Article(id=1243306168307790090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306166663622912, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.04.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1729008000000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774356890036, onlineDateStr=2026-03-24, pubDate=1745078400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774356890036, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774356890036, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774356890036, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243306166663622912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='4', pageStart='517', pageEnd='679', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1774356889644, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774357043129, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243306810493485479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306166663622912, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243306810493485480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306166663622912, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=597, endPage=609, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243306168538476815, articleId=1243306168307790090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Ballistic characteristics of oblique water-entry of projectiles with different attack angles, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to analyze the impact attack angle on the oblique water-entry performance of projectiles, the oblique water-entry tests of a projectile under multiple conditions were carried out based on the high-speed photography technology. The effects of the attack angle on the cavity evolution and motion characteristics of the projectile were studied. Based on finite volume method and overlapping grid technology, a numerical method for oblique water-entry of projectiles was established. The water-entry stability and force characteristics of the projectile were compared and analyzed with the attack angle set as 0°, ±0.5°, ±1.5°, ±2.5°, and ±3.5° respectively. The reliability of numerical simulation was validated by comparing the simulated results with the experimental results. It is shown that when the attack angle is positive, the projectile will deflect counterclockwise and deviate upward, while it will deflect clockwise and deviate downward when the attack angle is negative. When the attack angle is zero, the projectile motion is stable, and the simulation results under the same condition are consistent with the experimental ones. With the increase of the absolute value of the attack angle, the absolute value of the deviation and deflection of the projectile presents an increasing trend simultaneously, and the time of the tail-slapping of the projectile is gradually advanced. When the absolute value of the attack angle is the same, the first tail-slapping of the projectile occurs earlier when the attack angle is less than 0°, and the water-entry stability of the projectile is worse. Influenced by the attack angle, both the drag and lift of the projectile will shock violently at the early stage of water-entry. With the increase of the attack angle, the lift of the projectile presents a decreasing trend, while the drag is not significantly influenced by the attack angle, except that the drag is relatively large at attack angle of −3.5 °.

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为研究入水攻角对弹丸倾斜入水性能的影响,基于高速摄影技术开展多工况弹丸倾斜入水试验,研究入水攻角对弹丸入水空泡演化及运动的影响,并基于有限体积法及重叠网格技术建立弹丸倾斜入水数值方法,对比分析入水攻角为0°、±0.5°、±1.5°、±2.5°、±3.5°时弹丸入水运动稳定性及受力特性,并基于试验结果验证数值模拟的可靠性。研究结果表明:弹丸入水攻角为正时,弹丸入水后沿逆时针偏转并向上侧偏移;入水攻角为负时则沿顺时针偏转并向下侧偏移;入水攻角为零时弹丸运动比较稳定。随着入水攻角的绝对值逐渐增大,相同时刻弹丸偏移量及偏转角的绝对值均呈递增趋势,弹丸发生尾拍的时刻逐渐提前,且当绝对值相同时,入水攻角小于0°会使弹丸更快发生第一次尾拍,弹丸入水稳定性更差。受入水攻角影响,入水前期弹丸阻力及升力均会剧烈振荡,随着入水攻角逐渐增大,弹丸升力呈现递减趋势,而阻力受入水攻角影响不是很明显,只有在攻角为−3.5°工况下阻力较大。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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胡彦晓(1998-),男,硕士研究生

鹿麟(1988-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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胡彦晓(1998-),男,硕士研究生

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label=Fig.17, caption=Influence of initial angle of attack on forces acting on projectile, figureFileSmall=HnbK60v+w0kX83XR0loC0w==, figureFileBig=0b13ZOlMC7Zl1o7h1oJKZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243306187639337858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306168307790090, language=CN, label=图17, caption=入水攻角对弹丸受力的影响, figureFileSmall=HnbK60v+w0kX83XR0loC0w==, figureFileBig=0b13ZOlMC7Zl1o7h1oJKZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243306189132510086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306168307790090, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Projectile mode dimensions

