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243306810493485480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306166663622912, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=517, endPage=527, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243306173420651468, articleId=1243306173164798917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Design method for wake-adapted optimal contra-rotating propellers via neural network surrogate model and genetic algorithm, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A design method for wake-adapted contra-rotating propellers (CRPs) with optimal circulation distribution was presented based on the vortex lattice model in lifting surface theory. The implicit relations of propeller thrust and torque with the radial circulation distributions of CRPs were modelled via neural network, where the input data for training of the neural network were yielded from an in-house vortex-lattice code. Subject to the requirements for total thrust and torque-balance, a genetic algorithm was employed to optimize the radial circulation distributions of the forward and aft propellers to maximize the total efficiency. Taking the optimal radial circulation distributions and a prescribed chordwise distribution of circulation as the objective, the camber surface geometries and pitch distributions of the forward and aft propellers were designed. Numerical example was presented with the CRPs for a high-speed underwater vehicle, and the design results were then validated in self-propulsion simulation by solving the unsteady RANS equations. While the efficiency and torque-balance of the designed CRPs are slightly improved against the prototype, the minimum pressure values on blade surfaces are significantly increased, which is favorable for retarding the inception of cavitation.

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基于升力面理论涡格法提出了一种适伴流最佳环量对转桨的设计方法。该方法首先建立了对转桨径向环量分布与推力、扭矩之间非线性关系的神经网络代理模型,其数据样本由涡格法计算得到;然后采用遗传算法,在给定总推力和扭矩平衡的约束条件下,以总效率为目标对前、后桨的径向环量分布进行优化;最后根据优化得到的最佳环量分布及指定的弦向负荷分布形式设计前、后桨的螺距分布及拱弧面。以高速水下航行体的对转桨为例进行研究,并用非定常RANS方法进行了自航模拟,验证结果表明,设计桨的自航点转速与原型桨基本相同,总效率和扭矩平衡度都有所提高。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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薛颖(1992-),女,博士研究生

黄永生(1977-),男,博士

杨晨俊(1964-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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Main particulars of prototype CRPs

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前桨后桨
旋向
叶数97
直径/mm370348
0.7R螺距比1.822.00
侧斜角/°14.716.7
毂径比0.4570.371
桨盘轴向间距/mm94.0
桨毂半锥角/°12.0
), ArticleFig(id=1243306194262147636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306173164798917, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

原型桨主要参数

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前桨后桨
旋向
叶数97
直径/mm370348
0.7R螺距比1.822.00
侧斜角/°14.716.7
毂径比0.4570.371
桨盘轴向间距/mm94.0
桨毂半锥角/°12.0
), ArticleFig(id=1243306194346033716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306173164798917, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Influence of number of vortex lattices on hydrodynamic performance of prototype CRPs

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序号网格方案前桨推力后桨推力前桨扭矩后桨扭矩
MNKTFE(%)KTAE(%)10KQFE(%)10KQAE(%)
112120.15301.50.15642.10.50311.00.48531.6
212160.15241.10.15571.60.50170.70.48341.2
312200.15190.70.15531.40.50040.40.48241.0
416120.15241.10.15491.10.50190.70.48200.9
516160.15170.60.15430.70.50040.40.48040.5
616200.15120.30.15380.40.49920.20.47930.3
720120.15180.70.15430.70.50060.50.48030.5
820160.15130.30.15360.30.49940.20.47900.3
920200.15080.00.15320.00.49820.00.47780.0
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涡格数对原型桨水动力性能计算结果的影响

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序号网格方案前桨推力后桨推力前桨扭矩后桨扭矩
MNKTFE(%)KTAE(%)10KQFE(%)10KQAE(%)
112120.15301.50.15642.10.50311.00.48531.6
212160.15241.10.15571.60.50170.70.48341.2
312200.15190.70.15531.40.50040.40.48241.0
416120.15241.10.15491.10.50190.70.48200.9
516160.15170.60.15430.70.50040.40.48040.5
616200.15120.30.15380.40.49920.20.47930.3
720120.15180.70.15430.70.50060.50.48030.5
820160.15130.30.15360.30.49940.20.47900.3
920200.15080.00.15320.00.49820.00.47780.0
), ArticleFig(id=1243306194568331836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306173164798917, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Comparison of hydrodynamic performance of designed and prototype CRPs

