Article(id=1243306169498972460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306166663622912, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.04.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1729699200000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774356890320, onlineDateStr=2026-03-24, pubDate=1745078400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774356890320, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774356890320, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774356890320, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243306166663622912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='4', pageStart='517', pageEnd='679', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1774356889644, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774357043129, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243306810493485479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306166663622912, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243306810493485480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306166663622912, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=645, endPage=655, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243306169742242097, articleId=1243306169498972460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Mechanical properties of axial compression of tensile armor of unbonded flexible pipe with defects, columnId=1242129251223274417, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Structural Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As an important hub connecting offshore oil and gas fields and offshore platforms, unbonded flexible pipes play a vital role in marine production. As one of the main bearing parts of flexible pipes, the failure of the tensile armor layer will threaten the integrity of a pipeline system. Therefore, it is of great theoretical significance and engineering practical value to clarify the influence mechanism of various defects on the mechanical properties of the tensile armor layer and to study the mechanical behavior of the tensile armor layer. The axial compression performance of the tensile armor layer of an unbonded flexible pipe with defects was studied by numerical simulation method. A five-layer unbonded flexible pipe axial compression finite element model was established. The effects of non-metallic layer defect size, interlayer friction coefficient and steel strip fracture on the axial compression stiffness and critical buckling load of the flexible pipe were studied. The research results show that the decrease in the friction coefficient caused by the increase in the annular water content will significantly reduce the critical buckling load, and that the defects in non-metallic layer and the fracture of steel strip will significantly reduce the axial compression stiffness and critical buckling load. Therefore, in engineering, more attention should be paid to the annular water content and the structural integrity of each layer. The results can provide a reference for flexible pipe design and integrity management.

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非粘结柔性软管作为海洋油气田与海上平台连接的重要枢纽,在海洋生产中起着至关重要的作用。抗拉铠装层作为柔性软管的主要承载部件之一,一旦出现失效将对管道系统的完整性产生威胁。因此,明确各类缺陷对抗拉铠装层力学性能的影响机理,并研究抗拉铠装层力学行为规律具有重要的理论意义和工程实用价值。本文采用数值模拟方法,研究含缺陷非粘结柔性软管抗拉铠装层的轴向压缩性能,建立五层非粘结柔性软管轴向压缩有限元模型,分别研究非金属层缺陷尺寸、层间摩擦系数和钢带断裂三种因素对柔性软管轴向压缩刚度和临界屈曲载荷的影响规律。研究结果表明,环空含水率上升引发的摩擦系数减小会显著降低临界屈曲载荷,非金属层缺陷和钢带断裂会显著降低轴向压缩刚度和临界屈曲载荷,因此,在工程中应重点关注环空含水率和各层结构完整性。上述结果可为柔性软管设计和完整性管理提供一定参考。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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陈严飞(1982-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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陈严飞(1982-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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陈严飞(1982-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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caption=内部钢带断裂条件下软管各层的受载情况, figureFileSmall=97rmPgYdLz06Yr4mYcpSHQ==, figureFileBig=qyt5+az1KY/TkH3Ep3q6qw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243306187203130218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306169498972460, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Geometric parameters of 6" flexible pipe

