Article(id=1243306063676682543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306060832944396, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.03.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1726934400000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774356865090, onlineDateStr=2026-03-24, pubDate=1742400000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774356865090, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774356865090, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774356865090, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243306060832944396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='3', pageStart='337', pageEnd='516', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1774356864412, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774357001622, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243306636396310539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306060832944396, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243306636396310540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243306060832944396, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=374, endPage=387, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243306063924146485, articleId=1243306063676682543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Hydrodynamic performance of ships in the restricted channel of polar regions, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to investigate the hydrodynamic performance of ships in restricted channel of polar regions, a hybrid Green’s function method based on three-dimensional potential flow theory was established, in which, the free-surface Green’s function was taken as the kernel function in the fluid domain of channel. The ice sheet on both sides of the channel was modeled as a thin elastic plate. The ice-surface Green’s function, which automatically satisfies the ice-covered water surface, seabed and radiation conditions, was adopted in the fluid domain below the ice. The boundary integral equations were established with the two kernel functions above respectively. To improve the efficiency of computation, the influence coefficients related to the wave component of the ice-surface Green’s function were obtained based on its analytical integral over vertical line segment. On the basis of above method, a computer program was developed. By taking a barge with available computational data as the research object, the effects of control surface length and mesh density on the convergence of calculation were first discussed, and the reliability of the method and program was verified. Then further calculations and analysis were conducted on the hydrodynamic coefficients under different channel widths and ice thicknesses. From the numerical results the oscillatory phenomenon was observed in the hydrodynamic forces of the ship in water channel confined by ice sheets. And with the decrease of channel width and increase of ice thickness, the oscillation becomes stronger.

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为了研究极地限制航道内船舶的水动力特性,本文基于三维势流理论建立一种混合格林函数法。该方法在航道流域以自由面格林函数为核函数,在两侧冰覆盖域采用弹性薄板模型模拟海冰并以自动满足冰覆盖水面条件、海底条件和辐射条件的冰面格林函数为核函数,分别构建边界积分方程耦合求解。为了提高数值计算效率,积分方程中与冰面格林函数波动部分相关的影响系数通过采用解析公式计算垂向积分来求得。在此基础上,自主开发船舶在冰间限制航道中水动力响应的数值计算程序。以一艘存在计算数据的驳船为研究对象,讨论控制面长度和网格密度对计算收敛性的影响,验证方法和程序的可靠性。进一步对不同航道宽度和冰层厚度下的水动力系数进行计算与分析,结果显示冰间限制航道内船舶的水动力呈振荡变化,并且航道宽度越小、冰层越厚,振荡程度越激烈,船舶受海冰影响越显著。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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杨云涛(1991-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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杨云涛(1991-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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杨云涛(1991-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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基于混合格林函数法的极地限制航道内船舶水动力特性研究
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杨云涛 1 , 湛俊华 2 , 朱仁传 3 , 马超 4 , 高慧 1
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025,29(3): 374-387
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025, 29(3): 374-387
基于混合格林函数法的极地限制航道内船舶水动力特性研究
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杨云涛1 , 湛俊华2, 朱仁传3, 马超4, 高慧1
作者信息
  • 1.江苏科技大学 船舶与建筑工程学院,江苏 张家港 215600
  • 2.中国船舶科学研究中心 水动力学国家重点实验室,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 3.上海交通大学 船舶海洋与建筑工程学院,上海 200240
  • 4.武汉理工大学 船舶与能源动力工程学院,武汉 430063
  • 杨云涛(1991-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Hydrodynamic performance of ships in the restricted channel of polar regions
Yun-tao YANG1 , Jun-hua ZHAN2, Ren-chuan ZHU3, Chao MA4, Hui GAO1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Naval Architecture and Civil Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhangjiagang 215600, China
  • 2.National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Hydrodynamics, China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, China
  • 3.School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 4.School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Energy Power Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.03.004
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为了研究极地限制航道内船舶的水动力特性,本文基于三维势流理论建立一种混合格林函数法。该方法在航道流域以自由面格林函数为核函数,在两侧冰覆盖域采用弹性薄板模型模拟海冰并以自动满足冰覆盖水面条件、海底条件和辐射条件的冰面格林函数为核函数,分别构建边界积分方程耦合求解。为了提高数值计算效率,积分方程中与冰面格林函数波动部分相关的影响系数通过采用解析公式计算垂向积分来求得。在此基础上,自主开发船舶在冰间限制航道中水动力响应的数值计算程序。以一艘存在计算数据的驳船为研究对象,讨论控制面长度和网格密度对计算收敛性的影响,验证方法和程序的可靠性。进一步对不同航道宽度和冰层厚度下的水动力系数进行计算与分析,结果显示冰间限制航道内船舶的水动力呈振荡变化,并且航道宽度越小、冰层越厚,振荡程度越激烈,船舶受海冰影响越显著。

混合格林函数法  /  冰间限制航道  /  水动力  /  极地

In order to investigate the hydrodynamic performance of ships in restricted channel of polar regions, a hybrid Green’s function method based on three-dimensional potential flow theory was established, in which, the free-surface Green’s function was taken as the kernel function in the fluid domain of channel. The ice sheet on both sides of the channel was modeled as a thin elastic plate. The ice-surface Green’s function, which automatically satisfies the ice-covered water surface, seabed and radiation conditions, was adopted in the fluid domain below the ice. The boundary integral equations were established with the two kernel functions above respectively. To improve the efficiency of computation, the influence coefficients related to the wave component of the ice-surface Green’s function were obtained based on its analytical integral over vertical line segment. On the basis of above method, a computer program was developed. By taking a barge with available computational data as the research object, the effects of control surface length and mesh density on the convergence of calculation were first discussed, and the reliability of the method and program was verified. Then further calculations and analysis were conducted on the hydrodynamic coefficients under different channel widths and ice thicknesses. From the numerical results the oscillatory phenomenon was observed in the hydrodynamic forces of the ship in water channel confined by ice sheets. And with the decrease of channel width and increase of ice thickness, the oscillation becomes stronger.

