Article(id=1243306066671415691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306060832944396, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.03.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727020800000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774356865804, onlineDateStr=2026-03-24, pubDate=1742400000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774356865804, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774356865804, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774356865804, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243306060832944396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='3', pageStart='337', pageEnd='516', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1774356864412, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774357001622, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243306636396310539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306060832944396, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243306636396310540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306060832944396, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=400, endPage=408, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243306066948239759, articleId=1243306066671415691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Numerical analysis of ice pressure load characteristics of polar ships under turning ice-breaking scenario, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

For a ship turning in the ice area, the bow shoulder and stern of the ship are more vulnerable to ice load of large amplitude, posing a threat to the safety of the hull structure. In this paper, the sea ice circumferential crack expansion analysis method was used to simulate the dynamic process of ship-ice interaction for ice breaking ship during turning. The random characteristics of ship-ice collision in different hull areas were analyzed, making an identification of the typical local ice pressure time course, to obtain the main characteristics of different types of ice pressure, such as period, amplitude and distribution law, and analyze the danger degree of each hull area under turning ice breaking scenario. The results show that there is a negative correlation between the period and amplitude of local loads, and that in the bow area, the short period "pure triangle" type loads account for 63.79% of the total and the peak value accounts for 82.4% of the whole ship. So the bow area is the key area of a ship in the turning ice breaking scenario. The method adopted in this paper provides an effective means to study the ship-ice interaction, and the relevant calculation results can be used as load input for the design of ice-resistant structures of polar ships.

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船舶在冰区回转时,船首肩部、尾部等易受到作用概率与幅值更大的冰载荷影响,对船体结构安全构成威胁。本文采用海冰环向裂纹法,模拟回转破冰过程中船-冰相互作用的动态过程,分析不同船体区域船-冰相互碰撞的随机特性,识别典型局部冰压力时间历程,探究不同形式冰压力的主要特征,如周期、幅值以及分布规律,分析在回转破冰场景下各个船体区的危险程度。结果表明,局部载荷周期与幅值呈负相关趋势;周期较短的“纯三角”型载荷分布在船首区域的概率为63.79%,该区域峰值占整船的82.4%,是回转破冰场景下的关键区域。本文方法可为研究船-冰相互作用提供有效手段,其计算结果可作为极地船舶抗冰结构设计的载荷输入。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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葛钰辉(1999-),女,硕士研究生

丁仕风(1981-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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葛钰辉(1999-),女,硕士研究生

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葛钰辉(1999-),女,硕士研究生

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丁仕风(1981-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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Main dimensions of the ship

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名称/单位数值
垂线间长L/m293
型宽B/m49.6
吃水T/m12
排水量∆/t82 500
艏柱倾角φ/45
船舶入水角α/32
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船舶主尺度

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名称/单位数值
垂线间长L/m293
型宽B/m49.6
吃水T/m12
排水量∆/t82 500
艏柱倾角φ/45
船舶入水角α/32
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Sea ice parameters

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名称/单位数值
弯曲强度σf/kPa500
挤压强度σc/kPa2300
弹性模量Ei/MPa5400
船冰摩擦系数µ0.10
泊松比γ0.33
水密度ρw/(kg·m−31025
冰密度ρi/(kg·m−3900
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海冰参数

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名称/单位数值
弯曲强度σf/kPa500
挤压强度σc/kPa2300
弹性模量Ei/MPa5400
船冰摩擦系数µ0.10
泊松比γ0.33
水密度ρw/(kg·m−31025
冰密度ρi/(kg·m−3900
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回转破冰场景下极地船冰压力载荷特性数值分析
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葛钰辉 1 , 丁仕风 2 , 周利 2 , 曹晶 3 , 王燕舞 4
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025,29(3): 400-408
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025, 29(3): 400-408
回转破冰场景下极地船冰压力载荷特性数值分析
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葛钰辉1, 丁仕风2 , 周利2, 曹晶3, 王燕舞4
作者信息
  • 1.江苏科技大学 船舶与海洋工程学院,江苏 镇江 212003
  • 2.上海交通大学,上海 200030
  • 3.中国船级社 上海规范研究所,上海 200135
  • 4.中国船舶集团有限公司 第708研究所,上海 200011
  • 葛钰辉(1999-),女,硕士研究生