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层名称材料尺寸/mm厚度/mm钢带数量/个铺设角度/°外径/mm
刚性内核198.5
内抗拉铠装层碳钢8×45036206.5
外抗拉铠装层碳钢8×452−38214.5
抗鸟笼带凯夫拉490.2214.9
外包覆层高密度聚乙烯7228.9
), ArticleFig(id=1243306187299599215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306169498972460, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

6英寸柔性软管几何参数

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层名称材料尺寸/mm厚度/mm钢带数量/个铺设角度/°外径/mm
刚性内核198.5
内抗拉铠装层碳钢8×45036206.5
外抗拉铠装层碳钢8×452−38214.5
抗鸟笼带凯夫拉490.2214.9
外包覆层高密度聚乙烯7228.9
), ArticleFig(id=1243306187400262516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306169498972460, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Material properties of 6" flexible pipe

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层名称杨氏模量/GPa泊松比屈服强度/MPa割线模量/MPa
抗拉铠装层2070.36501172.58
抗鸟笼带(横向)1290.311310
抗鸟笼带(轴向)2.491310
外包覆层0.5710.4520.74
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6英寸柔性软管材料属性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
层名称杨氏模量/GPa泊松比屈服强度/MPa割线模量/MPa
抗拉铠装层2070.36501172.58
抗鸟笼带(横向)1290.311310
抗鸟笼带(轴向)2.491310
外包覆层0.5710.4520.74
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含缺陷非粘结柔性软管抗拉铠装层轴向压缩力学性能研究
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陈严飞 , 向涛 , 何明畅 , 刘宇 , 刘瑞昊 , 钟榕锋 , 王鑫 , 江楠
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2025,29(4): 645-655
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船舶力学 | 结构力学 2025, 29(4): 645-655
含缺陷非粘结柔性软管抗拉铠装层轴向压缩力学性能研究
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陈严飞 , 向涛, 何明畅, 刘宇, 刘瑞昊, 钟榕锋, 王鑫, 江楠
作者信息
  • 油气管道输送安全国家工程实验室,城市油气输配技术北京市重点实验室,北京 102249
  • 陈严飞(1982-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Mechanical properties of axial compression of tensile armor of unbonded flexible pipe with defects
Yan-fei CHEN , Tao XIANG, Ming-chang HE, Yu LIU, Rui-hao LIU, Rong-feng ZHONG, Xin WANG, Nan JIANG
Affiliations
  • National Engineering Laboratory of Oil and Gas Pipeline Transportation Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Oil and Gas Transmission and Distribution Technology, Beijing 102249, China
出版时间: 2025-04-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.04.012
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非粘结柔性软管作为海洋油气田与海上平台连接的重要枢纽,在海洋生产中起着至关重要的作用。抗拉铠装层作为柔性软管的主要承载部件之一,一旦出现失效将对管道系统的完整性产生威胁。因此,明确各类缺陷对抗拉铠装层力学性能的影响机理,并研究抗拉铠装层力学行为规律具有重要的理论意义和工程实用价值。本文采用数值模拟方法,研究含缺陷非粘结柔性软管抗拉铠装层的轴向压缩性能,建立五层非粘结柔性软管轴向压缩有限元模型,分别研究非金属层缺陷尺寸、层间摩擦系数和钢带断裂三种因素对柔性软管轴向压缩刚度和临界屈曲载荷的影响规律。研究结果表明,环空含水率上升引发的摩擦系数减小会显著降低临界屈曲载荷,非金属层缺陷和钢带断裂会显著降低轴向压缩刚度和临界屈曲载荷,因此,在工程中应重点关注环空含水率和各层结构完整性。上述结果可为柔性软管设计和完整性管理提供一定参考。

非粘结柔性软管  /  失效  /  抗拉铠装层  /  屈曲  /  断裂  /  缺陷

As an important hub connecting offshore oil and gas fields and offshore platforms, unbonded flexible pipes play a vital role in marine production. As one of the main bearing parts of flexible pipes, the failure of the tensile armor layer will threaten the integrity of a pipeline system. Therefore, it is of great theoretical significance and engineering practical value to clarify the influence mechanism of various defects on the mechanical properties of the tensile armor layer and to study the mechanical behavior of the tensile armor layer. The axial compression performance of the tensile armor layer of an unbonded flexible pipe with defects was studied by numerical simulation method. A five-layer unbonded flexible pipe axial compression finite element model was established. The effects of non-metallic layer defect size, interlayer friction coefficient and steel strip fracture on the axial compression stiffness and critical buckling load of the flexible pipe were studied. The research results show that the decrease in the friction coefficient caused by the increase in the annular water content will significantly reduce the critical buckling load, and that the defects in non-metallic layer and the fracture of steel strip will significantly reduce the axial compression stiffness and critical buckling load. Therefore, in engineering, more attention should be paid to the annular water content and the structural integrity of each layer. The results can provide a reference for flexible pipe design and integrity management.