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对象方法KTF10KQFKTA10KQAKTTƞKQA/KQF−1
原型桨VLM0.15120.49920.15380.47930.30500.7891−4.0%
设计桨VLM0.14740.48540.15660.48530.30400.79280.0%
设计桨BPNN0.14760.48620.15740.48620.30500.79400.0%
), ArticleFig(id=1243306194668995138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306173164798917, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

设计桨和原型桨的水动力性能比较

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对象方法KTF10KQFKTA10KQAKTTƞKQA/KQF−1
原型桨VLM0.15120.49920.15380.47930.30500.7891−4.0%
设计桨VLM0.14740.48540.15660.48530.30400.79280.0%
设计桨BPNN0.14760.48620.15740.48620.30500.79400.0%
), ArticleFig(id=1243306194769658437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306173164798917, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Comparison of hydrodynamic performances of designed and prototype CRPs based on unsteady RANS simulations of self-propulsion

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
n(r/s)KTF10KQFKTA10KQAKTTƞKQA/KQF−1
原型桨38.250.14670.48760.16290.50240.30960.79063.0%
设计桨38.180.14880.48990.16360.50370.31240.79612.8%
), ArticleFig(id=1243306194853544521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306173164798917, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

设计桨和原型桨水动力性能的RANS自航计算结果比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
n(r/s)KTF10KQFKTA10KQAKTTƞKQA/KQF−1
原型桨38.250.14670.48760.16290.50240.30960.79063.0%
设计桨38.180.14880.48990.16360.50370.31240.79612.8%
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基于神经网络代理模型和遗传算法的适伴流最佳环量对转桨设计方法
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薛颖 1 , 黄永生 2 , 杨晨俊 1
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025,29(4): 517-527
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025, 29(4): 517-527
基于神经网络代理模型和遗传算法的适伴流最佳环量对转桨设计方法
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薛颖1, 黄永生2, 杨晨俊1
作者信息
  • 1.上海交通大学 海洋工程国家重点实验室,船海工程数值试验中心,上海 200240
  • 2.浙江海洋大学 船舶与海运学院,浙江 舟山 316022
  • 薛颖(1992-),女,博士研究生

    黄永生(1977-),男,博士

    杨晨俊(1964-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Design method for wake-adapted optimal contra-rotating propellers via neural network surrogate model and genetic algorithm
Ying XUE1, Yong-sheng HUANG2, Chen-jun YANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Marine Numerical Experiment Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 2.School of Naval Architecture and Maritime, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
出版时间: 2025-04-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.04.001
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基于升力面理论涡格法提出了一种适伴流最佳环量对转桨的设计方法。该方法首先建立了对转桨径向环量分布与推力、扭矩之间非线性关系的神经网络代理模型,其数据样本由涡格法计算得到;然后采用遗传算法,在给定总推力和扭矩平衡的约束条件下,以总效率为目标对前、后桨的径向环量分布进行优化;最后根据优化得到的最佳环量分布及指定的弦向负荷分布形式设计前、后桨的螺距分布及拱弧面。以高速水下航行体的对转桨为例进行研究,并用非定常RANS方法进行了自航模拟,验证结果表明,设计桨的自航点转速与原型桨基本相同,总效率和扭矩平衡度都有所提高。