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参数/单位数值
弹丸直径/mm7.62
弹长/mm62.7
空化器锥角/(°)100
密度/(g·cm−37.85
质量/g12.62
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弹丸模型尺寸

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参数/单位数值
弹丸直径/mm7.62
弹长/mm62.7
空化器锥角/(°)100
密度/(g·cm−37.85
质量/g12.62
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Material parameters of air and water

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材料密度/(kg·cm−3动黏性系数/(Pa·s)
空气1.291.79×10−5
1031.01×10−3
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空气与水的材料参数

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材料密度/(kg·cm−3动黏性系数/(Pa·s)
空气1.291.79×10−5
1031.01×10−3
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不同入水攻角弹丸倾斜入水弹道特性研究
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胡彦晓 1 , 鹿麟 2, 3 , 杨哲 2 , 侯宇 3 , 程勇东 2
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025,29(4): 597-609
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025, 29(4): 597-609
不同入水攻角弹丸倾斜入水弹道特性研究
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胡彦晓1, 鹿麟2, 3 , 杨哲2, 侯宇3, 程勇东2
作者信息
  • 1.内蒙航天动力机械测试所,呼和浩特 010076
  • 2.中北大学 机电工程学院,太原 030051
  • 3.重庆长安望江工业集团有限公司,重庆 401120
  • 胡彦晓(1998-),男,硕士研究生

    鹿麟(1988-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Ballistic characteristics of oblique water-entry of projectiles with different attack angles
Yan-xiao HU1, Lin LU2, 3 , Zhe YANG2, Yu HOU3, Yong-dong CHENG2
Affiliations
  • 1.Inner Mongolia Aerospace Power Machinery Test Institute, Hohhot 010076, China
  • 2.School of Mechatronics Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
  • 3.Chongqing Changan Wangjiang Industry (Group) Co. Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
出版时间: 2025-04-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.04.008
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为研究入水攻角对弹丸倾斜入水性能的影响,基于高速摄影技术开展多工况弹丸倾斜入水试验,研究入水攻角对弹丸入水空泡演化及运动的影响,并基于有限体积法及重叠网格技术建立弹丸倾斜入水数值方法,对比分析入水攻角为0°、±0.5°、±1.5°、±2.5°、±3.5°时弹丸入水运动稳定性及受力特性,并基于试验结果验证数值模拟的可靠性。研究结果表明:弹丸入水攻角为正时,弹丸入水后沿逆时针偏转并向上侧偏移;入水攻角为负时则沿顺时针偏转并向下侧偏移;入水攻角为零时弹丸运动比较稳定。随着入水攻角的绝对值逐渐增大,相同时刻弹丸偏移量及偏转角的绝对值均呈递增趋势,弹丸发生尾拍的时刻逐渐提前,且当绝对值相同时,入水攻角小于0°会使弹丸更快发生第一次尾拍,弹丸入水稳定性更差。受入水攻角影响,入水前期弹丸阻力及升力均会剧烈振荡,随着入水攻角逐渐增大,弹丸升力呈现递减趋势,而阻力受入水攻角影响不是很明显,只有在攻角为−3.5°工况下阻力较大。

倾斜入水  /  入水试验  /  数值模拟  /  入水攻角扰动  /  运动特性

In order to analyze the impact attack angle on the oblique water-entry performance of projectiles, the oblique water-entry tests of a projectile under multiple conditions were carried out based on the high-speed photography technology. The effects of the attack angle on the cavity evolution and motion characteristics of the projectile were studied. Based on finite volume method and overlapping grid technology, a numerical method for oblique water-entry of projectiles was established. The water-entry stability and force characteristics of the projectile were compared and analyzed with the attack angle set as 0°, ±0.5°, ±1.5°, ±2.5°, and ±3.5° respectively. The reliability of numerical simulation was validated by comparing the simulated results with the experimental results. It is shown that when the attack angle is positive, the projectile will deflect counterclockwise and deviate upward, while it will deflect clockwise and deviate downward when the attack angle is negative. When the attack angle is zero, the projectile motion is stable, and the simulation results under the same condition are consistent with the experimental ones. With the increase of the absolute value of the attack angle, the absolute value of the deviation and deflection of the projectile presents an increasing trend simultaneously, and the time of the tail-slapping of the projectile is gradually advanced. When the absolute value of the attack angle is the same, the first tail-slapping of the projectile occurs earlier when the attack angle is less than 0°, and the water-entry stability of the projectile is worse. Influenced by the attack angle, both the drag and lift of the projectile will shock violently at the early stage of water-entry. With the increase of the attack angle, the lift of the projectile presents a decreasing trend, while the drag is not significantly influenced by the attack angle, except that the drag is relatively large at attack angle of −3.5 °.

