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Reliable experimental data are crucial for understanding the performance of Floating Wind Turbine (FWT) systems in complex wind-wave-current marine environments. This paper presents the results from 1∶70 scale model tests conducted in a wave basin to investigate the motion response characteristics of a new 12 MW semi-submersible FWT. The experimental design incorporated improvements, including a large-scale wind generation system with a rectifier network, aiming to provide a stable wind field for the experiment. The experimental results indicate that wind loads primarily exert static effects, as reflected by changes in response mean values. On the other hand, increased wave parameters predominantly contribute to dynamic effects, which are demonstrated through changes in response standard deviations. Aerodynamic damping effect is primarily manifested in the coupling responses of pitch and surge, as well as at the natural frequency of pitch motion. The action of current significantly reduces response at the natural frequency of pitch, although it concurrently amplifies platform’s surge and yaw responses. This study contributes valuable insights into the dynamic behavior of large-scale semi-submersible FWTs under combined wind, wave and current conditions.

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可靠的试验数据对于探索风浪流海洋环境条件中浮式风机系统的性能至关重要。本文展示了在海洋工程水池中开展的1∶70缩尺比模型试验的结果,研究了12 MW新型半潜式浮式风机的运动性能。在试验中改善设计了带整流网的多扇叶大尺度造风系统,以提供稳定的试验风场。试验结果表明:风载荷主要产生静态作用,由响应均值的变化体现;而波浪参数的增大以动态影响为主,通过响应标准差的变化体现;气动阻尼效应主要表现在纵摇与纵荡耦合响应,以及纵摇固有运动频率处;水流显著减小了纵摇固有运动频率处的响应,但同时也会增大平台的纵荡和首摇响应。本研究为多种海洋环境作用下半潜式浮式风机的动力学行为提供了有价值的见解。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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郭嘉宁(1998-),男,博士研究生

刘明月(1987-),女,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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2.惠生(南通)重工有限公司,江苏 南通 226009
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Main parameters of semi-submersible platform (prototype value)

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名称/单位数值名称/单位数值
立柱边长/m7.98下部横撑长度/m54.18
立柱高度/m23.00下部横撑宽度/m6.65
立柱中心距/m68.00下部横撑高度/m3.99
下浮箱边长/m11.97型深/m27.00
下浮箱高度/m4.00吃水/m15.00
上部横撑长度/m54.18干舷/m12.00
上部横撑截面直径/m2.40排水量(含压载)/t12 035.70
), ArticleFig(id=1243306185395385109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306167825445126, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

半潜式平台主要参数(实型值)

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名称/单位数值名称/单位数值
立柱边长/m7.98下部横撑长度/m54.18
立柱高度/m23.00下部横撑宽度/m6.65
立柱中心距/m68.00下部横撑高度/m3.99
下浮箱边长/m11.97型深/m27.00
下浮箱高度/m4.00吃水/m15.00
上部横撑长度/m54.18干舷/m12.00
上部横撑截面直径/m2.40排水量(含压载)/t12 035.70
), ArticleFig(id=1243306185517019931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306167825445126, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of measured and target parameters of the global system (excluding the mooring system)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称/单位目标值测量值相对误差
重心(相对于平台底部)/m19.15519.052-0.54%
横摇惯性半径/m0.6760.665-1.63%
纵摇惯性半径/m0.6790.664-2.21%
), ArticleFig(id=1243306185634460447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306167825445126, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

整体系统参数调节后的测量值与目标值(锚泊系统除外)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称/单位目标值测量值相对误差
重心(相对于平台底部)/m19.15519.052-0.54%
横摇惯性半径/m0.6760.665-1.63%
纵摇惯性半径/m0.6790.664-2.21%
), ArticleFig(id=1243306185735123746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306167825445126, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Parameters of mooring lines (prototype value)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分段长度/m等效直径/m干重/(kg·m-1海生物湿重/(kg·m-1轴向刚度/kN
上段-系泊链250.255401.26071.5891.722×106
钢丝绳700.14985.28152.8471.409×106
重块段-系泊链760.273459.77074.7641.973×106
躺底段-系泊链3220.237346.74068.4151.488×106
), ArticleFig(id=1243306185844175654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306167825445126, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

