Article(id=1243306064154833208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306060832944396, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.03.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1726416000000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774356865204, onlineDateStr=2026-03-24, pubDate=1742400000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774356865204, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774356865204, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774356865204, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243306060832944396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='3', pageStart='337', pageEnd='516', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1774356864412, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774357001622, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243306636396310539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306060832944396, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243306636396310540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306060832944396, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=351, endPage=362, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243306064448434494, articleId=1243306064154833208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Planing motion characteristics of an amphibious aircraft in head sea, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to understand the motion characteristics of amphibious aircraft planing in head waves, in this paper, the Chinese numerical tank-Cartesian grid finite difference method was used to study the planing motion response characteristics of an amphibious aircraft in waves under different wave conditions. The effects of wavelength and wave height on heave and pitch response of the aircraft and the vertical overload of mid-ship and stem were summarized. Based on the step-by-step method, the Navier-Stokes equation was discretized in space. The immersed boundary method was used to capture the boundary of complex objects and accurately simulate its large motion. At the same time, the THINC/SW algorithm was used to effectively simulate the violent motion of free surface. The results show that the wavelength and wave height have a great influence on the planing motion response of the amphibious aircraft. With the increase of planing speed, the pitch resonance wavelength increases, and the heave resonance wavelength decreases first and then increases, while the linear correlation between the heave and pitch response of the aircraft, the vertical overload of the mid-ship and stem and the wave height will also be weakened.

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为了掌握水陆两栖飞机在顶浪中滑行运动的运动特性,采用数值水池-直角网格有限差分方法研究波长和波高对飞机垂荡、纵摇响应及舯部、艏部垂向过载的影响规律。该方法基于分步法对Navier-Stokes方程进行空间离散,采用浸没边界法捕捉复杂物体边界,并准确模拟其大幅运动,同时利用THINC/SW算法有效模拟自由液面的剧烈运动。计算结果表明:波长和波高对水陆两栖飞机的滑行运动响应影响较大,随着滑行速度的增大,纵摇谐振波长不断增大,垂荡谐振波长呈现先减小、后增大的规律,同时飞机的纵摇和垂荡运动响应、艏部和舯部的垂向过载与波高之间的线性关系也会随之减弱。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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胡开业(1980-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

周辉(1998-),男,硕士研究生。

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胡开业(1980-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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胡开业(1980-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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周辉(1998-),男,硕士研究生。

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周辉(1998-),男,硕士研究生。

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journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306064154833208, language=CN, label=图24, caption=舯部垂向过载随速度变化图, figureFileSmall=PU7JcSCzobJQygp141WHYw==, figureFileBig=PpsKqEg2uvOO/9e5Y/hQ0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243306079166247924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306064154833208, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Principal dimensions of real and model planes

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名称/单位实机模型名称/单位实机模型
机身长度/m37.0004.350吃水/m1.5980.188
翼展/m38.8004.560排水量/kg49 00079.79
船宽/m3.2300.38纵向转动惯性半径/m7.0980.835
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实机与模型的主要参数

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名称/单位实机模型名称/单位实机模型
机身长度/m37.0004.350吃水/m1.5980.188
翼展/m38.8004.560排水量/kg49 00079.79
船宽/m3.2300.38纵向转动惯性半径/m7.0980.835
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Calculation conditions for studying the influence of wavelength

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波高H/m滑行速度U/(m·s−1波长λ/m
0.1475.02、4、6、8、10、12、14、16、18、20
6.5
8.0
10.0
), ArticleFig(id=1243306079505985537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306064154833208, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

研究波长影响的计算工况

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波高H/m滑行速度U/(m·s−1波长λ/m
0.1475.02、4、6、8、10、12、14、16、18、20
6.5
8.0
10.0
), ArticleFig(id=1243306079581483012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306064154833208, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Calculation conditions for studying the influence of wave height

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
波长λ/m滑行速度U/(m·s−1波高H/m
8.05.00.147、0.165、0.182、0.200、0.218、0.235
6.5
8.0
10.0
), ArticleFig(id=1243306079682146313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243306064154833208, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