unbonded flexible pipe  /  failure  /  tensile armor  /  buckling  /  fracture  /  defect
陈严飞, 向涛, 何明畅, 刘宇, 刘瑞昊, 钟榕锋, 王鑫, 江楠. 含缺陷非粘结柔性软管抗拉铠装层轴向压缩力学性能研究. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (4) : 645 -655 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.04.012
Yan-fei CHEN, Tao XIANG, Ming-chang HE, Yu LIU, Rui-hao LIU, Rong-feng ZHONG, Xin WANG, Nan JIANG. Mechanical properties of axial compression of tensile armor of unbonded flexible pipe with defects[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (4) : 645 -655 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.04.012
我国海洋领土中蕴藏着丰富的油气资源,近海大陆架石油资源量约为2.4×1010t,天然气资源量约为1.3×1013m3[1]。在海洋油气开发中,柔性软管作为连接海底与海面浮体的构件,在现代深海油气运输中扮演着至关重要的角色,一旦发生破坏,将会产生不可估量的经济损失和环境污染。因此,其安全评价方法和完整性评价方法受到了软管生产制造商和石油公司的广泛关注。
非粘结柔性软管结构通常包括骨架层、抗压铠装层、抗拉铠装层、耐磨层、内衬层、抗鸟笼带和外包覆层,其中,抗拉铠装层的作用是承担轴向拉力。在工程实践中,由于碰撞损伤、安装问题及输送介质含腐蚀性等多种原因,抗拉铠装层常见的失效模式有径向屈曲、侧向屈曲和断裂[2]图1为非粘结柔性软管抗拉铠装层失效模式示意图。
目前,国内外有很多机构和学者针对柔性软管的非金属层损伤、摩擦系数变化和钢带断裂进行了研究分析。Malta等[3-4]针对抗拉铠装层的失效机理建立了6英寸的柔性软管数值模型,在抗鸟笼带损伤工况下,进一步研究了损伤尺寸对软管轴向力学性能和模态响应的影响;Sertã等[5]通过试验和数值方法相结合,探究了含外包覆层缺陷的柔性软管在轴向受载时的响应行为,抗拉铠装层于缺陷处发生径向屈曲,明确了在轴向压缩载荷下抗拉铠装层的径向屈曲机理;Borges等[6]建立了含外包覆层和抗鸟笼带缺陷的柔性软管有限元模型,探究了不同缺陷尺寸的柔性软管在轴向压缩载荷下的力学性能变化规律;Brack等[7]针对柔性软管结构中相邻层间隙、层间摩擦系数变化以及有无抗鸟笼带,探讨了上述因素对抗拉铠装层轴向压缩性能的影响;杨旭[8]考虑了轴向和外压组合载荷对柔性软管的影响特性,进一步研究层间摩擦系数变化和初始缺陷对柔性软管力学性能和模态响应的影响;Merino等[9]结合有限元数值模拟和拉伸、扭转试验,研究了含钢带断裂的柔性软管在不同荷载下的力学响应规律;吴尚华等[10]针对柔性管道的铠装层钢带强度失效和屈曲失效,通过分析管道受扭转载荷时的应力和层间相互作用,给出了失效判据表达式,并提出了管道截面最大允许扭转角的保守预测方法;Ren等[11]基于非线性有限元理论,研究了在扭转和拉伸载荷下含外抗拉铠装层钢带断裂的柔性软管的力学性能变化,发现了钢带断裂数量、层间摩擦系数、边界参数对柔性软管的力学响应规律;后来,Zhu等[12]在此基础上进一步研究了内层钢带断裂对柔性软管的力学性能影响。