锚泊系统参数(实型值)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分段长度/m等效直径/m干重/(kg·m-1海生物湿重/(kg·m-1轴向刚度/kN
上段-系泊链250.255401.26071.5891.722×106
钢丝绳700.14985.28152.8471.409×106
重块段-系泊链760.273459.77074.7641.973×106
躺底段-系泊链3220.237346.74068.4151.488×106
), ArticleFig(id=1243306185957421867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306167825445126, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Wind parameters for W1 ~ W5 cases in full-scale condition

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海况编号(单独风)W1W2W3W4W5
风速/(m·s−18.610.612.625.053.4
), ArticleFig(id=1243306186070668079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306167825445126, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

单独风工况设计参数(实型值)

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海况编号(单独风)W1W2W3W4W5
风速/(m·s−18.610.612.625.053.4
), ArticleFig(id=1243306186188108596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306167825445126, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Parameters of wind, (irregular) wave and current for test cases

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海况编号风速/(m·s−1Hs/mTp/sγ流速/(m·s−1备注
LC12.47.81IR1
LC22.758.21IR2
LC33.19.52IR3
LC410.814.92.75IR4
LC58.62.47.81W1&IR1
LC610.62.758.21W2&IR2
LC712.63.19.52W3&IR3
LC810.610.814.92.75W2&IR4
LC92.758.210.7IR2&C1
LC1010.814.92.750.7IR4&C1
LC1110.814.92.751.5IR4&C2
LC1210.62.758.210.7W2&IR2&C1
LC1310.610.814.92.750.7W2&IR4&C1
), ArticleFig(id=1243306186271994679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306167825445126, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

海洋环境条件参数(带有不规则波浪,实型值)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海况编号风速/(m·s−1Hs/mTp/sγ流速/(m·s−1备注
LC12.47.81IR1
LC22.758.21IR2
LC33.19.52IR3
LC410.814.92.75IR4
LC58.62.47.81W1&IR1
LC610.62.758.21W2&IR2
LC712.63.19.52W3&IR3
LC810.610.814.92.75W2&IR4
LC92.758.210.7IR2&C1
LC1010.814.92.750.7IR4&C1
LC1110.814.92.751.5IR4&C2
LC1210.62.758.210.7W2&IR2&C1
LC1310.610.814.92.750.7W2&IR4&C1
), ArticleFig(id=1243306186372657979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306167825445126, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Results of free decay tests in calm water

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纵荡横荡垂荡横摇纵摇首摇
固有运动周期/s86.5286.3015.7225.1025.6080.47
固有运动频率/(rad·s−10.0730.0730.4000.2500.2450.078
无因次阻尼系数0.1180.1450.0530.0480.0390.107
), ArticleFig(id=1243306186506875717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306167825445126, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

六自由度静水衰减试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纵荡横荡垂荡横摇纵摇首摇
固有运动周期/s86.5286.3015.7225.1025.6080.47
固有运动频率/(rad·s−10.0730.0730.4000.2500.2450.078
无因次阻尼系数0.1180.1450.0530.0480.0390.107
), ArticleFig(id=1243306186615927621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306167825445126, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Statistical values of motions under wind-alone conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
运动响应统计W1W2W3W4W5
纵荡/m最大值10.0010.769.897.4922.92
标准差0.170.170.160.530.85
平均值9.5910.309.376.3820.14
垂荡/m最大值0.460.540.400.160.71
标准差0.040.040.040.040.08
平均值-0.34-0.42-0.29-0.05-0.40
纵摇/(°)最大值4.144.563.802.093.05
标准差0.110.080.080.220.28
平均值3.834.303.571.482.34
首摇/(°)最大值1.741.341.703.374.79
标准差0.240.170.370.731.09
平均值-1.17-0.82-0.691.330.73
), ArticleFig(id=1243306186704008011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306167825445126, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

单独风海况中平台运动响应统计值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
运动响应统计W1W2W3W4W5
纵荡/m最大值10.0010.769.897.4922.92
标准差0.170.170.160.530.85
平均值9.5910.309.376.3820.14
垂荡/m最大值0.460.540.400.160.71
标准差0.040.040.040.040.08
平均值-0.34-0.42-0.29-0.05-0.40
纵摇/(°)最大值4.144.563.802.093.05
标准差0.110.080.080.220.28
平均值3.834.303.571.482.34
首摇/(°)最大值1.741.341.703.374.79
标准差0.240.170.370.731.09
平均值-1.17-0.82-0.691.330.73
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新型12 MW半潜式浮式风机运动响应特性试验研究
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郭嘉宁 1, 2, 3 , 刘明月 1, 3 , 方智超 2 , 陈巍旻 2 , 潘徐杰 2 , 杨立军 1
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025,29(4): 571-584
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025, 29(4): 571-584
新型12 MW半潜式浮式风机运动响应特性试验研究
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郭嘉宁1, 2, 3, 刘明月1, 3 , 方智超2, 陈巍旻2, 潘徐杰2, 杨立军1
作者信息
  • 1.上海交通大学 海洋工程国家重点实验室,上海 200240
  • 2.惠生(南通)重工有限公司,江苏 南通 226009
  • 3.上海交通大学 三亚崖州湾深海科技研究院,海南 三亚 572024
  • 郭嘉宁(1998-),男,博士研究生

