Article(id=1243306066302316918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306060832944396, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.03.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727107200000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774356865715, onlineDateStr=2026-03-24, pubDate=1742400000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774356865715, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774356865715, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774356865715, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243306060832944396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='3', pageStart='337', pageEnd='516', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1774356864412, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774357001622, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243306636396310539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306060832944396, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243306636396310540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306060832944396, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=451, endPage=464, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243306066612695428, articleId=1243306066302316918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Collapse analysis of deepwater thick-walled pipeline by vector form intrinsic finite solid element, columnId=1242129251223274417, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Structural Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Thick-walled pipelines are widely used as transmission pipes for (ultra) deepwater petroleum and natural gas, and buckle arrestors for shallow water pipelines. However, the current international authoritative regulations may underestimate their ultimate bearing capacity significantly so that their economy and safety are hot topics in industrial circles. After deriving the calculation formula of vector form intrinsic finite element (VFIFE) method solid element, an analysis model of thick-walled pipelines considering the nonlinearity of geometry, material and boundary was established to solve the key mechanical problem of local collapse of thick-walled pipelines. And its accuracy was verified by comparison with 8 sets of thick-walled pipe scale tests, the DNV code, and ABAQUS simulations. Sensitivity analysis of diameter-to-thickness ratio, initial ovality and material yield strength were carried out to quantify the calculation errors of the DNV code method. Then, a more accurate formula for calculating the local collapse pressure of thick-walled pipes was obtained by fitting the VFIFE results. The results show that the simulation results of the VFIFE constant strain tetrahedral element are in line with the actual situation and can provide a new analysis strategy for the collapse behavior analysis of thick-walled pipelines. However, attention should be paid to determining the maximum load rate under the requirement of the quasi-static loading. Under high external pressure, the pipeline will collapse locally and propagate buckle dynamically and the deformation of the pipe section changes from an ellipse to a "dumbbell" shape with certain folds on the inner wall. During local collapse, the change trend of the stress distribution conforms to the general features of solid structure buckling instability. The calculation error of the DNV code of thick-walled pipelines’ local collapse pressure increases with the decrease of the diameter-to-thickness ratio, the decrease of the initial ovality, and the increase of the material yield strength respectively. The corrected formula for local collapse pressure calculation of thick-walled pipelines has a fitting error of -2.49%~1.72% for homologous data and a calculation error of -6.11%~1.70% for heterologous data. It can accurately calculate the local collapse pressures of deepwater pipelines with diameter-to-thickness ratio of 8~18, initial ovality of 0.5%~3.0%, and material yield strength of 300~500 MPa. The results can be used to guide the design and verification of submarine thick-walled pipelines.

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厚壁管道广泛应用于(超)深水油气输送和浅水管道止屈防护,但目前国际权威规范对其极限承载能力存在明显低估,其经济性和安全性受到了业界的高度关注。针对厚壁管道局部压溃的关键力学问题,首先推导向量式有限元(VFIFE)实体单元计算公式,建立考虑几何、材料和边界非线性的厚壁管道压溃行为分析模型。通过8组缩尺比厚壁管道压溃试验和DNV规范、ABAQUS模拟分析模型的准确性。开展径厚比、初始椭圆度和屈服强度的敏感性分析,量化DNV规范方法的计算误差,并基于VFIFE结果拟合得到更准确的厚壁管道压溃压力计算公式。研究结果表明:VFIFE常应变四面体单元模拟结果符合实际情况,可以为深水厚壁管道压溃行为分析提供一套新的分析策略,但应注意确定结构准静态加载允许的最大加载速率;在较高的外压载荷作用下,管道会发生局部压溃和动态屈曲传播,截面由椭圆形变化为内壁出现一定褶皱的“哑铃”形,应力分布的变化规律符合实体结构屈曲失稳的一般规律;DNV规范对于厚壁管道压溃压力的计算误差分别随径厚比减小、初始椭圆度减小和材料屈服强度增大而增大;厚壁管道压溃压力的修正公式同源数据拟合误差为−2.49%~1.72%,异源数据计算误差为−6.11%~1.70%,能够准确计算径厚比8~18、初始椭圆度为0.5%~3.0%和材料屈服强度为300~ 550 MPa的深水管道压溃压力。本文结果可用于指导海底厚壁管道设计和校核。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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李振眠(1994-),男,博士,副研究员

余杨(1988-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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label=Tab.1, caption=