    丁仕风(1981-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Numerical analysis of ice pressure load characteristics of polar ships under turning ice-breaking scenario
Yu-hui GE1, Shi-feng DING2 , Li ZHOU2, Jing CAO3, Yan-wu WANG4
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
  • 2.Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
  • 3.Shanghai Rules and Research Institute, China Classification Society, Shanghai 200135, China
  • 4.Marine Design & Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200011, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.03.006
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船舶在冰区回转时,船首肩部、尾部等易受到作用概率与幅值更大的冰载荷影响,对船体结构安全构成威胁。本文采用海冰环向裂纹法,模拟回转破冰过程中船-冰相互作用的动态过程,分析不同船体区域船-冰相互碰撞的随机特性,识别典型局部冰压力时间历程,探究不同形式冰压力的主要特征,如周期、幅值以及分布规律,分析在回转破冰场景下各个船体区的危险程度。结果表明,局部载荷周期与幅值呈负相关趋势;周期较短的“纯三角”型载荷分布在船首区域的概率为63.79%,该区域峰值占整船的82.4%,是回转破冰场景下的关键区域。本文方法可为研究船-冰相互作用提供有效手段,其计算结果可作为极地船舶抗冰结构设计的载荷输入。

冰压力特征  /  回转操纵  /  动态载荷  /  统计分析  /  极地船

For a ship turning in the ice area, the bow shoulder and stern of the ship are more vulnerable to ice load of large amplitude, posing a threat to the safety of the hull structure. In this paper, the sea ice circumferential crack expansion analysis method was used to simulate the dynamic process of ship-ice interaction for ice breaking ship during turning. The random characteristics of ship-ice collision in different hull areas were analyzed, making an identification of the typical local ice pressure time course, to obtain the main characteristics of different types of ice pressure, such as period, amplitude and distribution law, and analyze the danger degree of each hull area under turning ice breaking scenario. The results show that there is a negative correlation between the period and amplitude of local loads, and that in the bow area, the short period "pure triangle" type loads account for 63.79% of the total and the peak value accounts for 82.4% of the whole ship. So the bow area is the key area of a ship in the turning ice breaking scenario. The method adopted in this paper provides an effective means to study the ship-ice interaction, and the relevant calculation results can be used as load input for the design of ice-resistant structures of polar ships.