    刘明月(1987-),女,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
An experimental study on the motion response characteristics of a new 12 MW semi-submersible floating wind turbine
Jia-ning GUO1, 2, 3, Ming-yue LIU1, 3 , Zhi-chao FANG2, Wei-min CHEN2, Xu-jie PAN2, Li-jun YANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 2.Wison (Nantong) Heavy Industry Co. Ltd., Nantong 226009, China
  • 3.SJTU-Sanya Yazhou Bay Institute of Deepsea Science and Technology, Sanya 572024, China
出版时间: 2025-04-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.04.006
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可靠的试验数据对于探索风浪流海洋环境条件中浮式风机系统的性能至关重要。本文展示了在海洋工程水池中开展的1∶70缩尺比模型试验的结果,研究了12 MW新型半潜式浮式风机的运动性能。在试验中改善设计了带整流网的多扇叶大尺度造风系统,以提供稳定的试验风场。试验结果表明:风载荷主要产生静态作用,由响应均值的变化体现;而波浪参数的增大以动态影响为主,通过响应标准差的变化体现;气动阻尼效应主要表现在纵摇与纵荡耦合响应,以及纵摇固有运动频率处;水流显著减小了纵摇固有运动频率处的响应,但同时也会增大平台的纵荡和首摇响应。本研究为多种海洋环境作用下半潜式浮式风机的动力学行为提供了有价值的见解。

浮式风机  /  半潜式平台  /  模型试验  /  运动响应

Reliable experimental data are crucial for understanding the performance of Floating Wind Turbine (FWT) systems in complex wind-wave-current marine environments. This paper presents the results from 1∶70 scale model tests conducted in a wave basin to investigate the motion response characteristics of a new 12 MW semi-submersible FWT. The experimental design incorporated improvements, including a large-scale wind generation system with a rectifier network, aiming to provide a stable wind field for the experiment. The experimental results indicate that wind loads primarily exert static effects, as reflected by changes in response mean values. On the other hand, increased wave parameters predominantly contribute to dynamic effects, which are demonstrated through changes in response standard deviations. Aerodynamic damping effect is primarily manifested in the coupling responses of pitch and surge, as well as at the natural frequency of pitch motion. The action of current significantly reduces response at the natural frequency of pitch, although it concurrently amplifies platform’s surge and yaw responses. This study contributes valuable insights into the dynamic behavior of large-scale semi-submersible FWTs under combined wind, wave and current conditions.