研究波高影响的计算工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
波长λ/m滑行速度U/(m·s−1波高H/m
8.05.00.147、0.165、0.182、0.200、0.218、0.235
6.5
8.0
10.0
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水陆两栖飞机顶浪中滑行运动特性研究
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胡开业 1 , 周辉 1 , 曹嘉荣 1 , 江婷 2, 3 , 唐彬彬 2, 3
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025,29(3): 351-362
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025, 29(3): 351-362
水陆两栖飞机顶浪中滑行运动特性研究
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胡开业1 , 周辉1, 曹嘉荣1, 江婷2, 3, 唐彬彬2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.哈尔滨工程大学 船舶工程学院,哈尔滨 150001
  • 2.中国特种飞行器研究所 水动力研究中心,湖北 荆门 448035
  • 3.高速水动力航空科技重点实验室,湖北 荆门 448035
  • 胡开业(1980-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

    周辉(1998-),男,硕士研究生。

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Planing motion characteristics of an amphibious aircraft in head sea
Kai-ye HU1 , Hui ZHOU1, Jia-rong CAO1, Ting JIANG2, 3, Bin-bin TANG2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
  • 2.Hydrodynamic Research Center, AVIC Special Vehicle Research Institute, Jingmen 448035, China
  • 3.Aviation Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on High Speed Hydrodynamics, Jingmen 448035, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.03.002
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为了掌握水陆两栖飞机在顶浪中滑行运动的运动特性,采用数值水池-直角网格有限差分方法研究波长和波高对飞机垂荡、纵摇响应及舯部、艏部垂向过载的影响规律。该方法基于分步法对Navier-Stokes方程进行空间离散,采用浸没边界法捕捉复杂物体边界,并准确模拟其大幅运动,同时利用THINC/SW算法有效模拟自由液面的剧烈运动。计算结果表明:波长和波高对水陆两栖飞机的滑行运动响应影响较大,随着滑行速度的增大,纵摇谐振波长不断增大,垂荡谐振波长呈现先减小、后增大的规律,同时飞机的纵摇和垂荡运动响应、艏部和舯部的垂向过载与波高之间的线性关系也会随之减弱。

水陆两栖飞机  /  滑行运动响应  /  直角网格  /  浸没边界法

In order to understand the motion characteristics of amphibious aircraft planing in head waves, in this paper, the Chinese numerical tank-Cartesian grid finite difference method was used to study the planing motion response characteristics of an amphibious aircraft in waves under different wave conditions. The effects of wavelength and wave height on heave and pitch response of the aircraft and the vertical overload of mid-ship and stem were summarized. Based on the step-by-step method, the Navier-Stokes equation was discretized in space. The immersed boundary method was used to capture the boundary of complex objects and accurately simulate its large motion. At the same time, the THINC/SW algorithm was used to effectively simulate the violent motion of free surface. The results show that the wavelength and wave height have a great influence on the planing motion response of the amphibious aircraft. With the increase of planing speed, the pitch resonance wavelength increases, and the heave resonance wavelength decreases first and then increases, while the linear correlation between the heave and pitch response of the aircraft, the vertical overload of the mid-ship and stem and the wave height will also be weakened.