oblique water-entry  /  water-entry experiment  /  numerical simulation  /  water-entry attack angle disturbance  /  motion characteristics
胡彦晓, 鹿麟, 杨哲, 侯宇, 程勇东. 不同入水攻角弹丸倾斜入水弹道特性研究. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (4) : 597 -609 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.04.008
Yan-xiao HU, Lin LU, Zhe YANG, Yu HOU, Yong-dong CHENG. Ballistic characteristics of oblique water-entry of projectiles with different attack angles[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (4) : 597 -609 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.04.008
弹丸倾斜入水是指弹丸以一定初速穿越自由液面从空气倾斜进入水中的过程,该过程除涉及强湍流、多相流及介质突变等复杂流动现象外,在实际应用过程中还会不可避免地受到多种入水初始扰动的影响。其中,入水攻角扰动会对弹丸入水运动稳定性及流场特性产生显著影响,进而影响弹丸的有效射程及射击精度。因此,对入水攻角扰动影响下弹丸倾斜入水问题开展研究很有必要。
目前,国内外学者已经对弹丸倾斜入水问题开展了大量研究。Akbari等[1]对一种阶梯圆锥形弹丸的倾斜入水过程开展了数值模拟,通过分析不同入水角度下弹丸的运动稳定性,得到了该弹丸倾斜入水的临界稳定入水角度;Mirzaei等[2]建立了一种圆柱形弹丸倾斜入水预测模型,并对弹丸倾斜入水过程中的空泡结构演化和运动状态进行了有效模拟;陈晨等[3]对小型运动体高速倾斜入水过程中的流体动力特性、流场结构特性与空泡发展规律进行了分析,并研究了入水角度对流场的影响;Gao等[4]运用数值方法研究了弹丸倾斜入水过程中的速度衰减规律,发现其主要受弹丸几何形状和长度等几何参数影响,而阻力系数由头部形状主导;宋武超等[5]对回转体低速倾斜入水过程中的入水空泡形态及流体动力特性演化规律进行了分析;Sui等[6]对多种头型弹丸开展了倾斜入水试验,发现了弹丸瞬态冲击载荷与空泡演化之间的联系,揭示了冲击载荷峰值与弹丸几何结构无量纲参数之间的定量关系;Song等[7]对圆柱形弹丸高速倾斜入水开展了试验和数值研究,分析了弹丸入水过程中空泡演化、压力分布及阻力系数的变化规律;路丽睿等[8]通过不同头型弹丸低速倾斜入水对比试验,得到了弹丸头型对入水空泡、运动速度、俯仰角和阻力系数的影响规律;侯宇等[9]通过开展超空泡弹丸小角度入水试验,分析了不同侧滑角弹体入水冲击过程中的弹道轨迹、喷溅演变和水下压力波传播特征;Zhang等[10]对弹丸在波浪环境下的倾斜入水过程进行了数值研究,并对弹丸入水过程中的空泡演化机理、动态特性和涡旋结构进行了分析;鹿麟等[11]对弹丸倾斜入水的空泡形成、发展及溃灭过程进行了分析,得到了尾拍过程中弹丸的空泡演化特性,此外还总结出入水初速对弹丸空泡演化特性及入水运动特性的影响规律。通过上述研究得知,弹丸倾斜入水过程中会受到多方面影响,其中入水初始扰动是影响弹丸入水特性的重要因素之一。