目前,国内外学者针对柔性软管的力学性能开展了部分数值模拟和模型试验的研究,虽然少部分学者已经对非粘结柔性软管的轴向性能和理论模型进行了大量研究,然而,针对轴向载荷下非金属层破损或钢带断裂等不同缺陷工况下的柔性软管,目前的研究成果仍相对匮乏。
本文采用数值模拟方法研究含缺陷柔性软管抗拉铠装层的力学性能和屈曲失效模式,对影响柔性软管轴向压缩性能的非金属层缺陷尺寸、摩擦系数及钢带断裂数量等参数进行敏感性分析,探究这些因素对非粘结柔性软管轴向压缩刚度和临界屈曲载荷的影响规律,并提出柔性软管在工程实际应用中的合理化建议。研究结果可为柔性软管的运行维护和完整性管理提供一定参考。
非粘结柔性软管存在两种径向屈曲模式,抗鸟笼带层达到极限强度和抗拉铠装层钢带达到临界载荷均会引发屈曲,下面介绍柔性软管抗拉铠装层的两种屈曲模式的理论基础[13]
第一种屈曲模式中,由于抗鸟笼带为抗拉铠装层提供极强的径向约束,因此管道发生屈曲的临界载荷是由抗鸟笼带材料的极限强度决定的,引入受载时抗鸟笼带层中的环向应力,可得
式中,σtape为抗鸟笼带的环向应力,Rt为抗鸟笼带的平均半径,t为抗鸟笼带的厚度,Tw为轴向压缩载荷,pT为压缩引起的层间接触压力,α为抗拉铠装层钢带的铺设角度,R为抗拉铠装层的平均半径。
第一种屈曲模式下的临界屈曲载荷为
式中,Tcritical为临界屈曲载荷,σu是抗鸟笼带材料的极限强度。
对于第二种屈曲模式,假设抗拉铠装层以正弦函数形状发生径向偏转,侧向位移为0,则屈曲形状函数为
式中,u0是钢带径向最高点位置,m是半波数,l是沿螺旋钢带轴向的长度。
忽略钢带间的相互作用,单根钢带的临界屈曲载荷可采用最小势能原理得出:
式中,EI2是钢带弱轴方向的弯曲刚度,系数c由下式给出:
由于临界屈曲载荷应当是保守的,因此对m/l赋予不同的值求解Q1的最小值,进一步可得到引起径向屈曲的临界载荷为
对于抗鸟笼带足够坚固的情况,钢带只能克服层间摩擦力发生侧向滑移,因此假设径向位移为0,引入螺旋钢带初始法向曲率和扭转角,则引起侧向屈曲的临界载荷由下式给出:
式中,GJ是钢带的轴向扭转刚度。
对抗拉铠装层的轴向力学性能进行分析,软管结构中的骨架层、抗压铠装层因几何结构特点导致其在轴向的刚度几乎可以忽略不计[7],为了以最小的计算成本准确地展示柔性软管在轴向压缩载荷下的响应过程,将软管中骨架层、内衬层、抗压铠装层、耐磨层简化为刚体内核。为了进一步验证有限元模型的有效性,采用Malta等[14]给出的6英寸柔性软管参数建立模型,其几何参数和材料属性分别如表1表2所示。
在建模过程中,为了有效防止边界效应对柔性软管的力学响应结果产生影响,管道制造厂商通常建议将软管模型的长度取为抗拉铠装层钢带螺距的2倍,本文所建立的五层三维有限元柔性软管模型如图2所示。
在模型轴向受载时,针对端部出现与真实情况不符的塑性铰链现象,将非金属层两端100 mm长度范围的区域赋予线弹性材料特性。在模型约束条件设置中,限制了受载端面除轴向方向外的所有自由度,并对软管另一端面设置为完全刚性固定。同时在管道模型受载端面上设置一个沿轴向的压缩位移载荷速率,其位移载荷应用于除刚性核心之外的所有层的所有节点。该有限元模型采用ABAQUS/Explicit准静态方法进行计算,为了模拟动态结构,将时间步长固定在一个小值上,以达到位移速率缓步增大的目的,同时减少准静态过程中惯性力对响应结果的影响,进一步保证抗拉铠装层力学响应规律的准确性。为保证有限元模型计算结果的准确性,分析时步长设置为0.4 s。