amphibious aircraft  /  planing motion response  /  Cartesian grid  /  immersed boundary method
胡开业, 周辉, 曹嘉荣, 江婷, 唐彬彬. 水陆两栖飞机顶浪中滑行运动特性研究. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (3) : 351 -362 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.03.002
Kai-ye HU, Hui ZHOU, Jia-rong CAO, Ting JIANG, Bin-bin TANG. Planing motion characteristics of an amphibious aircraft in head sea[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (3) : 351 -362 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.03.002
水陆两栖飞机是一种同时具备水上和陆地起降能力的飞行装置,在海上运输、海洋巡查、医疗救援以及森林消防等领域应用广泛,相比于普通的救援直升机,具有航速快、航程远和载重量大的优点。然而,由于水陆两栖飞机特殊的船身式构型和较大的结构重量,使其在水面起降和水上滑行阶段的抗浪性要求很高,目前对于两栖飞机的研究大多集中在其入水砰击效应和其在静水面上的运动响应上,但中高海况下的波浪要素对水陆两栖飞机的滑行运动特性有着十分重要的影响,需要做出更进一步的研究。
早期对于水陆两栖飞机的水动力性能研究主要通过模型试验的方法来进行[1-3],但试验研究准备周期较长、成本较高,近些年来,随着计算机性能的大幅提升和计算流体力学的发展,数值模拟方法逐渐成为了研究此类问题的主要手段。胡开业等[4]基于商业粘流软件STAR-CCM+对NACA TN 2929型水陆两栖飞机在规则波中的滑行运动进行数值仿真研究,得到了该型两栖飞机在迎浪规则波中滑行运动响应规律;鞠安然等[5]分别模拟了不同滑行速度以及不同浪向角情况下,水陆两栖飞机在波浪水面上的滑行过程;胡奇等[6]采用粘流分析方法,根据网格划分特点,分析了第一层网格节点高度、船体表面网格尺寸及重叠网格大小等网格因素对水陆两栖飞机着水性能计算结果的影响,得到了一套精度较好的着水仿真计算的网格设置参数。
目前粘流方法虽然可以较高精度地模拟大部分的水动力学问题,但在处理浮体大幅运动问题时依然存在计算效率低、计算周期长的缺陷。本文采用数值水池-直角网格有限差分方法(Chinese numerical tank-Cartesian grid finite difference method,CNT-CGFDM),研究在不同的波浪要素下水陆两栖飞机在波浪中的滑行运动响应特性,借助THINC/SW算法精确捕捉自由液面,并基于浸没边界法准确模拟浮体大幅运动,同时直角网格在计算过程中无需更新和重建,可大大提高计算效率,从而实现快速精确地预报波长和波高对两栖飞机在规则波中滑行运动特性的影响规律。
在流场求解中,控制方程在固定的规则笛卡尔网格系统上采用有限差分法(FDM)进行空间离散。为了减小传统迎风格式的数值扩散,本求解器采用了结构紧凑的高阶迎风格式CIP方法[7],粘性项采用中心差分格式在空间上离散。
在本研究中,整个计算域被视为一个多相场,定义体积分数ϕm,其中m=1、2、3分别代表液相、气相和固相。在每个计算单元中∑ϕm=1,ϕ3用以确定直角笛卡尔网格系统中的物体几何形状,可以通过给定刚体物面一系列的网格点计算获得[8]ϕ2可以由ϕ2=1-ϕ1-ϕ3计算得到;利用THINC/SW算法求解ϕ1来捕捉自由液面,流场中每一个计算单元的其他物理特性,例如密度和粘度等,可以通过来求解确定。
在现有的直角网格有限差分方法中,刚体是由一组虚拟表面粒子构成的,通过求解六自由度刚体运动方程,在拉格朗日框架下跟踪这些表面粒子,这样可以方便地处理刚体的大幅运动,而不需要在计算域内进行网格划分。流动是在欧拉框架中基于固定的规则笛卡尔网格系统确定的,而刚体运动是在拉格朗日框架中描述的。因此,基于浸没边界法方法的耦合方案是流动求解与六自由度刚体运动求解两者耦合的较好选择[9]