但是,目前关于入水初始扰动对弹丸入水运动规律及水动力特性的影响机制方面缺乏深入的研究。Truscott等[12]通过试验方法对旋转球入水的流场特性开展了研究,发现了旋转球入水后会在空泡内形成横向楔形射流,导致小球产生较大的横向偏转;李治涛等[13]对波浪环境下高速旋转弹丸入水过程进行了数值研究,发现弹体的自旋运动对弹丸的偏航力矩和俯仰力矩具有一定影响;Sun等[14]利用试验研究了不同攻角对圆柱体入水空泡演化和表面载荷的影响,分析了攻角与入水喷溅和空泡演化的关系;李佳川等[15]对不同扰动角速度下的弹丸入水过程进行了数值模拟,分析了扰动角速度对弹体入水轨迹、速度、俯仰角和俯仰角速度的影响规律;夏维学等[16]开展了具有水平速度的圆柱体以不同倾角入水的试验,分析了入水空泡壁面运动特性与空泡演化过程的关系,并基于空泡壁面运动特性划分空泡演化各阶段,分析了空泡演化在各阶段的流动机理。上述研究没有对入水攻角扰动影响下弹丸倾斜入水运动规律进行详细分析,同时,针对入水攻角扰动对弹丸入水流场、运动及受力特性开展的研究还不够深入。
本研究开展多工况下弹丸带攻角倾斜入水试验,将试验结果与仿真结果对比,验证数值方法的可靠性。基于重叠网格技术,利用数值模拟的方法探究不同入水攻角对弹丸倾斜入水的运动稳定性及受力特性。研究结果可为增加弹丸水下射程、提升弹丸入水稳定性提供参考依据,具有一定的科学研究意义与工程应用价值。
图1为弹丸倾斜入水试验系统示意图,试验系统由敞口水箱、发射系统、高速摄影机、计算机及照明系统组成。敞口水箱尺寸为3.0 m×2.0 m×2.0 m,除前后两侧为钢化玻璃外,其余侧壁均由15 mm钢板和钢制支架组成,箱底铺设有25 mm松木板与6 mm钢板复合捆扎而成的接弹缓冲装置,试验时注入水深1.2 m,为保证水质清澈,试验前先用明矾对水箱做沉淀处理。发射系统由轻气炮发射装置与发射控制装置组成,轻气炮发射装置放置在水箱右侧,连接的高压氮气瓶为弹丸发射提供动力;发射控制装置由控制器和电磁气阀组成,主要负责弹丸击发与高速摄像机时序控制。在水箱正面布有FASTCAM SA-X2型高速摄影机,采集帧率为7200 fps,分辨率为1024×1024像素,使用计算机可控制高速摄影机完成试验数据采集工作。此外还设有照明系统,其中LED灯板起补光作用,灯板与水箱间的柔光屏可以提高拍摄画面质量。在拍摄范围内设有网格尺寸为50 mm×50 mm的方形坐标尺,用于校准试验测试结果。图2为试验现场布置图。
图3为试验所用弹丸模型,弹长为62.7 mm,直径为7.62 mm,弹丸头部空化器锥角为100°,弹丸模型材料为钢,质量为12.62 g。本文利用上述试验系统及弹丸模型,开展了多工况下高速弹丸倾斜入水试验,并在试验时对每个工况均进行了至少5次试验,以得到可靠有效的试验结果。
本文在数值计算时采用了VOF多相流模型进行模拟。在VOF模型中,不同的流体组分共用一套动量方程,计算时在全场流域中记录下各流体组分的体积率占比,用αlαgαv分别表示水、空气和水蒸气的体积分数,并满足αl + αg + αv=1。
混合相的连续性方程为
混合相的动量方程为
式中,t代表时间,uiuj分别为在ij方向上的速度分量,xixj为位移分量,ρm是混合相密度,µm为混合相动力粘度。
湍流模型采用Realizable k-ε模型,该模型考虑了平均流动扰动对湍流耗散的影响,具有较高的数值精度和稳定性,其湍动能和湍动耗散率的输运方程为