为了平衡计算精度和计算效率间的关系,得到相对合适的网格精度,对柔性管道模型施加轴向位移载荷,图3为不同网格精度下柔性管道两层抗拉铠装层的临界屈曲载荷。由图可知,网格精度对于有限元模拟结果有显著影响,当网格精度分别为最大和最小时,临界屈曲载荷相差12.7%。网格精度从8.0 mm到4.0 mm的过程中,临界屈曲载荷逐步增大,直到尺寸小于4.0 mm时临界屈曲载荷趋于平稳,因此采用4.0 mm为本文有限元模型的网格精度。
有限元模型计算结果和Malta等[15]的结果对比如见图4,显然两者吻合较好,最大相对误差的绝对值小于13.2%,从而验证了本文建立的数值方法的有效性。如图4所示,柔性软管的响应过程分为三个阶段:轴向压缩载荷-应变线性阶段、轴向压缩载荷-应变非线性阶段、轴向压缩后屈曲阶段。由图可知,抗拉铠装层的屈曲点即应力-应变曲线中的最高点,其对应的轴向载荷即为临界屈曲载荷。在后续研究中,轴向压缩刚度特指线性阶段的轴向压缩刚度。
船锚拖拽、环空排气系统堵塞、邻近设施的碰撞磨损以及安装方法不当,都有可能导致非金属层破损。软管排气系统堵塞或管道环空中渗入流体,都会导致环空压力激增,进而导致非金属层因超出极限承载力而破裂。随着柔性软管的长时间服役,裂纹会逐步扩展,使得柔性软管的安全运行存在极大隐患。含非金属层损伤的非粘结柔性软管在轴向压缩荷载下,会出现结构径向不稳定现象。为确保非粘结柔性软管的安全运行以达到其预期使用寿命,针对其力学性能变化规律进行探究,建立沿轴向长度和沿环向宽度的初始矩形缺陷代替实际工程中的非规则缺陷。同时,建立损伤长度范围为0~600 mm、非金属层缺陷宽度范围为0~180°的柔性软管模型,进行参数敏感性分析。为防止边界效应的影响,将缺陷位置建立在软管中部,如图5所示。
图6为缺陷宽度为30°条件下的不同缺陷长度的柔性软管的轴向压缩屈曲模态。可以发现,在缺陷损伤处会出现应力集中现象,发生径向屈曲。由图可知,随着缺陷长度的增加,发生应力集中和径向屈曲的管段区域逐渐向两端扩展。经分析其失效扩展是非金属层缺陷面积的增大造成对抗拉铠装层的径向约束作用减小所致。而该失效恶化现象严重缩短了柔性软管的使用寿命,同时含非金属层缺陷的柔性软管的轴向压缩性能也严重下降。因此,在柔性软管安全管理过程中,应做好软管的监测工作,对于外表面的检视可以采用人工或水下机器人的检测方式,对缺陷管段及时记录并进行修复作业,防止软管事故的发生。
图7为不同程度的非金属层缺陷的柔性软管的轴向压缩力学性能曲线。可以发现,具有非金属层缺陷的柔性软管在轴向压缩载荷作用下,其轴向压缩刚度和临界屈曲载荷存在显著变化,随着缺陷长度增加,非粘结柔性软管的轴向压缩刚度和临界屈曲载荷均会出现明显下降。当缺陷宽度在0~90°范围内变化时,轴向压缩刚度和临界屈曲载荷未呈现出显著依赖性;当缺陷宽度大于90°时,随着缺陷宽度的增加,轴向压缩刚度和临界屈曲载荷明显下降。
非金属层缺陷尺寸的增加导致非粘结柔性软管的轴向压缩刚度和临界屈曲载荷显著下降。在缺陷损伤处出现应力集中现象,发生径向屈曲,并逐渐向两端扩展,该失效恶化现象严重缩短了柔性软管的使用寿命。因此,及时利用维修加包裹破损部位防止缺陷进一步扩展尤为重要。