ice pressure characteristics  /  turning maneuvering  /  dynamic load  /  statistical analysis  /  polar ship
葛钰辉, 丁仕风, 周利, 曹晶, 王燕舞. 回转破冰场景下极地船冰压力载荷特性数值分析. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (3) : 400 -408 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.03.006
Yu-hui GE, Shi-feng DING, Li ZHOU, Jing CAO, Yan-wu WANG. Numerical analysis of ice pressure load characteristics of polar ships under turning ice-breaking scenario[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (3) : 400 -408 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.03.006
在陆缘冰区航行过程中,当冰层厚度超过连续破冰能力时就需要采用特殊的破冰方式如回转破冰[1],回转操纵状态下船冰难免发生碰撞进而对船体产生损害[2]。碰撞过程中冰压力的空间分布以及其动态历程客观反映出海冰对船体的碰撞特性,因此加强对回转状态下冰压力随机特性的研究可提高船体结构安全性能[3]
上世纪80年代起,国外在极区开展了大量的实船测试,积累了大量关于船冰相互作用的数据,成为研究局部冰压力的重要方法[4],随着对海冰物理力学的深入研究,以及数值模拟方法在探究船-冰作用模型、船舶操纵等方面的不断完善,该方法被广泛应用于载荷预报和特征分析等领域。船舶操纵性方面,倪宝玉等[5]采用非线性有限元法和流固耦合方法,研究船舶回转运动过程中冰与船之间复杂、强烈的非线性相互作用以及流体对船-冰相互作用的影响。狄少丞等[6]以具有黏结破碎特征的球形离散元模型来模拟冰盖的破坏过程,采用球体-三角形接触模型来模拟船-冰之间的碰撞过程,建立了考虑船舶桨力、舵力及水动力的六自由度操纵运动方程。刘昕等[7]采用扩展多面体离散元模拟海冰,舵桨操纵模型提供破冰力,发展了冰区船舶六自由度操纵破冰运动模型。通过学者们不断的深入研究,所建立的运动方程逐渐从三自由度完善至六自由度,所考虑的外力因素逐渐从船-冰相互作用力扩展至船舶桨力、舵力及水动力。载荷特性方面,刘璐等[8]采用离散元的方法,模拟平整冰在不同冰况条件下的破碎过程,进而获得船体结构表面的冰压力分布和大小。Wang等[9]采用有限元方法对冰区散货船在破碎冰区的航行进行了数值模拟,综合分析了冰荷载的主要特征,包括平均冰荷载、极端冰荷载和特征频率。除有限元、离散元、近场动力学等方法外,环向裂纹法同样也是研究载荷特性的有效方法,该方法[10-11]模拟的冰层破坏模式与实船破冰过程相似度较高,避免了因微观尺度的数值计算偏差导致的宏观现象失实,同时结合考虑了动态冰载荷、水动力以及船舶推力等多重因素的六自由度船舶运动方程,可更好地求解极地船舶回转过程中的运动特性和全局以及局部冰压力[12]
然而研究局部冰压力特征时,大多数的研究都针对直航状态采用数值模拟方法开展[13],或基于某段航行实测数据针对特定框架区域进行详细分析[14],而冰压力特征不仅受船型的影响,也与冰区操纵方式有关。回转状态相比于其他典型航行状态,由于其航行过程中角度不断变化,导致船体左右舷侧与海冰的碰撞特征也持续地变化,这一方面导致载荷数值随机性增加,另一方面也造成船体与海冰相互作用范围扩大,甚至扩散至整船,与此同时船体左右舷侧出现明显不对称性,因此回转状态下的冰压力在数值以及空间分布特性上具有极强的随机性,进而对船体结构安全性产生巨大隐患,有必要对其开展相关研究。
为此,本文采用海冰环向裂纹法,针对船舶实际回转破冰工况,模拟船体与海冰碰撞的动态过程;并参考国际船级社(IACS)中关于PC冰级冰带划分的规则对船体区域进行划分;再基于模拟结果,统计各区域碰撞次数以及冰压力数值,利用平均冰压力以及95%置信区间上限值,描述各区域冰压力数值特征;最后,通过识别典型局部冰压力时间历程,利用统计方法,探究典型局部冰压力的周期特征、周期与幅值内在关系以及分布规律,进而分析各船体区域的危险程度。