对转桨  /  适伴流  /  最佳环量分布  /  神经网络  /  遗传算法  /  涡格法

A design method for wake-adapted contra-rotating propellers (CRPs) with optimal circulation distribution was presented based on the vortex lattice model in lifting surface theory. The implicit relations of propeller thrust and torque with the radial circulation distributions of CRPs were modelled via neural network, where the input data for training of the neural network were yielded from an in-house vortex-lattice code. Subject to the requirements for total thrust and torque-balance, a genetic algorithm was employed to optimize the radial circulation distributions of the forward and aft propellers to maximize the total efficiency. Taking the optimal radial circulation distributions and a prescribed chordwise distribution of circulation as the objective, the camber surface geometries and pitch distributions of the forward and aft propellers were designed. Numerical example was presented with the CRPs for a high-speed underwater vehicle, and the design results were then validated in self-propulsion simulation by solving the unsteady RANS equations. While the efficiency and torque-balance of the designed CRPs are slightly improved against the prototype, the minimum pressure values on blade surfaces are significantly increased, which is favorable for retarding the inception of cavitation.

contra-rotating propellers  /  wake-adapted  /  optimal circulation distribution  /  neural network  /  genetic algorithm  /  vortex lattice method
薛颖, 黄永生, 杨晨俊. 基于神经网络代理模型和遗传算法的适伴流最佳环量对转桨设计方法. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (4) : 517 -527 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.04.001
Ying XUE, Yong-sheng HUANG, Chen-jun YANG. Design method for wake-adapted optimal contra-rotating propellers via neural network surrogate model and genetic algorithm[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (4) : 517 -527 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.04.001