式中,Gk为时均速度梯度引起的湍动能;Gb为浮力引起的湍动能;YM为脉动扩张在湍流耗散率所占当量;C2= 1.9;C1εC2εC3ε为预测常数,一般取C1ε=1.44、C2ε=1.92;σkσε分别为kε的湍流普朗特常数,一般取σk=1、σε=1.2;SkSε为源项。
本文在数值计算时采用Zwart-Gerber-Belamri(Z-G-B空化)模型模拟空化现象,其蒸汽输运方程如下:
式中,v代表汽相,ρv表示饱和蒸汽压,ReRc分别代表每单位体积的蒸发和冷凝速率,RB为气核半径,αnuc=5×10−4为汽核体积分数,Fvap=50为汽化系数,Fcond=0.001为冷凝系数。
本文使用六自由度求解器求解流场中作用在运动弹丸上的力与力矩,计算弹丸平移运动和旋转运动。在惯性参考坐标系下弹丸的平移运动方程如下:
式中,为质心平移运动加速度矢量,mb为弹丸质量,F为作用在弹丸上的外力。
在刚体坐标系下弹丸的转动方程如下:
式中,ω为弹丸角速度,I为弹丸惯性张量,M为弹丸外力矩。
本文选用的计算模型与试验所用弹丸模型完全相同,其外形尺寸及物理参数如表1所示。
图4(a)为初始时刻弹丸的空间位置及计算域的总体尺寸示意图,初始时刻弹丸位于空气域中,为避免边界效应,计算域长度及宽度均设置为50D,空气域长度为25D,水域长度为100D图4(b)为入水角、攻角及空间坐标系设置示意图,其中,入水角为弹丸轴线与水平面间夹角,用符号θ0表示,且不同工况皆为60°。攻角为速度矢量与弹丸轴线间夹角,用符号α表示,入水时刻的攻角用符号α0表示,定义速度矢量在弹丸轴线之上时攻角为正,反之为负。空间坐标系包括全局坐标系和局部坐标系,定义弹丸头部接触自由液面时刻为t=0 ms,接触位置为入水点,全局坐标系XOY的三轴起点均位于入水点,X轴与自由液面重合向右为正,Y轴垂直于自由液面向上为正。局部坐标系xO′y的原点在弹丸质心位置,y轴沿弹丸轴线向上为正,x轴垂直于弹丸轴线。图4(c)为流场边界条件设置示意图,计算域上下两端采用压力出口边界,对称面为对称边界,其余皆为壁面边界。此外,流体介质参数如表2所示。
本文使用商业软件Fluent进行数值仿真,针对高速弹丸倾斜入水选用了重叠网格技术,考虑到计算模型为轴对称模型,本文仅对计算域的一半进行了网格划分。图5(a)、(b)分别为计算域整体网格划分及弹丸周围局部网格划分示意图。为捕捉自由液面形状及弹丸运动轨迹,对自由液面附近及弹丸运动区域都进行了局部网格加密。此外,为了准确捕捉弹体周围流场及空泡演化规律,在弹体壁面处生成了5层边界层网格,第一层网格的值y+控制在30左右,同时还对弹丸头部空泡产生位置及弹丸尾部尾拍沾湿区域进行了局部加密,最终网格总数为206万。本文采用有限体积法对控制方程进行离散求解,通过三自由度模型计算弹丸运动过程中的速度、位移等运动参数,对压力-速度耦合方程求解时采用了Coupled算法,对压力场进行空间离散时采用了PRESTO格式,计算步长为2E−6 s。
计算域网格划分直接决定了数值模拟的精度,本文对弹体周围网格进行加密,改变边界层网格厚度,在不改变整体网格划分规律的前提下,建立了三套不同网格密度的网格,网格总数分别为114万、206万及421万。设置时间步长为2E−6 s对入水初速及入水角分别为150 m/s及60°的弹丸倾斜入水过程进行了数值模拟,得到了图6所示的不同网格密度下弹丸壁面y+变化,以及图7所示的三种网格密度下的弹丸速度衰减曲线。由图6~7可知,206万、421万网格数量的y+均处于30~300,而206万网格和421万网格在相同时刻弹丸速度差值较小。综合考虑计算准确度及时间成本后,最终选用网格数为206万的网格进行计算。