对于极地船舶在平整冰水域中的运动,通常引入两个直角坐标系来描述船与海冰以及船与冰场的相对位置关系,大地坐标系以O-xyz表示,随船坐标系以G-xyz表示,大地坐标系的xy面与海平面重合,x轴正向与船舶初始状态下的船首方向一致;随船坐标系的原点与船舶重心重合,消除了交叉耦合项带来的影响,随船坐标系中的x轴沿船舶纵向,y轴沿船舶横向。
极地船舶在6自由度上的微分操纵方程:
式中,为船舶加速度,为船舶速度,r为船舶位移,M为船体质量矩阵,A为船体附加质量矩阵,B为阻尼矩阵,C为恢复力矩阵,F(t)为船舶所受外力。式(1)中的F(t)主要包括了冰力,舵力,桨力以及水动力等,F(t)的具体推导计算过程可参考文献[15]。对于运动方程的求解上,本文在采用Newmark方法的基础上,利用逐步积分法进行求解。
极地船舶在破冰过程中,会受到多种因素的影响,如冰阻力、舵力与螺旋桨推力以及水动力。其中,舵力大小直接影响船头的转向能力和机动性,螺旋桨推力则决定了克服冰层阻力的能力。相比冰阻力和水动力,舵力和螺旋桨推力更容易通过船舶本身的结构调整来改变。因此,调整舵力和螺旋桨推力对改变船舶的机动性和可控性非常关键,是确定船舶操作性能的两个主要因素。合理使用舵力和螺旋桨推力可以优化破冰路径,适应不同厚度和强度的冰层,以实现经济运转。由于冰区船回转破冰时空间有限,需要精确控制,而舵力和螺旋桨推力的精细调节对回转性能和操作灵活性至关重要。因此,回转破冰时更应考虑舵力和螺旋桨推力的影响。
舵和螺旋桨的力与力矩可表示为
式中,CLCD为舵的升力和拖曳力系数;Ar为舵面积;xr为舵位置;Vf为来流速度;Tnet为克服冰阻力的船舶净推力,其可参考文献[16]进行估算。
船冰相互接触,海冰会承受竖直和水平两个方向的作用力,进而海冰会产生平行于接触面的环向裂纹和垂直于接触面的径向裂纹,实际观测中发现,船舶在层冰区航行时,船首两侧环向裂纹出现的频率大大高于径向裂纹,径向裂纹通常出现在环向裂纹发生之后的冰块翻转过程中[17-18]。本文所采用的环向裂纹法,根据接触力及接触区域的特征,应用适当的断裂判据来判断裂纹是否生成。若裂纹生成的条件满足,则在冰场中生成裂纹,从而更新冰场,模拟断裂。平整冰破碎后产生的浮冰的几何形状可假设为扇形,破冰半径公式可参考文献[11]。
为了验证该数值模拟软件的计算精度,Zhou等[11]以MT Uikku号为研究对象,研究船-冰碰撞特性并将数值模拟结果与芬兰阿尔托大学多功能冰水池试验结果进行对比分析,数值模拟与模型试验之间平均误差为6.1%,证实了数值模拟结果的可靠性。
该方法主要考虑两类海冰作用面积,如图1所示,一种是船-冰相互作用时产生的接触面在垂直方向未覆盖冰厚范围,其计算公式为式(3),另一种是接触面已覆盖整个冰厚范围(垂向),计算公式为式(4)。
式中,Ac为接触面积,Lh为接触长度,Ld为接触深度,hi为冰厚,φ为张开角度。
海冰失效产生的局部挤压力主要与海冰挤压强度以及接触面有关,在弯曲破坏前,一般垂直作用于接触面,其公式为式(5),各方位的挤压力和摩擦力可以参考文献[11]。
式中,Ac为接触面积,σc为海冰挤压强度。
本文所采用的数值方法,基于目标船型的肋骨间距以及海冰特征,将船体以及冰场进行了离散化处理,所离散的每个节点代表一个肋骨框架,节点间距则代表肋骨间距,当接触面积远大于肋骨间距时,其碰撞产生的挤压力将平摊至作用范围内的肋骨框架上,因此无论接触面积大小,其作用范围内的每个肋骨间距处都将受到挤压力作用,冰压力则通过“载荷-面积”关系式求得,载荷是指肋骨处所受的挤压力,面积是指肋骨间距与海冰接触厚度的乘积。
本文以具有自破冰能力的高冰级极地船舶为研究对象,根据冰区操作手册选取回转操作下的海冰基本参数。此船主要尺度以及海冰参数如表12所示。
在对船体进行建模时,该数值模拟软件将船体离散成1224个船体节点进行计算,为了更加精确地计算船体的各项参数如艏柱倾角、入水角等,以便开展后续工作,对12 m吃水处以及其上下分别差0.5 m的水线面进行离散处理。
在回转工况中,模拟目标船,以初始航速为3 kn,最大推力在冰厚为1.5 m的平整冰中回转运动,模拟时间设定为5000 s,图2~3分别显示了模拟时长内目标船回转的轨迹以及速度,2000 s后速度稳定在4.5 m/s左右,实际回转航行中,船只通常处于自航状态,而回转特征主要由推进系统决定,当改变推力时,速度会产生相应波动,因此回转前期速度会处于一个波动式上升阶段,而后逐渐平稳,因此非定速回转相比于定速回转更贴合实际航行特征,更具代表性。