Geometric and material parameters of pipe samples

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编号D/mmt/mm0/%E/GPaμAC-S/MPaBC-S/MPanC-S
R175.826.310.66
R276.046.320.621930.3257.22563.600.44
R375.705.970.47
R475.706.000.55
R551.503.150.35
R651.503.150.561930.3348.05692.800.44
R751.503.150.61
R851.003.100.68
), ArticleFig(id=1243306091501695182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306066302316918, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验管件的几何参数和材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号D/mmt/mm0/%E/GPaμAC-S/MPaBC-S/MPanC-S
R175.826.310.66
R276.046.320.621930.3257.22563.600.44
R375.705.970.47
R475.706.000.55
R551.503.150.35
R651.503.150.561930.3348.05692.800.44
R751.503.150.61
R851.003.100.68
), ArticleFig(id=1243306091593969871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306066302316918, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison between VFIFE and other methods of collapse pressure results

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编号D/tpcVFIFE(MPa)压溃试验ABAQUSDNV
pcTest(MPa)误差(%)pcFEM(MPa)误差(%)pcDNV(MPa)误差(%)
R112.0251.6050.961.2649.873.4740.8226.41
R212.0352.2051.271.8149.954.5040.8827.69
R312.6849.6248.532.2547.284.9539.1126.87
R412.6249.5448.661.8147.254.8539.0826.77
R516.3546.1446.33−0.4144.483.7340.5413.81
R616.3544.5844.490.2042.873.9939.4213.09
R716.3544.1244.76−1.4342.493.8439.1712.64
R816.4543.7546.51−5.9341.994.1938.5213.58
), ArticleFig(id=1243306091690438864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306066302316918, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

VFIFE计算结果同其他方法结果的比较

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编号D/tpcVFIFE(MPa)压溃试验ABAQUSDNV
pcTest(MPa)误差(%)pcFEM(MPa)误差(%)pcDNV(MPa)误差(%)
R112.0251.6050.961.2649.873.4740.8226.41
R212.0352.2051.271.8149.954.5040.8827.69
R312.6849.6248.532.2547.284.9539.1126.87
R412.6249.5448.661.8147.254.8539.0826.77
R516.3546.1446.33−0.4144.483.7340.5413.81
R616.3544.5844.490.2042.873.9939.4213.09
R716.3544.1244.76−1.4342.493.8439.1712.64
R816.4543.7546.51−5.9341.994.1938.5213.58
), ArticleFig(id=1243306091778519249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306066302316918, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Parameters in empirical equation of thick pipeline

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参数a1a2a3a4
数值1.9362-0.2358-0.0460-0.0147
), ArticleFig(id=1243306091870793938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306066302316918, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

厚壁管道压溃压力修正公式的参数值

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参数a1a2a3a4
数值1.9362-0.2358-0.0460-0.0147
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基于向量式实体单元的深水厚壁管道压溃分析
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李振眠 1, 2 , 邵强 3 , 余杨 1, 2 , 余建星 1, 2 , 马文韬 1, 2 , 刘鹏飞 1, 2 , 田博文 1, 2 , 张志炜 1, 2
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2025,29(3): 451-464
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船舶力学 | 结构力学 2025, 29(3): 451-464
基于向量式实体单元的深水厚壁管道压溃分析
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李振眠1, 2, 邵强3, 余杨1, 2 , 余建星1, 2, 马文韬1, 2, 刘鹏飞1, 2, 田博文1, 2, 张志炜1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.天津大学 水利工程仿真与安全国家重点实验室,天津 300072
  • 2.天津大学 天津市港口与海洋工程重点实验室,天津 300072
  • 3.国家管网集团工程技术创新有限公司,天津 300450
  • 李振眠(1994-),男,博士,副研究员