floating wind turbine  /  semi-submersible platform  /  model test  /  motion response
郭嘉宁, 刘明月, 方智超, 陈巍旻, 潘徐杰, 杨立军. 新型12 MW半潜式浮式风机运动响应特性试验研究. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (4) : 571 -584 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.04.006
Jia-ning GUO, Ming-yue LIU, Zhi-chao FANG, Wei-min CHEN, Xu-jie PAN, Li-jun YANG. An experimental study on the motion response characteristics of a new 12 MW semi-submersible floating wind turbine[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (4) : 571 -584 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.04.006
煤、石油、天然气等非可再生能源的大量使用引起CO2过量排放,造成了严重的温室效应。根据国际社会的普遍共识,各国应寻找新型替代能源,尽快实现碳排放量达到峰值,以遏制全球气候变暖。在可再生能源中,风能蕴藏着巨大的利用价值。相较于陆上风能开发技术,海上风力发电技术具有发电能力强、机组稳定性高、噪声和视觉污染少等显著优势。因此,由Heronemus[1]最初提出的浮式风机概念近年来得到了快速发展。根据DNV[2]预测,海上风能具有巨大的开发潜力。
为了对风机的实际运行提供全面指导,有必要对各类风机开展广泛研究。对于5 MW和10 MW风机已进行了大量研究,相比之下,对12 MW风机的研究仍然相对有限。Matsuoka等[3]设计了一种十字形半潜式浮式结构,该结构由简单且轻便的加筋板构成。在文献中,作者概述了其半潜式浮式风机的特点及发展历程,对平台的运动性能进行了一定分析。EOLINK和WOOD公司的研究人员探讨了EOLINK的12 MW浮式风机概念[4-5],此种概念有别于传统的单塔筒设计,具有四个桩腿塔筒和单点系泊系统,研究人员先后对其进行了1∶50和1∶10的模型试验。
针对INO WINDMOOR 12 MW风机,SINTEF Ocean开展了广泛的研究。Silva de Souza等[6]在研究中,基于衰减试验和单独波浪试验,重点优化了数值仿真模型的低频波浪激励和阻尼。分别通过经验公式和数值模拟得到了单独波浪工况中平台水平慢漂波浪载荷的二次传递函数,Fonseca等[7]对其进行了比较。另外,Fonseca等[8]重点研究了平台的低频慢漂波浪载荷,以及与之相关的垂荡和纵摇响应。值得注意的是,在这项研究中,采用实时混合模型试验技术来模拟转子和塔筒所受载荷,但遗憾的是忽略了气动载荷和水动载荷响应之间的耦合效应,此种耦合效应会显著影响浮式风机的动态响应,忽略这一因素显然是不完美的[9]
由于浮式风机系统的复杂集成特性,同时也为了更深刻地理解和验证数值仿真工具,获取准确的试验数据显得很有必要[10],而在可控环境中开展模型试验被认为是最经济和可靠的方法。在半潜式浮式风机的模型试验研究方面,作为OC4项目的延续,OC5项目第二阶段的主要目标[11]是通过比较选定系统的试验响应数据与模拟响应数据,进而验证浮式风机系统建模数值工具。在该阶段,项目团队选用DeepCwind半潜式浮式风机系统,在荷兰MARIN波浪水池开展了1∶50缩尺模型试验。
除OC5项目外,许多研究人员进行了大量的研究。Goupee等[12-14]基于MARIN的NREL 5 MW风机对三种类型的浮式平台(半潜式、张力腿式、Spar式)进行了全面的试验研究,试验基于弗劳德数和性能相似的准则,通过翼型重构对叶片进行物理模拟。结果表明,模型风机与原型风机之间的推力系数和功率系数误差得到有效降低。李荣富等[15]利用MARIN拖曳水池和波浪水池的试验数据,研究了考虑不同海况中商业6 MW半潜式浮式风机的性能,比较了固定式基础和浮式基础风机,主要关注基础运动响应。赵战华等[16]自主研发了一款带有垂荡阻尼板的新型6.2 MW半潜式浮式风机,通过固有特性和整体响应对设计进行验证和评估。值得注意的是,风场的准确模拟对于在波浪水池中开展的浮式风机模型试验至关重要。文献[16]研究中的试验风场是由大型风力发电设备产生的,与本文采用的方法类似。