为便于后续分析船体各区域与海冰碰撞的特征,参考国际船级社(IACS)中关于PC冰级冰带划分的规则,将整船划分为左右舷侧,船尾区域占0.2 L,船中区域占0.45 L,过渡区域占0.15 L,船首区域占0.2 L。统计每个节点在模拟时长内的碰撞次数以及冰压力数值求得平均冰压力,为了便于观察,将相邻的35个节点进行合并处理,求得不同船体区域内的平均冰压力,如图4所示。同时利用95%置信区间上限值来描述不同船体区域在模拟时长内冰压力峰值特征,如图5所示。
上图中,AP处代表艉垂线,AP至0.2 LPP代表船尾区域,0.2 LPP至0.65 LPP代表船中区域,0.65 LPP至0.8 LPP代表过渡区域,0.8 LPP至FP代表船首区域;图4中,回转过程中,左右舷侧区域的平均冰压力都沿着船长呈现出上抛物线趋势,船中区域平均冰压力数值最小;从图5中可见,左右舷侧不同船体区域冰压力的95%置信区间的上限值同样沿着船长都呈现出上抛物线趋势,船首区域载荷峰值偏大,碰撞剧烈程度高,几乎是船中区域的8倍,船尾区域的2.5倍。除船尾区域,其他船体区域的回转内侧及左侧冰压力数值均高于右侧,右侧船尾区域冰压力数值几乎是左侧船尾的4倍,主要是因为右侧船尾区域在回转过程中与海冰挤压角度十分陡峭,趋于垂直,使得整体数值偏大,Su等[19]于2011年研究MT Uikku号冰区回转时就曾指出回转外侧船尾肩部冰载荷数值较高这一特征。
在船舶设计过程中,更多关注的是最大载荷的影响,因此筛选出不同船体区域在模拟时长内冰压力的最大峰值,统计不同区域冰压力危险峰值的占比情况,以描述不同船体区域的危险程度,如图6所示。
冰压力峰值的占比代表着船体与海冰碰撞的剧烈程度,图6中可知,船中区域危险峰值概率仅有0.366%,说明回转过程中,大部分海冰与船中区域的挤压程度较低,是整船中危险程度最低的区域,而船首区域概率高达82.4%,这是由于船首是最先破开冰道的重要区域,其与海冰的挤压也最为激烈,大块海冰从冰层剥落,不断开辟航道,进而降低了其他船体区域与海冰挤压的危险程度,保证了船员以及运输货物的安全。右侧船尾区域的峰值占比达到9.54%,仅次于船首区域,进一步证明了右侧船尾区域在回转过程中与海冰挤压角度十分陡峭且数值较大的观点,因此在回转过程中,该区域结构可进一步加强。
冰载荷本身存在较强随机性,因此不同船体区域冰压力历程周期也存在差异性。船在冰区航行过程中,海冰在船体的持续作用下发生碰撞、翻转和滑移等过程,其中海冰与船体刚发生接触至海冰断裂过程中,冰载荷上升直至海冰发生断裂,这时冰力达到最大值,之后,冰载荷会在海冰翻转过程中逐步降低。海冰最终将会顺着船体水线处滑移开,此时冰载荷对应最小值,当完全满足上述条件时,即会发生典型的历程周期,呈现“加载-峰值-卸载”的三角周期,如图7(a)所示。同时在模拟过程中还观察到以下不同的时间历程,如图7(b)、(c)、(d)所示。研究载荷历程,利于厘清冰力随时间的变化规律,反映出船-冰相互作用特征,因此挑选出四个典型局部碰撞载荷时间历程进行分析。
本文针对该工况提取的四种典型局部冰压力历程特征,与黄焱等[20]利用天津大学冰水池模拟船冰碰撞获取冰力并建立的局部碰撞载荷时间历程数学模型十分接近,这进一步证明了本文模拟方法的可靠性。此外,有学者对上述四种历程特征进行了分类描述:图7(a)显示的是“纯三角”型,即仅发生“加载-峰值-卸载”的过程;图7(b)显示的是“准三角”Ⅰ型,即在最大峰值前出现次峰值;图7(c)显示的是“准三角”Ⅱ型,即在最大峰值后出现次峰值;图7(d)显示的是“准三角”Ⅲ型,即在最大峰值前后都出现了次峰值。以上这些次峰值的出现,主要是因为船冰碰撞过程是一个复杂的过程,碰撞载荷会沿船体发生空间滑移等现象而非简单的准静态过程,峰值的变化影响着结构的响应特征,对研究船体构件损伤特征十分有意义。
不同形式的冰压力显示出不同的周期特征,因此随机收集了80处3766个冰压力,统计不同形式的冰压力历程周期的概率情况,如图8所示。Suyuthi等[21]对KV Svabard号于2007年在巴伦支海航行时冰载荷峰值以及周期进行统计,依据实测数据,Suyuthi将周期以6 s间隔进行划分,最大周期设定为60 s。基于本文模拟结果特征,将载荷周期以4 s间隔合理进行划分,同样将最大周期设定为60 s,这主要是因为,冰载荷峰值间隔如果过长,则很可能不是冰-船连续作用时的冰载荷周期。对于“纯三角”型,其周期集中落在0~4 s内,占94.25%;“准三角”Ⅰ和Ⅱ型集中落在4-8 s内,占82.77%;“准三角”Ⅲ型分布较散,但周期普遍较长,落在8-60 s的概率达到97.48%。对比可知,周期越长,出现次峰值的次数也就越多,即碰撞载荷沿船体发生滑移的现象更加明显。统计中发现,“纯三角”型载荷占总数的75.28%,说明典型局部载荷历程特征中“纯三角”型占主导地位。Lee等[22]曾指出,韩国Araon号极地科考船在北极航行期间测得的局部冰载荷典型时程剖面中,三角形脉冲占比最高。