    余杨(1988-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Collapse analysis of deepwater thick-walled pipeline by vector form intrinsic finite solid element
Zhen-mian LI1, 2, Qiang SHAO3, Yang YU1, 2 , Jian-xing YU1, 2, Wen-tao MA1, 2, Peng-fei LIU1, 2, Bo-wen TIAN1, 2, Zhi-wei ZHANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
  • 2.Tianjin Key Laboratory of Port and Ocean Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
  • 3.Pipe China Engineering Technology Innovation Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300450, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.03.010
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厚壁管道广泛应用于(超)深水油气输送和浅水管道止屈防护,但目前国际权威规范对其极限承载能力存在明显低估,其经济性和安全性受到了业界的高度关注。针对厚壁管道局部压溃的关键力学问题,首先推导向量式有限元(VFIFE)实体单元计算公式,建立考虑几何、材料和边界非线性的厚壁管道压溃行为分析模型。通过8组缩尺比厚壁管道压溃试验和DNV规范、ABAQUS模拟分析模型的准确性。开展径厚比、初始椭圆度和屈服强度的敏感性分析,量化DNV规范方法的计算误差,并基于VFIFE结果拟合得到更准确的厚壁管道压溃压力计算公式。研究结果表明:VFIFE常应变四面体单元模拟结果符合实际情况,可以为深水厚壁管道压溃行为分析提供一套新的分析策略,但应注意确定结构准静态加载允许的最大加载速率;在较高的外压载荷作用下,管道会发生局部压溃和动态屈曲传播,截面由椭圆形变化为内壁出现一定褶皱的“哑铃”形,应力分布的变化规律符合实体结构屈曲失稳的一般规律;DNV规范对于厚壁管道压溃压力的计算误差分别随径厚比减小、初始椭圆度减小和材料屈服强度增大而增大;厚壁管道压溃压力的修正公式同源数据拟合误差为−2.49%~1.72%,异源数据计算误差为−6.11%~1.70%,能够准确计算径厚比8~18、初始椭圆度为0.5%~3.0%和材料屈服强度为300~ 550 MPa的深水管道压溃压力。本文结果可用于指导海底厚壁管道设计和校核。

深水厚壁管道  /  向量式有限元  /  实体单元  /  压溃试验  /  局部压溃  /  屈曲传播

Thick-walled pipelines are widely used as transmission pipes for (ultra) deepwater petroleum and natural gas, and buckle arrestors for shallow water pipelines. However, the current international authoritative regulations may underestimate their ultimate bearing capacity significantly so that their economy and safety are hot topics in industrial circles. After deriving the calculation formula of vector form intrinsic finite element (VFIFE) method solid element, an analysis model of thick-walled pipelines considering the nonlinearity of geometry, material and boundary was established to solve the key mechanical problem of local collapse of thick-walled pipelines. And its accuracy was verified by comparison with 8 sets of thick-walled pipe scale tests, the DNV code, and ABAQUS simulations. Sensitivity analysis of diameter-to-thickness ratio, initial ovality and material yield strength were carried out to quantify the calculation errors of the DNV code method. Then, a more accurate formula for calculating the local collapse pressure of thick-walled pipes was obtained by fitting the VFIFE results. The results show that the simulation results of the VFIFE constant strain tetrahedral element are in line with the actual situation and can provide a new analysis strategy for the collapse behavior analysis of thick-walled pipelines. However, attention should be paid to determining the maximum load rate under the requirement of the quasi-static loading. Under high external pressure, the pipeline will collapse locally and propagate buckle dynamically and the deformation of the pipe section changes from an ellipse to a "dumbbell" shape with certain folds on the inner wall. During local collapse, the change trend of the stress distribution conforms to the general features of solid structure buckling instability. The calculation error of the DNV code of thick-walled pipelines’ local collapse pressure increases with the decrease of the diameter-to-thickness ratio, the decrease of the initial ovality, and the increase of the material yield strength respectively. The corrected formula for local collapse pressure calculation of thick-walled pipelines has a fitting error of -2.49%~1.72% for homologous data and a calculation error of -6.11%~1.70% for heterologous data. It can accurately calculate the local collapse pressures of deepwater pipelines with diameter-to-thickness ratio of 8~18, initial ovality of 0.5%~3.0%, and material yield strength of 300~500 MPa. The results can be used to guide the design and verification of submarine thick-walled pipelines.

