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In view of the numerous and complex structures of ship machinery, equipment and the coupling of vibration transmission paths, a method of underwater radiated noise prediction based on BP (Back Propagation) neural network was proposed in this paper. A BP neural network based on gradient descent algorithm and Bayesian regularization algorithm was constructed respectively. Vibration data was taken as input, hull radiation noise was taken as output, and root mean square error (eRMSE) and mean absolute error (eMAE) were taken as evaluation indexes of model prediction accuracy. The results show that the generalization and robustness of Bayesian regularization BP neural network is better than that of gradient descent algorithm BP neural network. The error of Bayesian regularization is less than 3 dB, and the proposed method has good applicability in the field of ship radiation noise prediction.

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针对船舶机械设备众多、结构复杂、振动传递路径相互耦合的现状,本文提出基于误差反向传播(Back Propagation,BP)神经网络的船舶水下辐射噪声预报方法。分别构建基于梯度下降算法和贝叶斯正则化算法的BP神经网络,以振动数据为输入量、船体辐射噪声为输出量,将均方根误差(eRMSE)和平均绝对误差(eMAE)作为模型预测精度评价指标。结果表明,贝叶斯正则化BP神经网络的泛化性和鲁棒性优于梯度下降算法的BP神经网络,误差达到3 dB以内,在船舶辐射噪声预报领域具有较好的适用性。

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黄欣(1997-),女,博士研究生,E-mail:

徐荣武(1980-),男,博士,研究员

李瑞彪(1991-),男,博士,通讯作者。

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Information of the selected operating conditions

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激振器J1J2J3J4
激振器组合1开启开启关闭关闭
激振器组合2开启开启开启开启
模拟工况转速40 r/min 48 r/min 60 r/min 62 r/min 70 r/min 80 r/min 90 r/min 100 r/min 110 r/min 115 r/min
), ArticleFig(id=1243306079057196013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306065379570009, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

选用工况信息

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激振器J1J2J3J4
激振器组合1开启开启关闭关闭
激振器组合2开启开启开启开启
模拟工况转速40 r/min 48 r/min 60 r/min 62 r/min 70 r/min 80 r/min 90 r/min 100 r/min 110 r/min 115 r/min
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Parametric settings for the neural network

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神经网络相关参数激活函数学习函数训练函数训练次数学习率误差精度
取值Sigmoidlearngdmtraingda/trainbr10000.110−3
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神经网络相关参数设置

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神经网络相关参数激活函数学习函数训练函数训练次数学习率误差精度
取值Sigmoidlearngdmtraingda/trainbr10000.110−3
), ArticleFig(id=1243306079426294781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306065379570009, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Evaluation indexes of neural network prediction results

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eRMSE/dBeMAE/dBR2
模型一1#工况4.603.000.60
2#工况2.551.700.90
模型二1#工况2.841.800.85
2#工况1.831.100.95
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神经网络预测结果评价指标

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eRMSE/dBeMAE/dBR2
模型一1#工况4.603.000.60
2#工况2.551.700.90
模型二1#工况2.841.800.85
2#工况1.831.100.95
), ArticleFig(id=1243306079619231749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306065379570009, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Evaluation indexes of prediction results before and after modification for Operating Condition 1#

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指标模型一模型二
修正前修正后修正前修正后
eRMSE/dB4.602.562.842.33
eMAE/dB3.001.801.801.71
R20.600.830.850.87
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修正前后预测结果评价指标(1#工况)

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指标模型一模型二
修正前修正后修正前修正后
eRMSE/dB4.602.562.842.33
eMAE/dB3.001.801.801.71
R20.600.830.850.87
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基于神经网络的船舶辐射噪声预报方法
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黄欣 1, 2 , 徐荣武 1, 2 , 李瑞彪 1, 2
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2025,29(3): 486-496
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船舶力学 | 结构力学 2025, 29(3): 486-496
基于神经网络的船舶辐射噪声预报方法
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黄欣1, 2 , 徐荣武1, 2, 李瑞彪1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.海军工程大学 振动与噪声研究所,武汉 430033
  • 2.船舶振动噪声重点实验室,武汉 430033
  • 黄欣(1997-),女,博士研究生,E-mail:

    徐荣武(1980-),男,博士,研究员

    李瑞彪(1991-),男,博士,通讯作者。

通讯作者:

通讯作者
Ship radiation noise prediction method based on neural network
Xin HUANG1, 2 , Rong-wu XU1, 2, Rui-biao LI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Institute of Noise and Vibration, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
  • 2.National Key Laboratory on Ship Vibration and Noise, Wuhan 430033, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.03.013
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针对船舶机械设备众多、结构复杂、振动传递路径相互耦合的现状,本文提出基于误差反向传播(Back Propagation,BP)神经网络的船舶水下辐射噪声预报方法。分别构建基于梯度下降算法和贝叶斯正则化算法的BP神经网络,以振动数据为输入量、船体辐射噪声为输出量,将均方根误差(eRMSE)和平均绝对误差(eMAE)作为模型预测精度评价指标。结果表明,贝叶斯正则化BP神经网络的泛化性和鲁棒性优于梯度下降算法的BP神经网络,误差达到3 dB以内,在船舶辐射噪声预报领域具有较好的适用性。

辐射噪声预报  /  BP神经网络  /  梯度下降算法  /  贝叶斯正则化算法

In view of the numerous and complex structures of ship machinery, equipment and the coupling of vibration transmission paths, a method of underwater radiated noise prediction based on BP (Back Propagation) neural network was proposed in this paper. A BP neural network based on gradient descent algorithm and Bayesian regularization algorithm was constructed respectively. Vibration data was taken as input, hull radiation noise was taken as output, and root mean square error (eRMSE) and mean absolute error (eMAE) were taken as evaluation indexes of model prediction accuracy. The results show that the generalization and robustness of Bayesian regularization BP neural network is better than that of gradient descent algorithm BP neural network. The error of Bayesian regularization is less than 3 dB, and the proposed method has good applicability in the field of ship radiation noise prediction.