非金属层发生缺陷损伤时,可能会导致外界环境中海水或其他杂质进入管道环空区域,引起软管层间摩擦效果减弱[15],同时与摩擦效果有关的径向支撑能力也会受到影响。为探究层间摩擦系数变化对柔性软管轴向压缩力学性能的影响,分别选定摩擦系数为0、0.02、0.04、0.06、0.08和0.1,建立6组柔性软管有限元模型。不同摩擦系数条件下的管道屈曲模态如图8所示。随着摩擦系数的增大,高应力区域由管道中间向管端延伸,发生屈曲处的径向位移随之增大,并由侧向屈曲逐渐转变为径向屈曲。说明当摩擦系数较大时,抗鸟笼带在径向方向约束抗拉铠装层,而层间摩擦力提供侧向约束;当柔性软管层间的摩擦作用无法阻止抗拉铠装层钢带在轴向载荷下的侧向滑移时,钢带会产生侧向屈曲失效。
图9为柔性软管在不同摩擦系数下的轴向压缩载荷-轴向压缩应变曲线。不同摩擦系数下柔性软管的轴向压缩载荷-轴向压缩应变曲线的线性阶段差别很小,几乎重合。但随着摩擦系数的下降,柔性软管的临界屈曲应变和临界屈曲载荷明显下降。当摩擦系数从0.1下降为0时,柔性软管的轴向压缩刚度下降仅为0.8%,几乎可以忽略不计,而柔性软管的临界屈曲载荷下降高达46.3%。其中摩擦系数从0.1到0.04的临界屈曲载荷降幅仅为7.8%,而从0.04到0的降幅高达38.5%。说明在低摩擦系数下,柔性软管的临界屈曲载荷对摩擦系数的变化更为敏感。
图10为不同摩擦系数下柔性软管内抗拉铠装层、外抗拉铠装层、抗鸟笼带及外包覆层的压缩载荷-压缩应变曲线。由图可知,抗拉铠装层是管道承受轴向压缩载荷的主要部件。内层钢带发生屈曲后,外部钢带成为主要承载部件,所受压缩载荷骤升,由于超过其极限承载能力也随之发生屈曲。此外,随着摩擦系数的下降,内部钢带承受压缩载荷的能力大幅下降,其受载占整体的比重也不断下降,相应地,外部钢带受载占整体的比重不断上升。
层间摩擦效果的减弱,会导致非粘结柔性软管临界屈曲载荷出现显著下降,但对轴向压缩刚度无明显影响;在轴向压缩载荷作用下,摩擦系数减小的柔性软管由径向屈曲转变为侧向屈曲,对柔性软管的结构性能产生严重影响。因此,应定期对柔性软管外表面缺陷进行检测以防止杂质进入环空层。
非金属层破裂将导致海水灌入环空,柔性软管内流体中的水蒸气、有机酸、二氧化碳、硫化氢等介质通过内衬层渗透到环空中,抗拉铠装层钢带会出现腐蚀断裂。同时,长期的循环载荷作用也会导致钢带发生疲劳和材料性能下降,从而引发钢带断裂。为研究抗拉铠装层钢带断裂对柔性软管轴向压缩力学性能的影响,分别建立内外抗拉铠装层断裂钢带数量为0~25的柔性软管有限元模型,图11为含断裂钢带的柔性软管三维有限元模型。
对于抗拉铠装层钢带受损的模拟方法通常有两种[11]:(1)对钢带中的某个单元的刚度矩阵乘以极小的值(例如10−6),保持其他所有单元的刚度矩阵不变;(2)直接删除钢带的单元。研究表明两种方法得到的刚度、应力分布等指标基本一致。此处研究的对象为含断裂钢带的抗拉铠装层,为了更好地表征实际情况,本文采用上述第二种方法进行建模。
图12为不同钢带断裂条件下的柔性软管压缩载荷-压缩应变曲线。可以看出,内外层钢带的断裂都会导致轴向压缩刚度和临界屈曲载荷的下降。当内层钢带断裂数量为25时,轴向压缩刚度和临界屈曲载荷相较于完好状态时的降幅分别为5.3%和14.5%;当外层钢带断裂数量为25时,轴向压缩刚度和临界屈曲载荷相较于完好状态时的降幅分别为17.8%和29.1%。需要指出的是,柔性软管临界屈曲载荷在内层钢带断裂后表现出非规律性波动,这可能与断裂钢带在受载过程中的不均匀滑移和变形有关。