本文的研究对象为现代某典型大型水陆两栖飞机,该飞机具有深V型设计的类船底结构,机身舯部存在一级纵向断阶,机身艏部具有提高飞机抗浪性和抑制流体喷溅设计的抑波板。同时,飞机还包括大长宽比上单翼、T型尾翼、升降舵、双侧浮筒和四台涡桨发动机等附体结构。本文在研究中为了提高计算效率,不考虑对计算结果影响不大的发动机螺旋桨结构。数值模拟采用1:8.5的缩尺模型,如图1所示,参考坐标系采用笛卡尔坐标系,以飞机重心正下方与机身底部基线相交点为坐标原点,X轴正方向由飞机尾部指向首部,Y轴正方向指向飞机左舷方向,Z轴正方向垂直向上。两栖飞机实机与计算模型的主要参数如表1所示。
根据模型参数,设计计算域的水深为4.0 m,计算域的长度和宽度分别设置为24 m和8 m,并确定其边界条件,如图2所示。计算域左侧为速度入口,规则波输入五阶Stokes波,不规则波输入PM谱,在右侧流动出口处设置波浪阻尼区用以避免波浪反射。模型尺度下,机体表面网格尺寸为0.01 m,在对自由液面附近进行网格细化时,选取水线上下2倍波高的区域进行加密,高度z方向上的网格尺寸为波高的1/20,并且将机体周围加密区网格尺寸与机身表面的网格尺寸保持一致,如图3所示。
为确定计算策略及验证计算精度,根据自由液面和机体周围网格的加密要求,选取模型尺度下两栖飞机在波长为8 m、波高为0.06 m的规则波中,以5 m/s的速度滑行作为网格收敛性分析算例,设计了粗、中、细三套不同的计算网格方案,网格数量分别为382万、496万和645万。图4显示了不同网格尺寸下两栖飞机在波浪中的垂荡和纵摇运动的时间历程及与试验值的对比。其中,ζa为波幅,k为波数,η3η5分别为两栖飞机的垂荡和纵摇运动幅值,垂荡和纵摇无因次化运动RAO分别为η3aη5/(a)。
对比该计算工况下各网格划分方案得到的垂荡和纵摇运动RAO可以发现,与试验值相比,粗网格方案得到的垂荡和纵摇运动响应的平均误差约为11.4%,中网格方案得到的平均误差约为8.5%,细网格方案得到的平均误差约为6.7%,中网格和细网格方案下得到的RAO平均误差较为接近,此时网格已经收敛。尽管细网格方案得到的运动幅值较试验值误差更小,但考虑到中网格方案的计算效率较细网格大大提高,且计算精度已满足要求,故本文后续关于两栖飞机运动响应的数值模拟均采用中网格方案进行计算。
由于本文中所使用的数值模拟程序在计算中是变时间步长的,时间步长由库朗数控制,设定的目标库朗数为0.5,从而可以保证随着计算的推进达到自适应调节的目的,故本文不在此进行时间步长的收敛性分析。
水陆两栖飞机在波浪中做滑行运动时,其兴波阻力占主要成分,因此,水陆两栖飞机波浪中的模型试验以傅汝德数相似准数为基础[2-3],由此可得模型试验速度与实机速度之间的关系为
式中,下标m表示模型,下标s表示实机,λ=Ls/Lm为实机和模型尺度的比例系数。
实机在滑行阶段,对运动影响较大的典型滑行工况为50~100 km/h,由(1)式可知,此时模型的滑行速度约为5~10 m/s。实机规则波滑行,典型波高工况为1.25~2 m,不规则波典型波高工况为有义波高2 m,故对于本文缩比模型数值模拟研究,选取的规则波波高为0.147~0.235 m,不规则波有义波高为0.235 m。
为了研究波长对飞机垂荡、纵摇和垂向过载的影响规律,本文在波高为0.147 m下,改变波长要素,并选取不同的典型滑行速度,同时开放飞机在垂荡和纵摇两个方向的自由度,对其在规则波下的滑行运动进行数值模拟,因水陆两栖飞机一般只在迎浪工况进行起降,故本文的数值仿真选取的浪向均为迎浪,具体的计算工况如表2所示。
图5图6分别展示了不同滑行速度下水陆两栖飞机的垂荡幅值和纵摇幅值随波长的变化情况,其中,asaz分别代表飞机的艏部和舯部垂向过载。可以看出,在中低航速(U=5 m/s、6.5 m/s和8 m/s)下,飞机垂荡和纵摇运动幅值均随着波长的增大呈现先增大、后减小的规律,当达到高航速(U=10 m/s)时,飞机的垂荡和纵摇运动随着波长变化的规律性减弱,随着波长的不断增大,运动响应幅值均显现出若干极值。在此定义波长变化过程中,垂荡和纵摇运动出现峰值时对应的波长为谐振波长,可以发现,随着滑行速度的增大,纵摇谐振波长不断增大,垂荡谐振波长呈现先减小、后增大的规律,这表明两栖飞机的垂荡恢复力和纵摇恢复力矩基本上都随滑行速度的增加而增大。