然而,在结构强度评估等过程中,更多关心的是极大载荷对船体安全性能的影响,而不同类型的载荷历程以及数值特征也存在差异性,因此,进一步统计冰压力不同周期与幅值的联合概率,探究周期与幅值之间的关系,可更好掌握冰压力幅值出现的规律。为此,将周期跨度细化至1 s,冰压力幅值跨度细化至0.5 MPa,如图9所示。
图9统计中发现,无论周期大小,冰压力数值都满足指数递减趋势,载荷数值落在0-0.5 MPa内的概率最高。进一步观察周期与幅值之间的规律,当周期大于4 s后,幅值高于2 MPa的概率几乎降为0%,较大幅值的冰压力都集中出现在0-4 s的周期内,占总数的12.39%,即载荷周期越长,压力幅值越小,说明脉冲式的“纯三角”型,其碰撞集中度高,压力幅值也高。次峰值较多的“准三角”型,易出现能量分散现象,这一规律符合能量守恒定理,进一步可知,周期为0-4 s的冰压力其危险概率远高于其他周期。
为了解不同形式冰压力沿船体的分布情况,该处对1225个位置内64 311个冰压力进行统计,结果如图10所示,周期为0-4 s的冰压力沿船体呈现递增分布趋势,在船首区域占比最多,概率达到63.79%,说明船首区域,船与海冰的碰撞多为“纯挤压”式,能量较为集中,是破冰的主要区域。而周期为4-8 s以及8 s以上的冰压力呈现出下抛物线趋势,在船中区域占比最多,概率均达到69.09%,说明船中区域发生碰撞载荷沿船体滑移的现象更突出,能量较为分散,这一现象可能是船中的型线等因素造成的。而由上述分析中可知,周期为0-4 s的冰压力其危险概率远高于其他周期,因此,进一步可推论船首区域出现极大载荷的概率远大于其他区域,故船首区域是船舶结构强度设计过程中的关键区域。
本文采用海冰环向裂纹法,模拟实际回转过程中船-冰相互碰撞的动态过程,依据船级规范对船体进行区域划分,基于模拟结果,统计各区域碰撞次数以及冰压力数值,利用平均冰压力以及95%置信区间上限值,描述各区域冰压力数值特征,识别典型局部冰压力,探究冰压力的周期、幅值特性以及分布规律,最终得出以下结论:
(1)回转过程中,船首是碰撞最为剧烈的区域,峰值占比高达82.4%;右侧船尾区域冰压力数值几乎是左侧船尾的4倍,峰值占比为9.54%,是碰撞剧烈程度仅次于船首的区域。
(2)局部载荷周期历程曲线大多呈现周期较短的“纯三角”型,占总数的75.28%。同时,载荷周期与幅值呈负相关趋势,载荷周期越长,出现次峰值的次数也就越多,碰撞载荷沿船体发生滑移的现象更明显,压力幅值越低。
(3)周期为0-4 s的冰压力主要集中在船首区域,峰值占比达到63.79%,而周期较长的冰压力在船中区域较为集中,峰值占比为69.09%,进而船首区域出现极大载荷的概率远大于其他区域,是船舶结构强度设计过程中的关键区域。
  • 国家重点研发计划资助项目(2022YFE010700)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52171259)
  • 工信部高技术船舶科研项目(工信部重装函[2021]342号)
  • 国家自然科学基金青年项目(52201323)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.03.006
  • 接收时间:2024-09-23
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-23
基金
国家重点研发计划资助项目(2022YFE010700)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(52171259)
工信部高技术船舶科研项目(工信部重装函[2021]342号)
国家自然科学基金青年项目(52201323)
作者信息
    1.江苏科技大学 船舶与海洋工程学院,江苏 镇江 212003
    2.上海交通大学,上海 200030
    3.中国船级社 上海规范研究所,上海 200135
    4.中国船舶集团有限公司 第708研究所,上海 200011

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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