为验证数值方法的可靠性,本文开展了工况与试验工况相同的数值仿真,并与试验结果进行了对比。初始时刻弹丸在空气中,入水速度、入水角度及入水攻角与试验相对应,分别为150 m/s、60°及1.5°。图8对比了四个时刻的空泡轮廓,从图中可以看出仿真结果与试验结果基本吻合。图9给出了弹丸速度随时间变化曲线,如图所示两条曲线具有相同的衰减趋势,最大误差为0.46%。
入水攻角是决定弹丸入水运动特性的重要因素之一。为探究入水攻角对弹丸运动轨迹及空泡演化过程的影响,开展了大量不同攻角的弹丸倾斜入水试验。图10给出的三个工况分别对应α0=1.5°>0°、α0=0°及α0=−2.5°<0°时弹丸的入水情况,三个工况弹丸入水角皆为60°。观察图10可以发现,在入水前期弹丸将部分能量传递到自由液面,并在空气中形成漏斗状喷溅,待弹丸完全入水后弹体周围产生细长的空泡,在空泡包裹下弹丸在水中向下运动。然而不同于α0=0°时弹丸在水中平稳运动,由于受到入水攻角的影响,当α0≠0°时弹丸入水后均会发生多次尾拍。定义尾拍空泡的生成始于弹尾撞击滑行于空泡壁面,结束于弹丸拍回空泡内部。图10(a)、(b)中弹丸入水后均会在空泡内发生偏转,并分别在2.92 ms及0.56 ms时撞击空泡侧壁开始第一次尾拍,之后,在弹丸附近的流体阻力以及弹丸拍击空泡的反作用力两者共同作用下,使得弹丸朝反方向偏转,并分别在5.14 ms及3.33 ms时发生第二次尾拍,观察图10还可看到,在7.50 ms及5.56 ms时弹丸还会发生第三次尾拍。
对比图10(a)、(b)、(c)可以发现,入水攻角的正负会直接影响弹丸入水后第一次尾拍的方向,具体为:当α0>0°时,弹丸入水后沿逆时针方向偏转,拍击空泡上壁发生第一次尾拍;当α0<0°时,弹丸入水后沿顺时针方向偏转,拍击空泡下壁发生第一次尾拍;此外,当α0=0°时,弹丸入水初期运动比较稳定,在高摄拍摄范围内未出现尾拍现象。同时,对比图10还可发现,入水攻角的正负还会影响弹丸入水后的偏移方向。为方便说明不同工况下弹丸的偏移情况,图中标注了红色实线和蓝色虚线的对比。红线代表不同工况下弹丸的实际运动轨迹,该线起点为弹丸入水点,终点为当前时刻弹丸头部位置;蓝线为若弹丸入水后没有发生偏移的假想运动轨迹,该线起点为弹丸入水点,与自由液面间夹角和弹丸入水角相同皆为60°。参考两线位置可以看出:α0=0°时,红线与蓝线完全重合,弹丸没有发生明显偏移;当α0>0°时,图中红线在蓝线之上,说明弹丸向上发生了偏移;而当α0<0°时,图中红线在蓝线之下,说明弹丸向下发生了较大偏移。
为验证试验结果分析的合理性及数值模型的可靠性,对不同入水攻角条件下弹丸倾斜入水过程开展了数值计算,数值计算时使用了与试验完全相同的工况条件。
图11通过将水相体积分数设置为0.5,给出了三个典型时刻的水相体积分数等值面图,为便于对比还给出了相同时刻的试验结果。可以看出,在图中的三个典型时刻,仿真得到的空泡轮廓及弹丸位置与试验结果基本一致:当α0=1.5°时,弹丸在2.92 ms时撞击空泡上壁发生第一次尾拍,弹尾上侧出现局部沾湿;当α0=-2.5°时,弹丸在0.56 ms时撞击空泡下壁发生第一次尾拍,弹尾下侧出现局部沾湿;当α0=0°时,除弹头与水接触外弹身被完整的空泡包裹,弹丸在空泡内没有发生明显偏转。此外,图12给出了这三个典型时刻弹头位置的压力分布图,可以看出,不同于α0=0°时弹头压力对称分布,由于受到入水攻角影响,α0≠0°时弹头高压区发生局部偏移,当α0>0°时弹头高压区偏上,反之偏下。弹头不对称压力分布使弹丸受到不同方向的偏转力矩,α0>0°时偏转力矩沿逆时针方向,反之则沿顺时针方向,前文实验结果相同。该数值方法可以为不同攻角对弹丸倾斜入水稳定性和受力特性的进一步研究提供计算支撑。