图7图8分别展示了不同滑行速度下水陆两栖飞机的艏部过载和舯部过载随波长的变化情况。可以发现,当波长不断增大时,飞机艏部和舯部的垂向过载呈现出先增大、后减小的规律特征,水上飞机在同一滑行速度下,当艏部和舯部的垂向过载出现峰值时,其对应的规则波的波长基本一致,当波长相同时,艏部垂向过载约为舯部垂向过载的2倍左右。
图9给出了不同航速下,飞行器底部气液分布图,图中蓝色表示空气,红色表示水。从该图可以看出,中低航速下,飞行器底部基本都为水,机体受力以浮力及水动力为主,飞行在波浪中的滑行运动规律与常规滑行艇近似,随着航速的增加,飞行器底部断阶处形成明显的气穴,机体部分受力除了水动力外,还有气穴升力。图10给出了不同航速下,机翼气动升力与飞机重量的占比关系,从该图可以看出,随着速度的增加,机翼气动升力进一步增加,飞机吃水将会减小,飞机受力愈发复杂,运动的非线性也愈发明显。
为了研究波高对飞机垂荡、纵摇和垂向过载的影响规律,同样采取控制变量法,在波长为8.0 m下改变波高要素,并选取不同的滑行速度,对其在迎浪规则波下的纵向滑行运动进行数值模拟,具体的计算工况如表3所示。
图11图12分别给出了波长为8 m时不同滑行速度下水陆两栖飞机的垂荡和纵摇运动幅值随波高的变化情况。在中、低航速(U=5 m/s、6.5 m/s和8 m/s)下,飞机的纵向运动响应均随波高的增大而增大,并且与波高的变化几乎呈现线性递增的关系,随着飞机滑行速度的增大,这种线性相关程度逐渐减弱。当航速进一步增大时,飞机的垂荡和纵摇运动幅值较中、低航速时更小,同时其纵向运动幅值随着波高的变化已无明显规律,可见在高航速下水陆两栖飞机的滑行运动已经失稳。图13图14分别显示了波长为8 m时不同滑行速度下水陆两栖飞机的艏部和舯部垂向过载随波高的变化情况,与垂荡和纵摇的变化规律类似。
根据Katayama等[10]关于滑行艇在规则波中纵向运动规律模型试验研究,可将水陆两栖飞机在波浪中的纵向滑行运动分为无跳跃运动、规则跳跃运动和不规则跳跃运动三种运动模式。下面分别从定性和定量的角度来描述这三种运动模式发生时的运动现象。
(1)无跳跃运动
图15所示为波长为10 m、波高为0.147 m、滑行速度为8 m/s的工况下,水陆两栖飞机在波浪中的运动情况,当飞机分别处于上坡面、波峰、下坡面和波谷时,整个机身始终与水面相接触,飞机随波浪做规律性起伏运动。
图16分别给出了飞机在规则波中做无跳跃运动时的垂荡、纵摇运动响应和舯部垂向过载时历曲线。可以发现:飞机的垂荡和纵摇运动规律明显,波峰和波谷对称,时历曲线近似为正弦曲线,即飞机在波浪的作用下做周期性正弦运动。飞机的舯部垂向过载在水动力的作用下出现震荡,但整体的变化规律仍近似呈正弦曲线,幅值约为0.57 g。可见,水陆两栖飞机在该波浪参数下高速运动时,其运动形式与普通排水型船舶迎浪运动规律相似。
(2)规则跳跃运动
图17给出了波长为10 m、波高0.182 m、滑行速度为8 m/s的工况下水陆两栖飞机的迎浪运动情况,相较于发生无跳跃运动时的工况,此时波高增大,飞机经过上坡面和波峰处的垂向加速后,机身整体呈跃起姿态,仅机身后体部分与水面接触或是整体跃离水面,在越过下坡面后在波谷处入水,并开始下一周期的运动。可见飞机在做规则跳跃运动时出现了周期性跳跃现象。
图18分别给出了水陆两栖飞机在规则波中做迎浪规则跳跃运动时的垂荡、纵摇运动响应和舯部垂向过载时历曲线。此时垂荡运动响应仍近似为正弦曲线,但纵摇运动由于跳跃的影响,虽然仍随波浪做周期性变化,但波峰和波谷之间相对于无跳跃运动时已无明显对称性。在飞机经过上坡面到波峰的过程中,纵倾角逐渐增大,发生抬艏现象,飞机机身前体逐渐被抬离水面,经过波峰后在下坡面位置飞机几乎整体跃离水面,中部垂向过载也由最大值逐渐减小为接近重力加速度的状态,同时抬艏现象减弱,在重力的作用下飞机在波谷处入水,机身前体与水面接触,砰击效应明显,纵倾角迅速减小至最小值。此工况下,飞机中部垂向过载峰值约为0.84 g,可见,当水陆两栖飞机发生规则跳跃运动时,垂向过载接近重力加速度,表明飞机几乎完全跃离水面。
(3)不规则跳跃运动
图19所示,选取波长为8 m、波高0.235 m、滑行速度为8 m/s的工况对水陆两栖飞机的滑行运动进行数值模拟,此时飞机遭遇的波长更短,波陡更大,在经过上坡面和波峰处的垂直向上加速后,飞机完全跃出水面,在越过整个波谷区域后在第二个波峰处入水。可见当飞机遭遇更为极端的海况时,运动过程会脱离水面,且无明显的周期性和规律性,出现不规则跳跃运动现象。