radiation noise prediction  /  BP neural network  /  gradient descent algorithm  /  Bayesian regularization algorithm
黄欣, 徐荣武, 李瑞彪. 基于神经网络的船舶辐射噪声预报方法. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (3) : 486 -496 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.03.013
Xin HUANG, Rong-wu XU, Rui-biao LI. Ship radiation noise prediction method based on neural network[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (3) : 486 -496 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.03.013
船舶水下辐射噪声预报是进一步采取减振降噪措施、建造低辐射噪声和低目标强度隐身船舶的基础。船舶结构复杂,内部机械设备众多,是一个具有多个耦合声通道的极复杂噪声源,其水下辐射噪声还会受到流激噪声、螺旋桨噪声的影响[1]。复杂的噪声传递路径和众多的辐射噪声源为船舶的辐射噪声预报带来了巨大挑战。
目前国内外研究大多集中于船舶设计建造的初期阶段,采取有限元、边界元、统计能量分析等数值解析方法对船舶结构噪声进行预测[2-5],以满足设计性能要求。但是对于船舶这类大型复杂结构,上述方法往往因为计算模型复杂、计算量巨大而在工程实际中应用较少。二十世纪下半叶,传递路径分析(Transfer Path Analysis,TPA)方法[6]逐渐发展,由最初描述线性电网络逐步应用于机械系统的结构振动传递,并进一步发展提出了工况传递路径分析方法(Operational Transfer Path Analysis,OTPA)[7]。OTPA基于不同工况建立响应点与目标点之间的线性传递函数关系,在船舶辐射噪声实时预报领域得到了较为广泛的应用[8-9]。但深入研究后发现,不同时刻和不同工况下,系统输入和输出之间并非严格的线性关系,此时基于所有工况作为输入求解传递函数不再具有适用性[10]。随着人工神经网络(Artificial Neural Network,ANN)的深入发展,该技术在工程各领域得到了广泛应用。目前已有国内外研究者利用ANN进行船舶辐射噪声源分类识别[11-14]以及船舶舱室噪声、自噪声、螺旋桨噪声等船舶噪声的预报[15-19],并且利用相关算法对船舶水下噪声信号进行了粗略的建模仿真[20-22],但是针对船舶整体辐射噪声预测的研究较少。
鉴于上述船舶辐射噪声预报方法存在的局限性,本文提出采用BP神经网络进行船舶辐射噪声的预报与评估,分别采用梯度下降算法与贝叶斯正则化算法训练网络,并从平均绝对误差、均方根误差以及拟合优度三个角度对预测结果进行分析评估。
作为ANN中最常用的神经网络,BP神经网络利用误差反向传播的思想,解决了多层神经网络隐含层连接权重的学习问题。BP神经网络通过改变节点数、节点之间连接权重、偏置等参数来调整网络性能,以达到对研究对象之间某种关系或函数的逼近,可以拟合任意非线性关系[23],对于解决响应点与目标点之间传递关系的非线性问题、提高辐射噪声预测精度具有理论可行性。
BP神经网络为多层前馈网络,输入层和输出层之间包含若干层神经元,构成隐含层。隐含层可以为一层或多层,隐含层层数越多,模型结构就越复杂,虽然更贴近样本数据之间的映射关系,但同时会面临模型过拟合的问题,导致泛化性能降低,BP神经网络输入层和输出层仅有一层。
BP神经网络的基本算法包括信号的正向传递和误差的反向传播,在正向传递过程中,输入信号从输入层经隐含层逐层处理后传递至输出层。若输出结果不满足误差精度要求,则转入反向传播。网络将沿着损失函数减小最快的方向,从输出层经过各隐含层逐层向前调整网络的权值和偏置。经过不断的学习修正,最终使BP神经网络输出达到预设的误差精度。
假定BP输入层有n个神经元,隐含层为单层共q个神经元,输出层有m个神经元,则网络的拓扑结构如图1所示。
基于图1的拓扑结构,BP神经网络的训练步骤为:
①步骤1——信息的正向传递
现给定训练集{(X1Y1),(X2Y2),…,(XNYN)},XiRnYiRmN为样本数量,每个输入样本特征维数为n,标签维度为m图1中输入层为第l个样本数据,则隐含层和输出层各神经元的输入ajbr分别为
式中,hj为第j个隐层神经元的输出,可表示成
式中,f为隐含层的激活函数,ηj为隐含层偏置。为将非线性变化引入BP神经网络,f一般选取为非线性激活函数,图2为常用非线性激活函数图像对比。
为防止预测结果出现负值,一般选用Sigmoid函数,表达式如下:
对于训练样本(XlYl),假定神经网络的输出为
式中,gx)为输出层激活函数,θr为输出层偏置,则该网络在训练样本(XlYl)上的均方误差为
②步骤2——误差的反向传播
一轮训练结束,若损失函数没有达到预设误差精度,神经网络会采取基于梯度下降的训练策略对网络参数进行更新迭代,即开启误差的反向传播过程,该部分将在2.2节中详细介绍。
③步骤3——根据误差值和目标精度进行多次迭代,不断调整神经网络的连接权重和偏置,直至满足误差要求为止。
本文将均方误差(Mean Squared Error,MSE)作为网络的损失函数,具体如下:
式中,Yl为第l个样本的实测值,fw·Xl + b)表示网络根据输入值Xl计算出的样本预测值,wb分别为网络的权重和偏置。采用梯度下降算法(Gradient Descent,GD)来计算损失函数Lwb)沿梯度下降最快方向的最小值,动态调整各网络层之前的权重w以及实测值与预测值距离的偏差b
梯度下降过程中,会不断重复式(8),当损失函数收敛不变时,则训练停止。学习率λ决定了下降的速率,当学习率较大时,函数下降速度快,但是容易陷入局部振荡;学习率较小时,函数收敛较慢,但精度高。
偏置b的梯度下降算法与w一致,这里不再赘述。需要注意的是,梯度下降算法是在每一个样本数据都输入网络并且计算得到所有样本的总误差后,再进行权值和偏置的修正,采用该种批处理的方式,网络收敛速度明显快于分别处理方式。
一个良好的模型需要在训练集上满足误差精度,同时要求具有较好的泛化性,即对于未知的输入样本数据,同样具有较好的预测性能。在实际应用中,模型结构并非越复杂越好,过度追求在训练集上的误差精度,会导致数据过拟合,对于训练集以外的数据,产生与目标值差别较大的输出。
正则化通过修改损失函数防止模型过拟合,而贝叶斯正则化(Bayesian Regularization)则从贝叶斯的角度引入权重w的先验概率密度分布,对损失函数加以先验约束,在式(7)的基础上,得到贝叶斯正则化之后的目标函数如下:
式中,αβ分别为目标函数参数,ϕw)为正则项。
在贝叶斯框架中,网络权重被认为是随机变量。在网络获取数据后,网络权重的后验概率密度函数如式(10)所示[24]
式中,D代表数据集,M为特定神经网络模型,PD|wβM)为给定权重w情况下数据集D出现的概率,Pw|αM)为权重的先验概率,PD|αβM)为正则化过程的归一化因子。
若假设权重w的先验概率密度符合高斯分布,则有下式:
式中,
将式(11)、式(12)代入式(10)可得:
为求得网络的最优权重,应当使后验概率Pw|DαβM)最大化,相当于正则化目标函数F=βLwb)+αϕw)的最小化,进一步根据贝叶斯准则优化目标函数参数αβ,不断迭代计算直至网络收敛。
船舶上机械设备的振动能量通过基座、管路等途径传递到艇体,再以声波的形式从艇体向水中辐射。为验证本文提出的基于BP神经网络的船舶辐射噪声预报方法的可行性,结合实际船舶结构及振动传递路径,设计并开展以下舱段模型试验来建立样本数据库。
选择杭州千岛湖作为舱段模型试验场地,舱段吊放深度恒定25 m,内部安装四台激振器。J1和J3两台激振器布置在左舷,J2和J4两台激振器布置在右舷,其发射频率及功率均可调整。舱段模型周围共布置三类传感器,I型传感器为舱段内部布置的干端加速度传感器,编号为S1~S28(共28个),分别用于测量激振器机脚、基座及内侧舱壁振动信号;II型传感器为舱段外壳体上布置的湿端加速度传感器,编号为S32~S46(共15个),沿舱段轴向均匀分布,用来测量艇外指定部位的振动信号;III型传感器为布置在舱段模型两侧正横方向处的2个水听器,距舱段外壳距离分别为7 m和13 m,用来采集舱外指定部位的声压信号。传感器具体布置示意图如图3所示。