基于上述数值方法对多种入水攻角条件下弹丸倾斜入水过程进行仿真,并对弹丸入水至开始第一次尾拍时间区间内弹丸运动规律进行分析。定义无量纲偏移量κ=∆x/D、无量纲偏转角β=θ/θ0。其中,∆xθ分别代表在x方向的偏移量和弹丸的偏转角,D代表弹丸直径,θ0为弹丸入水角。
图14(a)、(b)分别为不同入水攻角条件下,弹丸倾斜入水无量纲偏移量及无量纲偏转角随时间变化曲线。观察图14(a)、(b)可以看出,α0=0°时弹丸偏移量和偏转角均很小,α0>0°时弹丸向上偏移并沿逆时针方向偏转,α0<0°时弹丸向下偏移并沿顺时针方向偏转。结合图13对弹丸偏移及偏转的原因进行分析,当α0=0°时,弹丸速度方向与弹丸轴线方向重合,弹丸入水后不易发生偏移及偏转,稳定性较好。而当α0≠0°时,弹丸入水后轴向与径向都存在速度分量,其中轴向速度分量使弹丸沿轴向运动,产生的阻力F使得弹丸速度衰减但不会使弹丸偏转,而径向速度分量一方面会使弹丸沿径向偏移,具体为α0>0°时弹丸向上偏移,反之则向下偏移;另一方面由于弹丸入水运动过程中只有弹丸头部始终接触水,当弹丸径向偏移时弹丸头部会受到附近流体产生的与径向偏移方向相反的阻力F,该阻力作用于弹丸质心产生的力矩使得弹丸发生偏转。当α0<0°时,偏转力矩指向顺时针方向,反之则指向逆时针方向。同时由图14还可看出,随着|α0|逐渐增大,相同时刻弹丸无量纲偏移量及无量纲偏转角的绝对值均呈递增趋势。这是由于随着入水攻角的增大,弹丸在径向的速度分量也逐渐增大,导致相同时刻弹丸在水下的偏移量更大,从而使弹丸受到了更大的偏转力,作用在弹头使其发生更大幅度偏转。
对比图14(b)α0>0°及α0<0°工况可以发现,当|α0|相同时,相比于α0>0°,α0<0°时弹丸入水后更快发生第一次尾拍。究其原因,一方面由图15给出的空泡扩张横向速度矢量图可知,空泡在X轴正方向扩张的速度相比负方向更慢,这是由于在倾斜入水排开周围流体的过程中,弹丸将更多的能量传递到X轴负方向一侧流体,形成的不对称空泡使弹丸沿顺时针方向偏转时更易发生尾拍,而α0<0°时弹丸入水后会沿顺时针方向偏转。另一方面,结合图16给出的不同工况入水时刻弹头压力峰值曲线可知,随着入水攻角的减小,入水瞬间弹头压力峰值逐渐增大,弹丸受到的入水冲击载荷也随之增大,这是由于入水攻角减小导致了弹丸纵向速度分量增大,入水时纵向较大的动能使弹丸受到了更大的冲击载荷,而入水瞬间倾斜弹丸的下侧与自由液面接触面积更大,这使弹头压力呈不对称分布。在弹丸头部不对称压力的作用下,不同工况弹丸入水瞬间均会受到沿顺时针方向的偏转力矩,但之后该力矩对不同工况产生了不同的影响:当α0<0°时,该力矩有利于弹丸沿顺时针偏转;而当α0>0°时,该力矩阻碍了弹丸沿逆时针方向偏转,导致在相同时刻α0<0°时弹丸偏转角更大,这一点在图14(b)中也可发现。
图17(a)~(b)依次给出了不同入水攻角条件下,弹丸阻力系数Cd及升力系数Cl随时间变化曲线,它们的定义式如下:
式中,Fd为阻力,Fl为升力,ρw为水的密度,v0为弹丸入水速度,A0为弹丸特征面积。