deepwater thick-walled pipeline  /  vector form intrinsic finite element method  /  solid element  /  collapse test  /  local collapse  /  buckle propagation
李振眠, 邵强, 余杨, 余建星, 马文韬, 刘鹏飞, 田博文, 张志炜. 基于向量式实体单元的深水厚壁管道压溃分析. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (3) : 451 -464 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.03.010
Zhen-mian LI, Qiang SHAO, Yang YU, Jian-xing YU, Wen-tao MA, Peng-fei LIU, Bo-wen TIAN, Zhi-wei ZHANG. Collapse analysis of deepwater thick-walled pipeline by vector form intrinsic finite solid element[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (3) : 451 -464 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.03.010
随着深水、超深水(水深>1500 m)油气勘探开发的推进,小径厚比、高钢级海底管道的工程应用日益广泛,其经济性和安全性也受到了业界的高度关注[1]。例如,阿曼-印度海底管线项目中采用了径厚比为16.9的X70钢管[2];2021年南海1500 m水深陵水气田项目[3]采用的X65钢立管最小径厚比为8.33(直径D=15.2 cm,厚度t=18.3 mm)。由于高静水压作用,厚壁管道的设计通常要根据局部压溃的失稳极限状态[4]进行。因此,压溃压力是评价海底厚壁管道设计是否合理的关键参数,其研究需求十分迫切。
一般,径厚比小于20的管道称为厚壁管道,反之则为薄壁管道。目前,DNVGL-ST-F101[4]、EN ISO 3183[5]、ABS 64[6]和API-RP-1111[7]等国际权威规范能够较好地预测薄壁管道的压溃压力。对于厚壁管道,因其局部压溃的非线性更明显,上述规范的计算方法可能不再准确。根据DNVGL关于X65管道的研究报告[8],基于规范的计算结果同有限元模拟结果的误差,随着径厚比减小而增大,径厚比为10时将偏小约20%。实际上,厚壁管道还常常在浅水区域被用作整体式止屈器[9]。由于现行设计规范会对厚壁管道压溃压力造成低估,为避免发生压溃,管道工程师们会保守地选择更大壁厚,这样导致管道重量大幅增加,工程造价也随之上升,给制造和安装带来极大困难。为此,权威机构DNVGL[10]正联合管道公司、油气企业和设计单位,致力于修正DNVGL规范以满足深水、超深水开发的需要。不少学者也纷纷致力于在不同因素影响下厚壁管道压溃压力的计算方法研究:Dvorkin等[11]运用ADINA软件的QMITGelement,研究了初始椭圆度∆0和离心率对径厚比16~32管道压溃压力的影响;He等[12]运用ABAQUS C3D8R建立了径厚比12.5~30的管道有限元模型并研究,∆0和非弹性各向异性系数S的影响;Yu等[13]基于厚壳理论在径厚比12~30上分析了∆0、残余应力σR、屈服强度σ0、材料硬化系数(Ramberg-Osgood本构模型)和S对压溃压力的影响;Zhang等[14]基于ABAQUS C3D8R首先分析了∆0对径厚比为10~32的管道压溃压力和屈曲模式的影响,然后提出考虑∆0的压溃压力计算公式;Gong等[15]则利用ABAQUS分析了径厚比、∆0、用钢等级、应变硬化模量和腐蚀缺陷尺寸的影响。上述文献报道主要针对纯水压作用下管道几何和材料两大类参数的敏感性分析。与薄壁管道相同,组合载荷和加载路径对厚壁管道的压溃压力和屈曲模式也存在重要影响[16]