以实船不同转速下机械设备振动信号作为激振器激励源,通过增加隔振装置来改变激振器安装状态,设计若干激振器组合开启工况,模拟船舶实际水下航行时舱内的机械设备振动情况,每组数据包括加速度传感器以及水听器的时域信号,信号采样频率为8192 Hz,每组工况采集时间约100 s。
按照球面波的衰减规律,将舱段外部两个水听器所测声压值转化为距离舱段模型等效中心1 m处的声压级,并取两者平均值作为辐射噪声。实际我们往往关注辐射噪声在各频段的能量,因此对传感器时域信号进行预处理,用各传感器数据的1/3倍频程频带级来构建数据库。
本文将内侧舱壁布置的干端加速度传感器振动数据作为自变量,舱段辐射噪声数据作为因变量,由此建立从振动信号到辐射噪声的函数映射关系。为贴近实际船舶辐射噪声预报时可用工况数量较少的现实条件,选择少量样本进行训练,保证BP神经网络的方法不仅满足舱段模型的辐射噪声预测效果,而且在实船辐射噪声评估领域同样具有适用性。因此,从数据库中选择20组典型工况,涵盖不同转速以及不同设备组合开启状态,具体工况信息如表1所示。在构建样本数据时,将20组典型工况按照训练集和测试集进行划分,其中训练集占比90%,用于训练BP神经网络,基于训练得到的网络模型来评估剩下10%的测试工况下的辐射噪声。将每组典型工况下的100 s采样数据均分成10段,一段10 s,分别对10 s一段的时域数据进行处理得到该工况下的10组样本数据,每组包含作为自变量的加速度传感器1/3倍频程数据和作为因变量的水听器1/3倍频程数据。基于以上处理,构建的样本数据中,训练样本数量为180个,测试样本数量为20个,后者又分为二个工况,即测试工况1#和2#,分别对应10个样本,每个工况取10个样本的预测结果均值作为该工况的最终评估结果。需要说明的是,训练集和测试集的选择为随机划分,用于评估的1#工况和2#工况并无直接关系,且并未参与神经网络的训练,仅作为测试样本来评估模型的准确性以及泛化性。
在训练网络前,需要对训练样本进行归一化处理,使数据尽量落入激活函数的非线性区域内,避免神经元出现饱和。式(14)为本文采用的归一化算法:
式中,xmaxxminymaxymin分别为归一化前后的最大值与最小值。需要注意的是,在进行测试样本预测时,应利用相同的归一化结构体对输入量进行归一化预处理,而后再输入模型,以保证预测结果的可靠性。
BP神经网络输入层的神经元个数,对应着每个样本输入数据维度。这里将监测舱壁振动的干端加速度传感器振动数据作为训练样本输入,辐射噪声1/3倍频程频带级作为输出,因此设置输入层神经元个数为18,输出层神经元个数为1。
根据前人经验,隐含层神经元个数可参照下列公式设计[25]
式中,n为隐含层神经元个数,ni为输入层神经元个数,no为输出层神经元个数,a为1~10之间的常数。本文a取值为2,则由上式隐层节点数为6。BP神经网络训练函数分别选用自适应学习率梯度下降算法(traingda)和贝叶斯正则化算法(trainbr),前者命名为模型一,后者命名为模型二。模型二在模型一基础上加入贝叶斯正则化算法进行优化,其他参数保持一致。神经网络具体设置如表2所示。
按照表1参数设置BP神经网络模型,利用训练好的模型对#1工况与#2工况的辐射噪声进行预测。使用均方根误差eRMSE和平均绝对误差eMAE作为模型预测精度的主要指标,拟合优度R2衡量预测值与实际数据之间的拟合程度,以上三个指标分别如式(16)、式(17)和式(18)所示。eRMSEeMAE越小表示预测精度越高,R2越大则预测效果越好。
将每个频带的1/3倍频程实测值记为yiyi的平均值,预测值记为i=1,2,…,M,考察频段为10 Hz~2 kHz,M为1/3倍频程频段数量。得到两种测试工况下的辐射噪声预测结果与实测值的对比分析如图4(模型一)图5(模型二)所示,辐射噪声预测绝对误差如图6所示,预测结果的评价指标如表3所示。
结合图4~6不难看出,BP神经网络对船舶的辐射噪声预报结果与实测值拟合较好,模型一与模型二在200 Hz~2 kHz频段内误差整体低于10~160 Hz频段。针对大多数频段,模型一与模型二对2#工况的预测效果优于1#工况。
图6(a)可知,模型一80%的频段绝对误差在5 dB以内,16 Hz频段误差较大为11 dB。由图6(b)可知,模型二在1#工况50 Hz和160 Hz频段以及2#工况10 Hz频段误差在6~9 dB之间,其余频段误差均在4 dB以内。表3表明两种不同考核工况的eRMSEeMAE都小于5 dB,R2均大于0.5。对于两种考核工况,模型二的预测误差评价指标均能达到3 dB以内,对1#工况的预测精度相较模型一有明显提升。以上结论表明,采用贝叶斯正则化算法优化后的BP神经网络预测精度明显高于以梯度下降算法为基础的BP神经网络,具有更好的泛化性能。