对转桨由两个同轴反向旋转的螺旋桨组成,前、后桨的扭矩在一定程度上能够相互抵消,减小了航行体的偏航力矩;后桨在工作时能够利用前桨尾流中的旋转动能,从而提高推进器的效率。此外,由于负荷被分摊至两个桨上,空化、振动和噪声性能可能会得到改善。这些优点使得对转桨在鱼雷等高速水下航行体上发挥了重要作用。
对转桨的设计基本采用势流方法,而关于最佳环量分布的确定则更多地依赖于升力线方法。早期Lerbs[1]利用升力线理论设计对转桨时,先假定两桨之间的距离为零,设计出推力为总推力一半的“等效”螺旋桨,然后再考虑前、后桨实际距离对性能的影响。Kerwin等[2]基于涡格升力线理论和变分法给出了单桨和对转桨等组合式推进器的最佳环量分布。Olsen[3]在该方法的基础上,采用升力面涡格法,开展了一系列不同侧斜螺旋桨的最佳环量分布研究。王超等[4]采用升力线方法研究了纵倾和侧斜对最佳环量分布的影响。孙文愈等[5]基于升力线模型和桨毂镜像涡系统,分析了考虑桨毂影响的情况下,对最佳环量分布螺旋桨性能造成的差异。升力面理论是螺旋桨设计的常用方法,通常是根据给定的径向/弦向环量分布形式和其他已知条件,去设计满足一定性能要求的螺距分布和拱弧面。考虑到空泡性能,可能会牺牲一部分效率,对最佳环量分布进行适当的叶梢卸载,从而改善叶梢附近的压力分布。辛公正等[6]基于涡格法开发了非均匀流工况下的对转桨设计程序,为水下航行器设计了一组对转桨,并用面元法对设计桨进行了性能预报。张涛等[7]以大侧斜对转桨为对象,对升力面设计中的螺距和拱弧面的迭代方法进行了改进。侯立勋等[8-9]在设计过程中采用面元法来计算前、后桨之间的诱导速度,先后对敞水及适伴流对转桨进行了设计方法研究。黄永生[10]基于涡格法给出了最大效率对转桨的设计方法,在给定的拱弧线形状下,假定相对来流速度在导边处与拱弧线相切,从而建立螺旋桨效率和螺距角之间的函数关系。
近些年,螺旋桨的优化设计方法也在不断发展,其中包括代理模型的应用。蔡昊鹏等[11]和韩用波等[12]分别采用粒子群算法和霍克-吉维斯直接搜索法来优化桨叶的径向环量分布。潘光等[13]应用复合形法进行对转桨的参数优化,提升了推进效率、噪声性能和空泡性能。郭春雨等[14]分别采用遗传算法和模拟退火算法,对螺旋桨剖面进行了优化设计。曾志波等[15]采用遗传算法对螺旋桨进行单/多目标设计时,根据已有图谱建立BP神经网络模型来计算螺旋桨的推力系数、空泡面积和重量。王超等[16]通过遗传算法开展螺旋桨的多目标优化设计,并用椭圆基神经网络模型替代面元法进行水动力性能预报。
目前来看,对转桨的最佳环量设计工作基本采用升力线方法,但高速水下航行体对转桨往往有桨盘面很大以及桨毂存在锥度的特点,此时升力线模型的计算精度可能会降低。为此,本文综合应用升力面涡格法、神经网络和遗传算法,建立了适伴流最佳环量分布对转桨的设计方法。首先将前、后桨的径向环量分布作为设计对象,采用遗传算法对其进行优化,过程中采用神经网络模型进行性能评估,避免对每个方案都进行前、后桨迭代设计;然后根据优化得到的最佳环量分布去设计螺距分布和拱弧面,此时推力分配方案已确定,前、后桨单独进行设计,通过迭代来考虑两者之间的相互影响。
本文研究了非均匀流中最大效率对转桨的设计问题,设计变量为前、后桨的螺距分布和拱度面分布,其余参数作为已知条件。问题描述如下:
式中,η表示对转桨的总效率;KTFKQFKTAKQA分别表示前、后桨的推力系数和扭矩系数;为设计要求的总推力系数;γ*s)为弦向负荷分布的无量纲形式,s为弦向坐标,本文设计中指定弦向为NACA a=0.8负荷分布,故
对转桨相关参数的定义与单桨有所不同,具体如下:
式中,VS为航速;n为对转桨的转速;DF为前桨的直径;分别为前、后桨的平均轴向伴流分数;ρ为水的密度;TFQFTAQA分别为前、后桨的推力和转矩;V0.7RwaF,0.7R分别为前桨在0.7R半径剖面处的相对来流速度和轴向伴流分数。
在升力面理论涡格法中,当进速、转速以及其它几何参数都已知时,螺距分布、拱弧面与环量面分布是一对一的映射关系,因此式(1)的设计问题可以分成两个阶段来完成。