不规则跳跃运动出现时,飞机的运动较为剧烈,图20分别给出了飞机在发生不规则跳跃运动时的垂荡、纵摇运动响应和中部垂向过载时历曲线。从垂荡运动响应结果来看,飞机的运动极不稳定,虽然垂荡和纵摇运动的时历曲线在两个波长内仍表现出一定的周期性,但垂荡运动的幅值和频率变化明显,纵摇运动的波峰和波谷之间已完全失去对称性。此时若在飞机的其他方向上添加扰动和干扰,不规则跳跃会极易演变成更极端的运动甚至发生倾覆。
当波浪的遭遇频率较高时,飞机的不规则跳跃使其直接越过波谷,从一个波峰直接跳跃到下一个波峰附近,此时飞机底部受到的波浪砰击极其严重,中部垂向过载的峰值甚至达到了4.35 g,这对飞机的结构安全和机组人员的工作环境造成了严重威胁。在水陆两栖飞机的设计和应用中,应重点避免不规则跳跃运动的发生。
不规则波波浪谱选定为PM谱,模拟4级海况有义波高2 m的海上工况,对应的模型尺度下有义波高hs=0.235 m,谱峰周期Tp=2.428 s,水陆两栖飞机在波浪中的滑行速度U分别为5 m/s、6.5 m/s、8 m/s、10 m/s,通过直角网格有限差分方法预报不规则波中两栖飞机不同速度下的纵向运动和垂向加速度时历响应。
图21图22分别为水陆两栖飞机纵摇、垂荡运动响应幅值随滑行速度的变化规律图,从图中可知,垂荡运动响应的最大值和有义值均随水陆两栖飞机滑行速度的增大而增大,二者变化趋势几乎一致;而纵摇运动响应的最大值和有义值随水陆两栖飞机滑行速度变化无明显关联性,比如在滑行速度为U=8 m/s时水陆两栖飞机的纵摇运动最大幅值大于其它三个速度,而纵摇运动的有义值小于滑行速度U=6.5 m/s和U=10 m/s时的值,分析其原因,可能与水陆两栖飞机高速滑行时,纵向运动在某些时刻出现海豚跳跃失稳运动有关。
图23图24为水陆两栖飞机前部、中部的垂向过载最大值和有义值随滑行速度的变化规律,前部、中部的垂向过载均随滑行速度的增大而增大,对于前部或中部,不同部位对应的垂向过载最大值和有义值变化幅度趋势几乎相同。
本文采用了数值水池-直角网格有限差分方法(CNT-CGFDM),对波浪中水陆两栖飞机的滑行运动进行了数值计算,分别研究了规则波中波长和波高对两栖飞机纵向运动的影响规律,同时也开展了不规则波中两栖飞机运动特性的研究,通过计算分析,得到了以下结论:
(1)在中、低航速下,随着波长的增大,飞机的垂荡和纵摇运动幅值呈现先增大、后减小的规律,达到高航速时,飞机的运动响应随波长变化的规律性减弱,并出现若干极值。飞机首部和中部的垂向过载在各航速下随波长增加均呈现出先增大、后减小的规律。随着滑行速度的增大,两栖飞机的纵摇谐振波长不断增大,垂荡谐振波长呈现先减小、后增大的规律。在中低航速下,飞机的垂荡和纵摇响应、中部和前部的垂向过载均随波高的增大而增大,高航速下,飞机的纵向运动响应与波高已无明显线性关系。
(2)水陆两栖飞机在波浪中的纵向滑行运动分为无跳跃运动、规则跳跃运动和不规则跳跃运动三种运动模式,当波浪的遭遇频率较高时,飞机的不规则跳跃使其直接越过波谷,从一个波峰直接跳跃到下一个波峰附近,此时飞机底部受到的波浪砰击极其严重,对飞机的安全性形成严重威胁。
(3)不规则波中,垂荡运动响应随滑行速度的增大而增大,但纵摇运行响应幅值随航速变化的相关性不明确,这与水陆两栖飞机高速滑行时运动失稳有关。
  • 工信部民用飞机专项科研项目(MJ25-3N21)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.03.002
  • 接收时间:2024-09-16
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-16
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工信部民用飞机专项科研项目(MJ25-3N21)
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    1.哈尔滨工程大学 船舶工程学院,哈尔滨 150001
    2.中国特种飞行器研究所 水动力研究中心,湖北 荆门 448035
    3.高速水动力航空科技重点实验室,湖北 荆门 448035

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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