本文以12 MW新型半潜式浮式风机为研究对象,综合考虑风、浪、流海洋环境条件之间的耦合作用,在海洋工程水池开展缩尺比为1∶70的模型试验,对浮式风机系统的运动响应特性展开深入研究,以期为分析多种海洋环境作用下半潜式浮式风机的动力学行为提供指导意见。
新型12 MW半潜式浮式风机模型试验在上海交通大学海洋工程国家重点实验室的海洋工程水池中进行,如图1所示,水池主尺度为50 m×30 m×6 m。试验中水深为1.429 m,对应全尺度实际水深100 m。本章介绍了相关的物理模型、试验器材和设计的海洋环境条件。
转子和机舱模型的设计及制作基于WINDMOOR 12 MW风机方案[17]。对于水动力模拟占主导的水池模型试验,弗劳德数相似是最常用的相似准则,据此可以准确模拟波浪力、重力、惯性力等影响平台动力响应的载荷。同时,满足雷诺数相似可以准确模拟风场中粘性力与惯性力之间的关系。但在海洋工程水池模型试验中,很难同时满足弗劳德数相似和雷诺数相似。在浮式风机模型试验中,若仅根据弗劳德数相似进行模型叶片的设计,由于“雷诺数缩尺效应”[18]的存在,会导致模型叶片的气动载荷远低于实际目标值。为解决模型叶片气动特性未能准确模拟的问题,先后有专家学者提出以下解决办法:提高风速[19]、增加推力补偿机构[20]、采用等效风轮装置[21]、采用风扇式执行器[22]、采用气动性能相似转子[23]等。其中,气动性能相似转子采用低雷诺数翼型代替原高雷诺数翼型,并在此基础上改变沿展向的弦长及扭角分布,此方法能够在不改变风轮直径和质量等参数的基础上,更加准确地模拟浮式风机所受到的气动载荷。本研究采用Wen等[24]提出的最大升力追踪算法(Maximum Lift Tracking,MLT)设计模型叶片,主要思路是采用低雷诺数翼型SD2030替换原FF1-W系列翼型,随后使用MLT算法增加每个翼型的弦长并优化扭角,以确保原型与模型翼型的气动性能相似。原型与模型转子的推力系数比较如图2所示,在叶尖速比(Tip Speed Ratio,TSR)为7.5~10时推力系数吻合良好。试验中,叶片转速由安装在机舱处的电机提供。在低于额定风速时,通过调节电机来优化转子推力;当风速超过额定风速后,针对不同工况来对应调节叶片桨距角,以匹配目标推力。当风速超过切出风速后,桨距角调节为90°,叶片处于顺桨状态,风机处于停机状态。
塔筒作为上部转子-机舱和下部平台的关键连接结构,在浮式风机系统的气动-水动力耦合方面具有重要作用。在浮式风机模型试验中,为准确模拟塔筒柔性变形对风机系统总体动力响应的影响,需基于刚度相似准则设计模型塔筒。均质欧拉梁单元的固有频率[25]
式中,βn取决于塔筒底部的边界条件,L为塔筒高度,E为材料的杨氏模量,I为截面惯性矩,m为塔筒质量。基于弗劳德数相似准则,有如下缩比关系:
式中,下标p代表实型,m代表模型。
然而,正如Zhao等[26]所指出的,很难仅仅通过调整材料的杨氏模量来实现模型塔筒和原型塔筒之间振动频率的相似。为解决该问题,需同时考虑材料属性和几何尺寸,以确保固有频率和结构变形符合相似准则。考虑到AL6063铝合金具有低密度、低弹性模量和高强度的材料特性,本研究选用AL6063来制作模型塔筒。模型塔筒采用五段变截面结构设计,通过迭代调整各段截面惯性矩来满足式(2)。另外,考虑到在极端工况下塔筒所受风荷载的准确模拟相对重要,因此另外制作轻质几何相似模型塔筒,其外部尺寸严格按照原型塔筒的几何缩尺准则进行设计,以满足塔筒迎风面积相似。刚度相似和几何相似的塔筒模型如图3所示。
另外,还进行了敲击试验以检测塔筒的固有频率,分别在塔筒顶部、中部和底部设置三个敲击位置。在塔筒中部放置加速度传感器采集数据,传感器信号的时间序列经过适当频率的低通滤波,以分离出最低振动模态信号。然后,基于表示最小振动模态的滤波信号计算了固有频率。试验测得塔筒一阶前后振动固有频率为0.6312 Hz(实型值),与目标值的相对误差仅为0.274%,因此可以认为本研究合理地考虑了塔筒柔性变形的影响。
本研究中的半潜式平台和锚泊系统基于惠生公司的设计方案。平台模型和主要参数分别如图4表1所示。在试验中,通过调整立柱和浮筒内的压载物来调节重量、重心和惯量,测量值与目标值如表2所列。