向量式有限元(VFIFE)是关于结构力学行为分析的一种新方法,已发展出了梁单元[17]、板单元[18]、壳单元[19]和实体单元[20-21]等理论。应用实践表明,VFIFE对涉及大变形、大转动、材料(粘)弹塑性、屈曲和碰撞等复杂结构行为分析具有程序稳定、计算准确、可避免传统有限元方法刚度矩阵迭代收敛难题、方法简洁以及适合并行处理等独特优势[22]。在海洋结构物设计与分析中,VFIFE的运用对象已包括海洋立管、海底管道和导管架平台等。Li等[23]利用VFIFE梁单元模拟海洋立管的三维大变形和大变位,发现平面外载荷对立管的影响比较明显;笔者利用VFIFE壳单元模拟了径厚比为32.5时管道的局部压溃和屈曲传播行为[24],并进一步开展了断层位移作用下海底埋地管道的复杂屈曲行为分析[25];Xu等[26]则提出了VFIFE梁壳耦合算法并用于分析长输海管在断层载荷下的破坏问题;在带有整体式止屈器的海底管道屈曲和后屈曲行为分析中,笔者[27]发现VFIFE薄壳单元会明显低估止屈器的穿越压力,指出了利用VFIFE实体单元分析小径厚比管段的必要性。但截至目前,VFIFE实体单元在海工领域的应用还未见报道。
本文基于已有的深水管道极限承载力研究工作[1324-2527],进一步建立基于VFIFE实体单元的深水厚壁管道压溃行为分析方法,旨在为深水厚壁管道的屈曲压溃研究提供一套具有完全自主知识产权的通用分析策略。本工作采用VFIFE实体单元理论方法,首先建立考虑几何、材料和边界非线性的深水厚壁管道压溃分析模型,然后通过8组缩尺比压溃试验、DNV规范计算和ABAQUS模拟,来验证本文模型的准确性。接着,开展径厚比、初始椭圆度和屈服强度的敏感性分析,量化分析DNV规范计算结果的误差。最后,通过数据拟合提出新的厚壁管道压溃压力公式并分析其计算精度,以期为解决深水、超深水厚壁管道设计的关键力学问题提供参考。
本文利用VFIFE实体单元模拟深水厚壁管道结构,以下给出对应的VFIFE模型和计算流程,VFIFE实体单元的详细理论可参考文献[20-21]。此外,针对深水厚壁管道压溃分析的材料、几何和边界非线性问题,提出适用的数值求解方案。
将深水厚壁管道离散为质点和用于计算结构内力的常应变四面体单元[21],建立的VFIFE模型如图1所示。管道外径为D,初始一致椭圆度为∆0(通常定义为∆0=(Dmax-Dmin)/DD=(Dmax+Dmin)/2,DmaxDmin分别为最大外径和最小外径),管道长度L,厚度为h。管道两端完全固定,承受均匀外压作用。根据模型和外压的对称性,只需取完整管道模型的1/8进行计算。在坐标系o-xyz中,平面oyzoxz为模型的对称面,对称面上质点的运动受对称边界条件约束。坐标z=0的质点设置为关于平面oxy的对称约束,坐标z=L/2的质点则设置为完全固定约束。以上边界条件能够简化模型,现在假定预期管道将从z=0处开始压溃,并沿着z轴正向屈曲传播至右端。管道压溃后,内壁面会发生接触碰撞。因此,将平面oyzoxz设为虚拟刚性面,避免内壁质点接触碰撞后发生穿透行为。
VFIFE以质点的运动公式为控制方程,通过不断迭代更新质点运动进行结构模拟和行为预测。图2给出了VFIFE实体单元的计算流程,每个时间步内主要计算内容为质点平动计算、等效质点内力计算和等效质点外载荷计算。这三部分计算是通过质点或单元遍历实现的,适合并行计算。与传统有限元方法比较,VFIFE的控制方程基于牛顿第二定律,理论架构更加简洁,且不存在刚度矩阵运算,求解强非线性问题时能够避免矩阵收敛难题。深水厚壁管道压溃分析涉及几何、边界和材料三个方面的非线性,应用VFIFE方法具有较大优势。特别地,质点运动自然地包括了实体单元的刚体运动和质点纯变形,VFIFE无需额外手段即可处理大变形、大转角和大变位等几何非线性问题。
对于边界非线性,本文考虑大变形引起的压力加载面变化和压溃后管道内壁可能发生的接触碰撞问题的处理。事实上,VFIFE只需根据每个单元面对应质点的实时位置计算加载面积和法向向量,即可实时跟踪变化的压力加载面。同样,VFIFE可以将接触碰撞问题转化为质点空间关系问题,从而又极大降低求解难度。根据1.1节所述的虚拟刚性面[8],管道内壁接触碰撞问题可进一步简化为质点同虚拟刚性面的接触碰撞问题。
本文将虚拟刚性面离散为三角形平面单元,仅考虑质点与三角形平面单元之间的单向碰撞检测,即“点-三角形”检测[31]。算法中所用的变量信息仅为质点和三角形平面单元的位置信息。如图3所示,nn+1时刻质点i的位置为,三角形平面单元j的位置信息为,则两个时刻的垂距为
式中,为三角形平面单元j的方向向量。
如果符号相反,则质点i与三角形平面单元j所在的平面发生碰撞并穿透其表面,由此,需要进一步判断碰撞点是否在三角形平面单元j内部。如果碰撞发生,则按罚函数法[19]对质点位置矢量进行修正。由于时间步较短,可用垂足来代替实际碰撞点,则有
式中,e12e13为矢量系数,经过数学求导可显式表达为
式中,
当垂足在三角形平面单元j内部时,下列条件成立