第一阶段是采用遗传算法对前、后桨的径向环量分布进行优化,优化目标和约束仍为式(1)所示。这部分的关键在于,每个决策方案都基于升力面理论考虑了前、后桨之间的相互作用以及桨叶的弦向环量分布。优化设计中需要对众多方案的目标函数与约束函数进行评估,而每次约束条件的满足都需要三层迭代设计:第一层是指定环量面分布的前/后桨桨叶设计的迭代,第二层是前、后桨相互影响的迭代,第三层是前、后桨扭矩平衡的迭代。尽管求解采用的是速度较快的涡格法,但面对大量待评估方案仍然非常耗时。在径向环量分布优化过程中引入神经网络模型的意义就在于,不需要求解出对转桨的几何参数就能够计算出考虑了前、后桨相互影响且满足指定弦向环量分布的对转桨所对应的推力和扭矩,为遗传算法的连续搜索提供了可行性。
第二阶段则是根据第一阶段优化得到的最佳径向环量分布和指定的弦向环量分布,去设计对转桨的螺距分布和拱度面分布。此时作为优化目标的环量面分布既能够满足总推力的要求,也能够达到前、后桨的扭矩平衡。对前、后桨单独进行指定环量面分布的桨叶设计,以迭代的方式来考虑两者之间的相互影响。关于本文设计方法的详细介绍则在下一章中给出。
采用升力面涡格法[17]对对转桨的定常性能进行预报。如图1所示,前/后桨的拱弧面被划分成径向等宽度的M个条带,每个条带再沿弦向等分成N个四边形网格。网格点坐标记为(rmsn),其径向坐标rm和弦向坐标sn按下式定义:
式中,RhR分别是桨毂半径和叶梢半径;∆rtip表示涡格模型中因弦长不能为零而在叶梢截取的小段距离,这里取0.02R。在每个网格弦长的1/4处布置展向涡单元,展向涡的两端有弦向涡线沿着网格向下游泄出,构成马蹄形涡。模拟厚度的源汇单元长度与展向涡单元相同,并与展向涡单元叠置。桨叶的诱导速度由涡系与源汇系共同产生。需要指出的是,当桨毂存在锥度时,需要在上述网格划分的基础上,作进一步处理以适应桨毂锥度,网格节点坐标转换的具体公式见文献[18]。
在各涡格中心处设置控制点,在控制点处的物面运动学边界条件可表达为
式中,表示对应于第(mn)个展向涡的Z个单位强度马蹄涡的诱导速度在涡格法向的分量,其中尾涡片的几何型值通过尾涡模型[17]确定;表示所有桨叶源汇系的诱导速度,表示桨叶的相对来流速度,表示另一桨的诱导速度,nij表示涡格的单位法向矢量,下标ij表示在第(ij)个控制点处。求解该方程组后,可得到展向涡强度,进而计算出桨叶的推力、扭矩及效率。按下式计算可得到离散的径向环量分布:
基于涡格法生成训练神经网络所需的样本时,理论上要求样本桨在各剖面都满足指定的NACA a=0.8负荷分布,但这一做法显然会耗费较长时间,这里提出了一种近似处理方法:让所有样本桨在各半径都采用在二维流动中满足NACA a=0.8负荷分布形式的“标准拱弧线”形状,然后通过调整各剖面处的螺距,使各剖面第1个展向涡的面密度与根据NACA a=0.8负荷分布算得的“目标”环量密度相比,差别不超过20%,即
研究表明,这种近似处理对指定了弦向负荷分布的对转桨径向环量分布与水动力性能的函数关系影响很小,对径向环量分布优化结果的影响可以忽略。
本文在螺旋桨径向参数的处理上,主要采取“样条构造,多项式拟合”的方式。样条曲线由于构造简单,很适合几何分布的初始生成,而对于不断发生变化的不光顺几何型值,则采用多项式进行拟合更为方便。基于上述处理方法,生成样本数据的具体步骤如下:
(a)选取母型桨,除前、后桨的螺距、最大拱度分布以及剖面拱弧线外,母型桨的其余几何数据将用于所有样本桨,并用母型桨在设计工况(即给定的航速、转速和非均匀伴流分布)下计算得到的诱导速度作为前、后桨之间的初始诱导速度。
(b)如图2所示,通过控制点构造3阶B样条曲线来生成前桨的最大拱度和螺距的径向分布(fmax/CFm,(P/DFm,首尾两端控制点的径向坐标保持固定。
(c)结合NACA a=0.8拱弧线,(fmax/CFm,(P/DFm及其他已知几何参数,生成前桨三维模型,并在设计工况和后桨对其诱导速度中,计算展向涡强度KTFKQF
(d)若环量分布满足式(7)的要求,则进入步骤(e);否则按式(8)对螺距分布进行调整并采用5阶多项式拟合后返回步骤(c)。这里只选择对名义攻角αFm进行调整,是因为它相比较螺距而言更能直观地影响环量的变化:
式中,βFm是根据进速计算的水动力角,为已知条件。
(e)同样地,对(P/DAm进行调整直至满足式(7)的要求,方法同前桨。