采用3×2多点式锚泊系统,相邻组锚链角度为120°,单组两根锚链间角度为5°,锚泊系统的构成和具体参数如表3所列,锚泊系统布置如图5所示。试验中采用锚链、钢丝绳和重块来模拟锚泊系统重量特性,使用弹簧来模拟器刚度特性,单根锚链物理模型如图6所示。
在开展相关波浪工况试验之前,进行了水平恢复刚度测试以验证锚泊系统的性能。图7展示了系统恢复力与水平偏移之间关系的曲线,并与计算的目标结果进行了比较。显然,在平台可能的水平运动范围内,通过试验测量获得的刚度特性曲线与理论目标曲线吻合良好,表明锚泊系统的模型模拟和制作的准确性符合试验标准。
在风机模型试验中,一个稳定可靠的试验造风单元很重要,基于Chen等[27]设计的造风系统,本研究进行了改造加强,最终形成了带整流网的多扇叶大尺度造风系统(Wind Generation System,WGS)。新的造风系统共包含68个扇叶,出风口尺寸为4.0 m×4.0 m,风速变化范围为0~12 m/s。出风口前设置三层整流网以改善风场质量,如图8所示。
在开展正式工况试验之前,需要对风场进行校核。综合考虑空间风场质量和锚泊系统布置等各种因素,风机的位置确定在距离出风口4 m处。在校准过程中,使用与迎风向垂直对齐的多通道热线风速仪进行风速测量。采样频率为100 Hz,采集时间为3 min。平均风速和湍流强度测量结果如图9所示,红色虚线描绘了转子覆盖的风场区域。在转子区域内风场均匀度较好,且保持着较低湍流度,核心区域湍流度基本控制在10%以内,该造风系统产生的风场质量是满足本试验要求的[28]
模型试验采用大地坐标系(全局坐标系)O-XYZ,以及平台主体局部坐标系o-xyz,如图10所示。原点位于静水面上平台的中心,全局坐标系的+X方向与平台顺风向一致,+Z方向垂直向上。本研究中风、浪、流均沿+X轴方向。
海洋环境具体参数如表4表5所列。表4包含了五个单独风工况,实型风速从8.6 m/s至53.4 m/s变化,分别对应着低于额定、额定、高于额定、切出、台风条件。当风速为53.4 m/s时,风机处于停机状态;风速为8.6 m/s时,转子转速为7.57 r/min。当风速为额定、高于额定、切出时,转子转速提高为7.80 r/min。表5是包含有不规则波浪的工况,随机波浪参数由JONSWAP(Joint North Sea Wave Project)谱表示,具体参数由下式确定:
式中,Hs为有义波高,Tp为谱峰周期,f为波浪频率,γ为谱峰因子。
通过开展浮式风机系统带系泊的六自由度静水衰减试验,可以获得系统的固有运动周期及阻尼系数,结果如表6所示。
选取平台纵荡、垂荡、纵摇和首摇运动在W1~W5单独风工况下的响应统计值如表7所列,包含响应最大值、标准差和平均值。在额定风速(对应W2海况,见表4)作用下,纵荡、垂荡、纵摇和首摇的运动的最大值分别为10.76 m、0.54 m、4.56°和1.34°。在台风风速(对应W5海况)作用下,纵荡、垂荡、纵摇和首摇运动的最大值分别为22.92 m、0.71 m、3.05°和4.79°。自W1至W5,风速逐渐增大,由表7可知,四个自由度运动响应的最大值、平均值的变化基本保持相同趋势。然而,响应标准差的变化趋势却显示出略微差异。为了更加直观地获得单独风工况对平台运动响应的影响,图11给出了响应最大值和标准差的变化曲线。
由于风机系统垂荡运动性能优良,其响应相对较小。因此,如图11所示,为统一展示不同风速下平台各个运动响应的最大值变化规律,图11(a)纵坐标采用对数坐标形式。由图11可以看出,纵荡、垂荡和纵摇响应呈现出类似趋势。已知W1至W5分别对应低于额定、额定、高于额定、切出和台风风速。从低于额定风速至高于额定风速,纵荡、垂荡和纵摇响应最大值基本呈下降趋势,而响应标准差保持相对稳定。在切出风速作用下,响应最大值持续下降,这是调节桨距角以匹配减小的目标推力所导致的。然而由于更强低频风效应的影响,运动响应更容易出现波动,导致响应标准差增大。随着风速达到台风极端值,此时低频气动效应和风场不均度对响应的影响达到最大,因而纵荡、垂荡和纵摇响应最大值和标准差都呈现上升趋势。另外,对于首摇运动,自额定风速至台风风速,响应最大值和标准差随着风速增加呈逐渐增大趋势。为了更深刻地把握风场对平台运动特性的影响规律,运动响应谱曲线在图12中展示。