材料非线性是指管道钢材的弹塑性问题。选用形式简单、参数较少、通用性较好的广义Cowper-Symonds(C-S)材料本构模型[24-25],其表达式如下:
式中,σf为流动应力,AC-S为准静态屈服应力,BC-SnC-S为准静态下的应变硬化参数,为应变率,Dp为与应变率效应有关的材料参数。本文不考虑应变率效应,故令
结构弹塑性分析通常将载荷分成若干个增量,然后对每一个载荷增量,根据材料的应力应变初始状态确定其增量。从VFIFE角度,上述的增量分析对应为一个时间步长内的弹塑性问题。弹塑性本构模型的引入和应力应变的弹塑性修正,发生在单元节点出现纯变形位移之后及单元内力求解之前。遵循塑性力学基本法则,基于应力积分回退算法的弹塑性材料处理方法[25-27]图4所示。首先,根据单元应变增量进行弹性预测,假设当前时间步为弹性加载步,利用弹性应力应变关系矩阵De更新,得到应力增量和应力。然后依据von Mises屈服准则[28-29]计算屈服函数,并区分以下三种情况:
①若,则为弹性加载或由塑性按弹性卸载,弹性应变增量的比例m=1;
②若,且,则为弹性向塑性过渡,应由计算m
③若,且,则为塑性继续加载,m=0。
最后,依据上述判断结果结合式(4)修正得到,即
式中,为塑性应变增量,为塑性应力增量,Dep为由von Mises流动法则[29]导出的弹塑性矩阵。
图5所示,在天津大学的缩尺比深水压力舱[13]中进行了缩尺比厚壁管道压溃试验,其中,压力舱内径0.24 m,可容纳最长2.3 m、外径8~76 mm的管件,可模拟70 MPa高压水环境。加压设备为高压注水泵,最大加载速度为2 MPa/s,试验时压力载荷的控制精度±0.2%FFS,波动范围≤0.5%。压力传感器为MSP300压力传感器,测量精度±0.2%FFS。
厚壁管道压溃试验流程如图6所示[24]。首先是试验管件的预处理,包括管件截取、参数测量和端部法兰焊接;然后是试验管件的安装,关闭舱盖并向内注水;舱内水满后关闭进水阀和排气阀,小幅加压检查水密性;如果水密性合格,则启动数据监测系统,并继续加压至舱内水压骤降时为止;接着卸压、排水,打开舱盖取出试验管件;最后,观察试验管件压溃形貌和处理试验数据。
试验管件依据径厚比(12和16)分为两组,每组4根,依次编号为R1~R8。图7所示为利用RA7320便携关节臂三坐标测量机,测量管件外轮廓点云数据,取截面平均外直径和最大椭圆度作为试验管件的直径和初始椭圆度。试验管件的壁厚则用MT192多模式超声波测厚仪测量后取平均值。图8所示则为截取标准拉伸试样件并通过万能拉伸试验机完成准静态材料测试,根据测试数据拟合得到C-S模型(式(4))的相关参数。试验管件的材料参数和几何参数如表1所示。
图9(a)为试验过程中水压加载控制台的界面,图9(b)为试验结束后8根试验管件的形貌图。由图9(b)可知,试样件压溃后呈“哑铃状”,其位置为测量的最大初始椭圆度所在区域。由试验管件的侧视图可知,管道局部压溃后发生了内壁碰撞接触。
由加载控制台导出的试验中R1~R8的水压加载计划和压力舱内实际水压数据,分别如图10(a)~(d)所示。由图可知,舱内水压上升至某一值时将发生骤降,这对应着管件的局部压溃。试验管件R1~R4的试验静力屈曲载荷分别为50.96 MPa、51.27 MPa、48.53 MPa和48.66 MPa;管件R5~R8的试验值则分别为46.33 MPa、44.49 MPa、44.76 MPa和46.51 MPa。
依据1.1节所述方法建立深水厚壁管道的VFIFE模型,长度取1.2 m,其他尺寸同表1一致。时间步长取2.0×10−7s,阻尼参数取10.0。以R1为例,首先取加载速度200 MPa/s进行网格收敛性分析。考虑五种网格方案(环向网格数×径向网格数×轴向网格数),分别为9×2×90、12×2×120、15×2×150、20×4×20和25×4×250,依次编号为Mesh#1~5。记录z=0处截面内壁的长轴点和短轴点的位移曲线,如图11(a)所示,图中随着外压不断增大,质点位移先是缓慢增大,然后急剧增大,最后稳定在某值。对应的物理过程为,随着外压不断增大,管道截面首先发生微小变形,然后发生屈曲压溃,产生截面内大变形直至内壁接触碰撞。图中比较后可知,随着网格数量的增加,质点位移曲线差异明显减小并趋于稳定。其中,网格方案Mesh#3~5具有较好收敛性,故本文选择Mesh#3用于深水厚壁管道压溃分析。为确定准静态加载下允许的最大加载速度,计算中采用五种加载速率(300 MPa/s、250 MPa/s、200 MPa/s、150 MPa/s和100 MPa/s)进行求解,其长轴点和短轴点的位移曲线如图11(b)所示。依据Budiansky-Roth动力屈曲准则[24],五个加载速率对应的压溃压力为53.62 MPa、52.84 MPa、52.28 MPa、51.91 MPa和51.60 MPa。可以发现,随着加载速率的增大,管道的屈曲载荷有所增大。这是因为较大加载速率下管道应变率和惯性力的影响导致的。当加载速度由300 MPa/s下降到100 MPa/s时,压溃压力相对变化由1.45%降低至0.60%,可以认为接近准静态加载过程。后续的计算分析取加载速度100 MPa/s。