由于实际海洋环境不确定因素较多,任何人为或环境带来的噪声都有可能对辐射噪声预报结果产生较大影响。因此在开始舱段试验前,针对每一种工况开展背景噪声测试。将试验舱段吊放至25 m指定深度,激振器处于关闭状态,测量各传感器信号并记录。
由于1#工况的预测效果不及2#工况,因此本章重点考察1#工况。图7为1#工况下的辐射噪声及背景噪声的1/3倍频程频带级,图8为1#工况各频段的信噪比。由图7图8可知,1#工况低频大部分频段辐射噪声信号不满足信噪比大于6 dB的试验要求。
基于上述背景噪声测量结果,对传感器信号进行背景噪声修正,将修正后的样本数据输入2.3节训练好的神经网络模型中,比较修正前后模型预测性能。图9为1#工况修正前后的辐射噪声信号1/3倍频程对比图,图10为辐射噪声预测绝对误差对比图,表4为修正前后预测结果评价指标对比。
图9可以直观看出,在低频段背景噪声对辐射噪声影响较大,经修正后低频段辐射噪声信号更加纯净,使得1/3倍频程频带级有所增加。结合图10不难看出,信号修正前后模型一和模型二在10~160 Hz频段的预测性能相较于200 Hz~2 kHz频段有明显提升,表明实测信号若不满足试验信噪比要求会影响网络的预测效果。同时我们注意到,1#工况在50 Hz频段处信噪比高达20 dB,满足试验要求,但根据图10中标红部分可以看出,该频段的预测误差并不比其他频段低,因此并非信噪比越高预测误差就越小;且修正后两个模型在该频段的预测精度也有一定程度的提升,表明信噪比只是影响预测精度的因素之一,即使在信噪比满足试验要求的前提下,神经网络模型对样本数据的拟合能力不同,也会对预测结果产生影响。
图10表4可知,采用背景噪声修正后的传感器信号训练模型一和模型二,在1#工况条件下,模型一16 Hz频段预测误差下降11 dB左右,整体来看eRMSEeMAE指标都有较大幅度的降低,说明模型一的预测性能提升明显。模型二50 Hz频段误差下降最大,为3.5 dB,但表4中各项评价指标提升并不明显,这从侧面表明进行贝叶斯正则化算法优化的模型具有更好的鲁棒性,即使在周围环境扰动情况下也有较好的预测精度。
图11为修正前后的模型一在16 Hz频带的神经网络训练结果,修正前16 Hz频带的神经网络训练陷入局部振荡,其最优误差不再下降,为防止继续训练出现过拟合现象,在还未达到目标误差情况下提前终止训练,而经过修正后的模型一其训练结果能达到误差精度要求,因此模型的预测性能得到提升。
本文以舱段模型的壳体振动为输入量,以辐射噪声为输出量,构建和训练BP神经网络,并对辐射噪声进行预测,得到以下主要结论:
(1)BP神经网络在预测船舶辐射噪声领域效果较好,测试样本中大部分频带预测误差小于5 dB;
(2)相较基础的梯度下降算法,贝叶斯正则化算法能够提高BP神经网络的预测性能,各项考核性能指标均能达到3 dB以内,具有更好的泛化性和鲁棒性,但模型的训练响应时间有所增加。
(3)样本质量对神经网络模型预测结果有一定程度影响,在对样本数据进行背景噪声修正后,模型预测精度得到提升。
以上结论表明,利用BP神经网络方法进行船舶辐射噪声预测具有可行性,这为工程中在航船舶的辐射噪声预报提供了新思路。
  • 船舶振动噪声重点实验室基金资助项目(6142204210706)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.03.013
  • 接收时间:2024-09-27
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-27
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船舶振动噪声重点实验室基金资助项目(6142204210706)
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    1.海军工程大学 振动与噪声研究所,武汉 430033
    2.船舶振动噪声重点实验室,武汉 430033

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