在所有的单独风工况中(W1~W5),纵荡运动呈现出低频响应占主导的特征。该特征主要是风场的影响,表明低频风效应对纵荡运动有相当大的影响。由表6可知,纵荡固有运动频率为0.073 rad/s,在响应谱曲线的更强峰值对应的频率区间中包含了纵荡固有运动频率,这使得共振更容易发生,尤其是对于W4和W5风速更高的工况。图12(b)表明自W1至W4,垂荡响应值均较小,说明其受到风场的影响有限。但在W5极端风速作用下,垂荡响应谱曲线呈现出极为明显的低频特性,且在垂荡固有运动频率(0.4 rad/s)处的响应峰值也相当明显,这表明台风工况对垂荡运动具有显著的诱导作用。对于纵摇运动,图12(c)表明在W4和W5中低频风场对其响应具有显著影响。在所有单独风工况中,纵摇在其固有运动频率处都呈现出显著的响应,尤其在W5工况下。另外,在转子1P(转子旋转频率)处,纵摇运动也受到部分影响,体现了在W1~W4工况转子处于运转情况下纵摇运动的响应特征,但该部分响应相对于固有频率处的响应而言可以忽略。此外,风机的旋转会产生一个额外的载荷,该载荷会对平台的首摇运动产生额外的影响。图12(d)表明在风机转动时首摇响应除了受到低频风场的显著影响外,还会受到1P效应的影响。
在单独波浪工况及对应风-浪联合工况中,平台运动响应的最大值、标准差和平均值统计如图13所示。在额定风速对应的风浪联合工况LC6中,纵荡、垂荡、纵摇和首摇运动最大值分别为12.86 m、0.80 m、5.33°和1.83°。由图13可知,风的作用显著增加了各运动的响应极值。相较而言,其中的垂荡运动响应值较小,变化相对不明显,即风对垂荡运动的影响不显著。对于其他运动,相较于单独波浪工况,风-浪联合工况作用下响应最大值都有所增加。由图13(c)可知,在波浪作用的基础上,风首要的影响是增大运动平均值,该效应对所有自由度的运动保持一致。从响应标准差的角度来看,加上风的作用之后,纵荡响应均有所增大。然而,对于纵摇运动,风的作用减小了其响应标准差,这是浮式风机系统存在由风引起的气动阻尼效应的缘故[29]。同时,可以推断出风的气动阻尼效应主要反映为响应标准差的减小,由此来抑制过多的结构响应。另外,风对首摇运动的影响更多地体现在气动载荷效应上,带来的阻尼效应影响较小。相反,随着风速的增大,首摇响应标准差持续增大。
在单独波浪工况及对应风浪-联合工况中,平台运动响应谱曲线如图14所示。可以看出,纵荡运动表现出明显的低频响应,在波频区域响应不显著,纵荡的低频响应特性与海洋钻井平台类似。垂荡运动呈现出两个主要峰值,一个在垂荡固有运动频率处,另一个在波频处。与上述分析一致,相对较小的响应表明风的气动效应对垂荡运动的影响有限。纵摇运动有三个明显的响应峰值,一个在其固有运动频率处,一个在波频处,另一个在大概0.073 rad/s处(即纵摇与纵荡运动的共振响应)。此外,纵摇响应清晰地表明了风的气动阻尼效应,相比于单独波浪工况,风浪联合工况下纵摇响应明显减小。这种阻尼作用体现在纵摇与纵荡耦合响应,以及纵摇固有运动频率处。至于首摇运动响应,主要体现在其固有运动频率处的响应。与纵荡类似,首摇运动在波频区域同样不显著。
在单独波浪工况及对应浪-流联合工况中,平台运动响应的最大值和标准差统计如图15所示。通过比较在海流(C1工况)作用下的统计值可以看出,对于纵荡和首摇运动,相比于单独波浪工况,浪-流联合工况中其响应最大值和标准差均有明显增大趋势,其中垂荡运动标准差受到的影响相对较小。此结果表明海流对运动响应具有显著的增强作用。相反,对于纵摇运动,相比于单独波浪工况,其在浪-流联合工况中响应最大值和标准差均呈现减小趋势。此现象可归因于波浪于静水面处作用在整个风机系统上,海流通过水线面以下的平台结构物和锚链对系统产生影响。波浪载荷与海流载荷的耦合对风机系统的倾斜有降低作用,导致纵摇响应减小。另一个可能的原因是海流的施加使得锚链进一步延展,由此在一定程度上对纵摇响应产生抑制作用,且这种抑制作用主要体现在响应标准差方面,在IR2工况基础上叠加C1工况之后,纵摇运动标准差减小了20.1%;在IR4工况基础上叠加C1工况之后,纵摇运动标准差减小了23.5%。然而,海流对纵摇响应产生抑制作用的同时,也会引起系统水平运动响应的增大,比如纵荡和首摇运动。在IR2工况基础上叠加C1工况之后,纵荡、首摇运动标准差分别增大了15.8%、30.5%;在IR4工况基础上叠加C1工况之后,纵荡、首摇运动标准差分别增大了2.5%、22.5%。此外,当流速从C1工况的0.7 m/s增大到C2工况的1.5 m/s时,纵荡运动的极值和标准差增加极大。相比来说,流速增大对于垂荡、纵摇和首摇运动的影响相对不显著。
在单独波浪工况及对应浪-流联合工况中,平台运动响应谱曲线如图16所示。一个值得关注的现象是海流对纵摇运动的阻尼效应。纵摇响应谱曲线中占主导地位的峰值对应着纵摇固有运动频率,可以推断出,相比于单独波浪工况,海流的作用显著减小了纵摇固有运动频率处的响应,以此起到抑制纵摇响应波动的效果,这与Cao等[30]的研究结果一致。