图12为根据1/8模型计算结果绘制的1/2管道模型等效Mises应力和变形的情况,其中①~⑩为z=0处的完整截面。外压较小时,管道长轴端的内壁应力水平较高,其他部位应力较低(图12中①和②)。随着外压增大,管道长轴端内壁的高应力区域向短轴端内壁扩展(图12中③)。进一步地,管道短轴端外壁应力升高,与管道长轴端内壁形成贯通的高应力区域(图12中④和⑤)。这是实体结构屈曲失稳的典型趋势[829]。当外压足够大时,z=0处管道截面内除了短轴端内壁附近应力略低,整体进入塑性变形阶段(图12中⑥)并随即发生了椭圆大变形(图12中⑦和⑧)。当椭圆大变形进一步发展,短轴一侧管壁下陷并因相互碰撞接触而呈压平状态,截面变形呈现“哑铃”形(图12中⑨)。在这种大变形中,长轴一侧管道内壁出现褶皱。这是由于壁厚较大,截面内的挤压造成的。管道截面呈现“哑铃”形后,短轴一侧应力降低,长轴一侧依然保持高应力状态。如果继续让外水压小幅增大,管道将沿着两端发生快速的屈曲传播(图12中⑩)。对比图9(b)图12,VFIFE模拟结果能够“再现”试验中观测到的真实结构变形。需要说明的是,本文用的常应变四面体单元精度具有局限性,在模拟管道后屈曲行为时,会呈现不连续的应力分布(图12中⑧和⑨)。但对于管道发生的第一次屈曲过程(局部压溃),本文的网格和单元的精度已经足够。
利用与管件R1相同的计算方法,计算表1所示的其他管件的压溃压力。另外,同时进行ABAQUS经典有限元模拟和DNV规范公式计算。其中,ABAQUS经典有限元模拟采用与VFIFE相同的网格划分方案,单元类型则选择为C3D20R(六面体二次减缩积分单元)。而DNV规范的计算公式如下:
式中,pc为压溃压力,pel为弹性压溃压力,pp为塑性压溃压力。pelpp的计算方法为
式中,αfab为管道制造系数,无缝钢管取1.00。
采用VFIFE模拟、压溃试验测试、ABAQUS模拟和DNV规范计算得到的管道压溃压力分别记为pcVFIFEpcTESTpcFEMpcDNV,管件R1~R8对应的计算结果如表2所示。其中,对于R1~ R4,VFIFE的结果与试验结果两者分别相差1.26%、1.81%、2.25%和1.81%,前者与ABAQUS模拟结果相比则分别相差3.47%、4.50%、4.95%和4.85%,而与DNV规范结果的差别分别为26.41%、27.69%、26.87%和26.77%。对于管件R5~R8,VFIFE的结果与试验结果分别相差−0.41%、0.20%、−1.43%和−5.93%,与ABAQUS模拟结果分别相差3.73%、3.99%、3.84%和4.19%,而与DNV规范结果则分别相差13.81%、13.09%、12.64%和13.58%。对于试验管件R8,VFIFE和ABAQUS的结果比试验值小得多,应是测量误差或错误导致。可见,VFIFE的结果同压溃试验测试和ABAQUS模拟的误差基本控制在5%内,满足工程精度要求。另外,DNV规范的计算结果明显低估了小径厚比管道的极限承载力,而且随着径厚比减小这种低估越发明显[8],甚至达到27.69%。这种低估将导致管道壁厚取值偏保守,易造成重量过大而出现安装困难、材料浪费和成本增加问题。
为分析DNV规范的计算结果与其它数值模拟结果的差异,取18英寸全尺寸管道开展几何参数和材料参数的敏感性分析。18英寸全尺寸管道的基础参数为:D=457.2 mm,D/t=12,AC-S=448 MPa,∆0=2%,pcDNV=63.82 MPa,pcVFIFE=78.60 MPa。敏感性分析中D/t取值范围为8~18,∆0取值范围0.5%~3%,材料屈服强度AC-S取值范围300~550 MPa,在每个范围内各取6个值并正交组合后计算。六个材料屈服强度下的DNV规范和VFIFE方法的几何参数敏感性分析结果如图13(a)~(f)所示。由图13可知,相同AC-S和∆0下,pcDNVpcVFIFE的相对误差随D/t减小而增大;相同AC-SD/t下,pcDNVpcVFIFE的相对误差随∆0减小而增大;随着AC-S的增大,上述的误差也更加明显。