(f)根据上述得到的前、后桨最大拱度和螺距分布,生成对转桨几何模型并计算前、后桨的推力、扭矩和环量分布;若都满足式(7)的约束条件,则停止迭代并计算得到径向环量分布ΓFmΓAm,否则,更新前、后桨诱导速度后返回步骤(c)再次进行几何调整。
按上述方法得到数据{(ΓF1ΓF2...ΓFMΓA1ΓA2...ΓAMs,(KTFKQFKTAKQAs}(s=1,2,...S),其中S为样本数。考虑到神经网络结构的复杂程度与输入变量数直接相关,节点数较多将使得训练过程的计算复杂度较大,对样本规模的需求也会相应增加,为此,这里不直接用离散的ΓFmΓAm分布作为输入,而是用五阶多项式对其分别进行拟合后,以多项式系数作为网络的输入。文献[19]中根据Kolmogorov定理给出了确定隐含层节点数的公式:
式中,NI为输入层节点数。本文方法中径向网格数M设置为16,隐含层节点数因此从原先的65减少到25。在研究过程中发现,五阶多项式足够用来拟合径向环量分布,不会造成精度损失。根据处理后的样本数据对神经网络进行训练,采用BP算法,学习精度为0.001,训练样本数为5600,另有1200个样本用于验证,1200个样本用于测试。训练完成后的BP神经网络可用下式表示:
式中,aFiaAi分别为表征前、后桨径向环量分布的第i阶多项式系数。
通过遗传算法对前、后桨的径向环量进行优化设计,其中采用的遗传算子包括算术交叉、基本位变异和跨世代选择,种群规模为200,交叉率为0.8,变异率为0.01。类似地,采用5阶多项式对径向环量分布进行参数化表达,设计变量表示为x=(xFxA)=(aF0aF1,...,aF5aA0aA1,...,aA5)。
优化过程中,每个设计变量都需要满足总推力和扭矩平衡的要求后才进行总效率的评估,过程描述如下:对每一个设计变量(xFxA),通过式(10)计算得到KTFKTAKQFKQA,如果KQF不等于KQA,则对xF乘上系数KQA/KQF直至扭矩相等;然后判断(KTF +KTA)是否等于设计总推力,如果不等于,则对xFxA都乘上系数直至达到总推力的要求;重复上述两个步骤直到扭矩平衡和总推力的条件都得到满足。
确定了最佳环量分布后,采用单桨设计方法[20]对前、后桨分别开展设计工作,两桨之间的影响通过诱导速度的迭代来考虑,具体做法如下:
(1)首先给前、后桨一个初始的诱导速度,对前、后桨依次进行指定环量面分布的桨叶设计;
(2)根据前、后桨设计结果生成对转桨几何模型并计算水动力性能、环量分布及诱导速度;
(3)如果计算得到的环量分布与设计目标之间的差别小于给定容差则输出设计结果,否则更新诱导速度后再次进行前、后桨的设计。
以前桨为例,设计目标如下:
式中,为目标环量面分布,根据最佳径向环量分布和NACA a=0.8弦向负荷分布形式得到。设计变量的位置取在图1所示的网格节点处,因此对于M×N的网格方案来说,共有(M+1)·(N+1)个设计变量,即
式中,θm分别为第m个剖面的最大拱度值和螺距角,表示归一化的拱弧线形状。
图3所示的高速水下航行体[10]为对象,应用本文给出的方法进行最佳环量分布对转桨设计,设计航速VS=55 kn,设计转速n=38.19 r/s,与原型桨相同;总推力系数设计值。原型桨主要参数如表1所示。图4为本算例采用的实效伴流分数,其中wa,wr,wt分别表示轴向、径向和周向的伴流分数,由黄永生[10]通过对航行体和原型桨进行体积力自航以及体积力敞水的RANS模拟得到。
为了考察性能预报方法对网格尺度的依赖性,采用9种不同网格方案对原型桨在设计工况下进行了性能预报,结果如表2所示。随着展向网格或弦向网格的加密,推力和扭矩基本都呈现出收敛的趋势。后桨水动力性能受网格数的影响要大于前桨,在展向表现得更明显。M=16、N=20和M=20、N=16两种方案下的水动力结果基本一致,与M=20、N=20方案相差约为0.3%。综合考虑计算精度和速度后,选择M=16、N=20作为本文样本数据生成和指定环量分布桨叶设计的网格方案。
首先,基于涡格法样本对神经网络进行训练,训练过程的误差变化如图5(a)所示,训练、验证和测试样本的误差收敛曲线非常接近,表明该模型具有较强的泛化能力;对总样本的平均相对预测误差如图5(b)所示,均小于0.06%,表明该模型精度较高。
基于上述BP神经网络模型和遗传算法,对径向环量分布进行优化,得到的最佳环量分布如图6所示。相较于原型桨,部分载荷从外半经移动到内半径,这与图4所示的轴向伴流分布有着密切关系。本文作者在过去关于单桨最佳环量分布的研究中也发现,与敞水相比,非均匀流中的最佳环量分布在内半径会因为进速较小而承担更多的负荷,相关文献[21]也证实了这一点。