在额定风速对应的风-浪联合工况及风-浪-流联合工况中,平台运动响应的最大值、标准差和平均值统计如图17所示。在风-浪-流联合作用工况LC12中,纵荡、垂荡、纵摇和首摇运动最大值分别为14.23 m、1.08 m、5.15°和1.93°。由图17可知,当波浪从IR2变为IR4后,平台响应的最大值和标准差均有所增大。对于风-浪-流联合工况LC12和LC13,纵荡、垂荡、纵摇和首摇运动响应的最大值分别增大89.7%、633.5%、24.8%、51.8%。与3.3节图13进行对比可以发现,在波浪作用的基础上,风对于运动响应的增强作用主要体现在响应均值的增大,即风载荷带来的主要是静态作用,而波浪参数的增大主要产生的是动态效应。对于首摇运动,波浪参数增大对其运动均值和标准差均带来一定影响,但相比于其他自由度的运动响应,首摇运动响应的增大效应主要体现在响应均值的增大,相对来说对响应标准差的影响则变得次要。在LC6和LC8中,当波浪从IR2增大到IR4后,首摇运动均值和标准差分别增大99.6%、73.1%。在LC12和LC13中,当波浪从IR2增大到IR4后,首摇运动均值和标准差分别增大73.1%、28.9%。
在额定风速对应的风-浪联合工况及风-浪-流联合工况中,平台运动响应谱曲线如图18所示。由响应谱曲线可知,随着波浪参数的增大,首摇运动受到的影响主要是固有运动频率处的响应,且这种增强作用主要体现在增加首摇运动均值上,是一种低频影响。相比而言,其受到的波频水动力影响相对较小,这是浮式风机基础首摇运动与其他自由度运动的区别之处。此外,由纵荡运动可以看出,波浪参数的增大除了增强其固有运动频率处的响应之外,在波频处也有极大的增强作用,在W2&IR4以及W2&IR4&C1工况中,波频响应极为显著,这反映了浮式风机的纵荡运动受到低频和波频水动力的综合作用。对于垂荡和纵摇运动而言,主要受到波频响应的增大作用。
本文针对12 MW新型半潜式浮式风机,在海洋工程水池开展了缩尺比为1∶70的模型试验,对风-浪-流海洋环境条件作用下浮式风机系统的运动响应特性开展了深入研究,主要结论如下:
(1)在单独风作用下,平台运动均呈现出明显的低频响应特征。与低频响应相比,平台在固有运动频率处的响应居次要地位。
(2)在波浪作用的基础上,风带来的首要影响是增大了平台的纵荡、垂荡、纵摇和首摇运动响应平均值。风载荷带来的主要是静态作用,通过响应均值体现,而波浪参数的增大主要产生的是动态效应,通过响应标准差体现。
(3)风引起的气动阻尼效应通过降低纵摇响应的标准差来抑制其运动响应,由功率谱分析可知,该种阻尼作用体现在纵摇与纵荡耦合响应,以及纵摇固有运动频率处。
(4)相较于单独波浪工况,海流显著减小了纵摇固有运动频率处的响应,由此抑制其响应波动,且主要体现在响应标准差方面。然而,海流的存在同时也会引起平台纵荡和首摇运动响应的增大。
  • 南通市“揭榜挂帅”攻坚计划项目(JB2022007)
  • 国家重点研发计划子课题(2021YFB1507102)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.04.006
  • 接收时间:2024-10-12
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-12
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南通市“揭榜挂帅”攻坚计划项目(JB2022007)
国家重点研发计划子课题(2021YFB1507102)
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    1.上海交通大学 海洋工程国家重点实验室,上海 200240
    2.惠生(南通)重工有限公司,江苏 南通 226009
    3.上海交通大学 三亚崖州湾深海科技研究院,海南 三亚 572024

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占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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