图13展示了外部钢带断裂数量为5、15、25的柔性软管受轴向压缩载荷作用下各层的受载情况。可以发现,内部钢带在轴向压缩过程中会经历受载水平增长到最高点后发生屈曲陡降的过程,而抗鸟笼带和外包覆层作为非金属层受到的轴向压缩载荷始终很低。随着外部断裂钢带数量的增加,外部钢带的压缩承载能力明显下降,内部钢带的整体受载水平发生小幅增长,而非金属层承载水平则几乎保持不变。
图14展示了内部钢带断裂数量为5、15、25的柔性软管受到轴向压缩载荷时各层的受载情况。可以发现,随着内部钢带断裂数量的增加,内层钢带的轴向压缩刚度和轴向压缩极限承载力都发生大幅下降,外部钢带的压缩刚度大幅上升,但轴向压缩极限承载力几乎不变,非金属层的受载水平也几乎保持不变。需要指出的是,钢带的断裂并非仅显著降低所在抗拉铠装层的压缩承载能力,同时也会导致相邻抗拉铠装层所受载荷小幅提升。
抗拉铠装层内外层钢带断裂导致非粘结柔性软管的轴向压缩刚度和临界屈曲载荷显著下降。钢带断裂使得非粘结柔性软管在轴向压缩载荷下不再是均匀分布的应力应变状态,同时,在断裂钢带相邻处会产生应力激增,给非粘结柔性软管的结构性能保障带来极大的挑战。因此,定期的检查对管道的完整性管理尤为重要。
采用非线性有限元方法,本文建立了含缺陷非粘结柔性软管抗拉铠装层轴向压缩的数值仿真模型,分别研究了非金属层缺陷导致的摩擦系数变化、径向支撑能力变化以及抗拉铠装层钢带断裂三个因素对柔性软管轴向压缩刚度和临界屈曲载荷的影响规律,主要结论如下:
(1)非金属层缺陷会削弱其对抗拉铠装层的径向约束作用,非粘结柔性软管的轴向压缩性能随缺陷长度的增加显著下降,轴向压缩性能对小于90°的缺陷宽度无显著依赖性,大于90°的缺陷宽度对柔性软管力学性能影响较大。由于缺陷处可能出现鸟笼屈曲失效行为,因此,应定期派遣潜水员或水下机器人对管道外表面进行检查,以保障非金属层处于完好状态。
(2)环空含水率上升引发的层间摩擦系数减小对柔性软管轴向压缩刚度几乎无影响,但会导致临界屈曲载荷的显著下降,因此应当定期进行环空体积测试确认含水率,避免柔性软管在低摩擦状态下运行。
(3)层间摩擦系数的减小会削弱抗拉铠装层钢带的侧向约束作用,导致屈曲模态从径向屈曲逐渐转变为侧向屈曲。
(4)抗拉铠装层钢带断裂会引发柔性软管轴向压缩刚度和临界屈曲载荷的下降,不仅会导致所在层的压缩承载能力下降,而且会使相邻抗拉铠装层负载增大。钢带的断裂会导致严重的应力应变集中,使软管的剩余寿命显著减少。因此,为了提高柔性软管的安全性和延长其使用寿命,应尽量提高其安全系数,保障柔性软管的安全运行。
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.04.012
  • 接收时间:2024-10-24
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-24
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52171285)
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    油气管道输送安全国家工程实验室,城市油气输配技术北京市重点实验室,北京 102249

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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