图17可以看出,不同工况下弹丸入水前期CdCl均呈现出先剧变、后振荡的变化规律,这是由于入水瞬间弹丸头部撞击自由液面,受入水冲击载荷影响,CdCl瞬间达到峰值,之后在入水攻角影响下,不同工况弹丸入水前期的姿态角均发生了变化,这导致CdCl不断波动。随着入水距离的增加,弹丸逐渐被完整的空泡包裹,弹丸表面沾湿区域减小,CdCl也随之减小,直至尾拍发生后弹丸表面沾湿区域逐渐增大,CdCl再次发生剧变。此外,由图17还可以发现,在入水攻角|α0|相等的情况下,Cd差异较小,但在升力的作用下致使α0<0°的工况较早地发生尾拍,并且随着α0逐渐增大,弹丸入水发生第一次尾拍的时刻不断提前。由图17(b)中不同工况尾拍时刻空泡图可知,当α0=−3.5°时,弹丸入水后立即发生第一次尾拍,这使该工况入水前期Cd相对较大,而其余工况Cd比较接近,受α0影响不是很明显。此外,观察图17还可发现,随着α0逐渐增大,Cl呈现递减趋势。这是由于随着入水攻角的增大,弹丸在轴向的速度分量逐渐减小。
本文以入水攻角扰动影响下弹丸倾斜入水问题为研究对象,运用数值模拟和试验方法探究了入水攻角扰动对弹丸入水运动特性的影响规律,对不同入水攻角扰动影响下弹丸入水运动稳定性及受力特性进行了对比分析,主要得到了以下结论:
(1)入水攻角对弹丸入水运动影响明显。具体为:当α0>0°时,弹丸入水后沿逆时针方向偏转并向上侧偏移,撞击空泡上壁发生第一次尾拍;当α0<0°时,弹丸入水后沿顺时针方向偏转并向下侧偏移,撞击空泡下壁发生第一次尾拍;当α0=0°时,弹丸入水初期运动比较稳定,在高速拍摄范围内未出现尾拍现象。
(2)入水攻角对弹丸入水运动稳定性影响明显。当|α0|相同时,相比于α0>0°,α0<0°时弹丸入水后更快发生第一次尾拍;随着|α0|逐渐增大,弹丸入水发生第一次尾拍的时刻不断提前,当α0=−3.5°时,弹丸入水后立即发生第一次尾拍,加剧了弹丸入水运动的不稳定性;随着|α0|逐渐增大,相同时刻弹丸无量纲偏移量及无量纲偏转角的绝对值均呈递增趋势。
(3)入水攻角对弹丸入水受力特性影响明显。入水前期受入水攻角影响,弹丸阻力系数和升力系数均会剧烈变化;弹丸倾斜入水后,除α0=0°时弹头压力对称分布外,当α0>0°时弹头高压区偏上,当α0<0°时弹头高压区偏下,不对称的压力分布是弹丸偏转力的来源之一;随着α0逐渐增大,Cl呈现递减趋势,而Cdα0影响不是很明显,只有α0=−3.5°时Cd较大。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52201385)
  • 山西省自然科学基金资助项目(20210302123023)
  • 山西省回国留学人员科研资助项目(2020-106)
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2025年第29卷第4期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.04.008
  • 接收时间:2024-10-16
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-16
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52201385)
山西省自然科学基金资助项目(20210302123023)
山西省回国留学人员科研资助项目(2020-106)
作者信息
    1.内蒙航天动力机械测试所,呼和浩特 010076
    2.中北大学 机电工程学院,太原 030051
    3.重庆长安望江工业集团有限公司,重庆 401120

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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