引入修正系数Cthick,综合考虑D/tAC-S、∆0和规范结果pcDNV的影响,提出厚壁管道压溃压力的修正公式如下:
式中,σref为参考屈服强度,取450 MPa;pcDNV为式(11)计算结果;a1~a4为修正项的参数,通过拟合图13中的数据得到,取值如表3所示。
为分析式(14)的拟合效果和计算精度,分别开展同源和异源数据对比分析。首先,对比DNV规范计算结果、VFIFE模拟结果与修正公式计算结果。如图14(a)所示,式(14)能够对DNV规范计算结果进行修正,其结果与VFIFE模拟结果非常接近。在压溃压力20~180 MPa之间,式(14)的拟合误差范围为−2.49%~1.72%。这是因为VFIFE模拟结果属于同源数据,拟合效果较好。然后,对比本文试验结果、文献数据[12]和修正公式计算结果。其中,文献[12]数据为D/t=12.50、14.29和16.67三种尺寸的厚壁管道压溃压力值,钢材等级分为X52、X60、X65、X70和X80五种,∆0取1%和2%两种,共计30个数据点,最大允许误差为10.5%。如图14(b)所示,本文试验数据和文献[12]的数据皆贴近修正公式(14)计算结果的两侧分布。与试验数据和文献[12]数据比较,式(14)的计算误差范围为-6.11%~ 1.70%。上述分析表明,式(14)较好地拟合VFIFE模拟结果和DNV规范计算结果,能够较准确地预测深水厚壁管道的压溃压力,对海底厚壁管道的设计和校核具有参考价值。
本文针对深水、超深水厚壁管道屈曲压溃的关键力学问题,基于VFIFE实体单元理论建立了考虑几何、材料和边界非线性的厚壁管道压溃行为的分析模型,并通过8组缩尺比压溃试验、DNV规范、ABAQUS模拟等方法,分析了上述模型的准确性,研究了径厚比、初始椭圆度和屈服强度的影响,并量化分析了DNV规范的计算误差,通过拟合数值结果提出了更准确的厚壁管道压溃压力计算公式,并得到以下结论:
(1)VFIFE常应变四面体单元模拟结果符合实际情况,可以为深水厚壁管道压溃行为分析提供一套新的分析策略,具有省却传统有限元刚度矩阵计算、程序简单且适合并行、非线性处理能力强等优点。VFIFE用统一的动力分析过程预测结构行为,并发现较大的加载速率会影响结构响应从而使得临界载荷偏大。因此,为实现外压的准静态加载和节约计算成本,应注意确定结构准静态加载允许的最大加载速率。
(2)厚壁管道在较高的外压载荷作用下会发生局部压溃,管道截面变形由椭圆形变化为内壁带有一定褶皱的“哑铃”形。在外压增大过程中,高应力区域由厚壁管道长轴端的内壁向短轴端内壁扩展,然后与短轴端外壁形成贯通的屈服区域,最后截面整体进入塑性并瞬间发生倒塌,直至内壁出现碰撞接触。如果维持较高外压,管道压溃后将发生快速的屈曲传播。
(3)DNV规范计算厚壁管道压溃压力的误差,分别随着径厚比减小、初始椭圆度减小和材料屈服强度增大而增大,最大可达28%。基于VFIFE模拟结果和DNV规范计算结果提出的厚壁管道压溃压力修正公式,同源数据拟合效果较好(拟合误差为-2.49%~1.72%),异源数据计算精度较高(计算误差为-6.11%~1.70%),可用于深水厚壁管道的设计和校核。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52401339)
  • 博士后创新人才支持计划(BX20220224)
  • 天津市科技计划项目(24ZXZSSS00410)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.03.010
  • 接收时间:2024-09-24
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-24
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52401339)
博士后创新人才支持计划(BX20220224)
天津市科技计划项目(24ZXZSSS00410)
作者信息
    1.天津大学 水利工程仿真与安全国家重点实验室,天津 300072
    2.天津大学 天津市港口与海洋工程重点实验室,天津 300072
    3.国家管网集团工程技术创新有限公司,天津 300450

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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