根据图6的最佳环量分布和NACA a=0.8弦向环量分布对前、后桨进行桨叶设计。设计桨的最大拱度和螺距分布如图7所示,与原型桨相比,拱度的差别主要在叶根区域,而螺距在大多数区域都较为不同。图8为设计桨典型剖面的拱弧线形状,很明显,内半径的来流受桨毂影响较大,其拱弧线形状与NACA a=0.8拱弧线相差较大,表现为最大值位置向导边移动、且50%弦长位置后的拱弧线变得“瘦削”。
表3给出了涡格法计算的水动力性能以及神经网络模型的预测结果。相较于原型桨,设计桨的前桨推力减小,后桨推力增大;前、后桨扭矩近乎完全相等,总效率提升0.5%。此外,神经网络模型对KTTη的预测误差均小于0.3%,再次验证了本文建立的BP神经网络模型具有较高的预测精度。
采用非定常RANS方法对设计桨和原型桨进行实尺度自航模拟,航速为设计值55 kn。调整对转桨转速,当推力与阻力之差小于阻力的1%时,认为达到自航状态。如图9(a)所示,自航计算域为与对转桨同轴的圆柱体,直径和长度分别为16D0和5.3L0,速度入口与航行体首部的距离为1.8L0,其中航行体长度L0=4600 m,平行中段直径D0=534 m。如图9(b)所示,采用直径为2DF、长度为2.1DF的圆柱面从计算域切割出三个子域,其中DF为前桨直径;最左面的子域为包含艉附体的静止域,中间和最右面两个子域为旋转域,分别与前、后桨相对静止;这三个子域均采用四面体非结构单元离散,计算域其余部分采用六面体结构单元离散。相邻区域之间通过交界面进行数据传递。计算域总单元数约3200万,其中前、后桨所在子域的单元数分别约为1400万和1200万。
非定常自航计算给出的水动力性能时间平均值如表4所示,设计桨的自航点转速与原型桨基本相同,与原型桨相比,设计桨的雷后效率提高了0.7%,扭矩不平衡度也略好于原型桨。
本文建立了一种非均匀流场中最佳环量分布对转桨的升力面设计方法。首先利用遗传算法对前、后桨的径向环量分布进行寻优得到最佳环量分布,过程中通过神经网络代理模型计算设计变量的约束和目标函数;然后以最佳环量分布和指定弦向负荷分布为目标去设计螺距分布和拱弧面,前、后桨依次迭代进行。以高速水下航行体的对转桨为例,考察了本文设计方法的可行性,并通过非定常RANS自航模拟考察了设计方法的准确性。主要结论如下:
(1)根据本文提出的方法能够有效地开展最佳环量分布对转桨设计,算例表明,与原型桨相比,总效率和前、后桨扭矩平衡度都有所提升;
(2)建立的神经网络代理模型能够考虑前、后桨的相互影响,且性能预测精度较高;在径向环量分布的优化过程中替代了升力面方法的三层迭代设计,有效缩短了计算时长;
总体来看,本文提出的对转桨优化设计方法具有较高的精度和计算效率,结合RANS方法进行性能预报和方案微调,可进一步提高对转桨设计精度。
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(AF0100142/005)
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2025年第29卷第4期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.04.001
  • 接收时间:2024-10-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-19
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中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(AF0100142/005)
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    1.上海交通大学 海洋工程国家重点实验室,船海工程数值试验中心,上海 200240
    2.浙江海洋大学 船舶与海运学院,浙江 舟山 316022

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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