hybrid Green’s function method  /  water channel confined by ice sheets  /  hydrodynamics  /  polar region
杨云涛, 湛俊华, 朱仁传, 马超, 高慧. 基于混合格林函数法的极地限制航道内船舶水动力特性研究. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (3) : 374 -387 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.03.004
Yun-tao YANG, Jun-hua ZHAN, Ren-chuan ZHU, Chao MA, Hui GAO. Hydrodynamic performance of ships in the restricted channel of polar regions[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (3) : 374 -387 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.03.004
极地地区除了拥有丰富的自然资源外,还具有十分重要的战略价值。尤其是近年来随着全球气候变暖、极地装备不断发展,北极航道的开通成为了可能,这将大大缩短欧亚大陆间的航程,改变原有的世界海洋运输格局。但是航道两侧的水域常有海冰覆盖,航行其中的船舶与波浪及海冰之间的相互耦合作用,会使得船舶的水动力特性十分复杂,在某些频率下甚至会产生共振。鉴于此,研究冰间限制航道中船舶的水动力特性,对北极航线船舶的设计、使用以及航行安全等具有重要意义。
在过去的几十年中,国内外众多学者对开敞水域中船舶与海洋工程水动力问题的求解方法开展了较为丰富的研究。其中,基于势流理论的边界元法(又称格林函数法),因高效并能保证有足够的精度其应用最为广泛。根据所采用的格林函数的不同,该方法通常可以分为Rankine源法和自由面格林函数法[1]。Rankine源法以Laplace方程的基本解1/rr表示场、源点间距离)为格林函数构建积分方程进行求解。早在上世纪八十年代,Yeung[2]就采用Rankine源法对船型剖面的辐射问题进行了研究;贺五洲等[3]进一步通过对无航速物体的辐射和绕射问题的求解,证明了Rankine源法在三维问题中的适用性;此后,包括本文作者在内的诸多学者[4-6]又基于Rankine源法,结合不同的自由面处理技术,对Brard数大于和小于0.25的不同工况下的船舶水动力问题进行了研究。Rankine源法计算简单且可灵活处理不同形式的边界条件,但存在需要在自由面上布源(离散量大)、且辐射条件往往难以满足等缺陷;相对而言,自由面格林函数法由于构建边界积分方程所基于的格林函数能自动满足自由面和辐射条件,从而可以规避这些问题。对于后者的数值计算,学者们做了大量的研究工作。得益于Noblesse[7]和Newman[8]等所提出的快速高效的数值算法,目前自由面格林函数法在无航速船舶以及海洋工程结构物与波浪相互作用问题的研究中,发展得已经比较成熟;而近年来,Yao等[9]、Hong等[10]以及本文作者[111]等在移动脉动源格林函数积分计算方法方面所做的工作,也使得该方法在有航速船舶水动力问题的研究中取得了一定程度的进展。
格林函数法在开敞水域的船舶与海洋工程水动力问题中的成功应用使我们相信,该方法也可以推广到本文冰间限制航道中船舶水动力特性的研究。然而,速度势在航道流域的自由面上和两侧冰层覆盖的水面上满足不同形式的边界条件,想要推导出同时满足这两个水面条件的格林函数是非常困难的;而如果采用Rankine源法构建边界积分方程求解,由于冰覆盖水面上的边界条件非常复杂,存在5阶以上的导数[12],很难进行数值处理。因此,目前对物体与波浪及海冰耦合作用的研究大多局限于完全浸没的潜体。譬如,Squire[13]和Hao等[14]采用弹性薄板模型模拟海冰,分别推导出了满足冰覆盖水面条件和辐射条件的二维和三维冰面格林函数,并基于此对浸没在冰层下的二维圆柱和三维球体的辐射问题进行了研究;在此基础上,本文作者[15]进一步推导了冰面格林函数沿垂直线段积分的解析表达式,大大提高了数值计算的效率。通过以上的研究工作,目前已经可以采用格林函数法对冰层覆盖下潜体与海冰及波浪的耦合作用问题进行研究;但是,对于漂浮于冰水区的结构物与海冰及波浪的相互作用问题的求解,无论是Rankine源法还是冰面格林函数法均无能为力。最近,Li等[16]针对冰间湖中浮式结构物的绕辐射问题,提出了在自由面下水域采用自由面格林函数构建积分方程、在冰覆盖下水域采用特征函数展开表示速度势的混合方法;又针对波浪与两半无限冰盖限制航道内浮体的相互作用问题,采用傅里叶变换、特征函数展开等复杂的数学处理手段,推导得到了同时满足自由面和冰覆盖水面条件的格林函数渐进表达式,但是该表达式是基于冰水交界线为直线这一特殊情况得到的,并且表达式中的待定系数需要通过对包含无穷级数的方程进行经验性的截断后再求解[17]
为了研究冰间限制航道内船舶的水动力特性,本文提出一种将自由面格林函数和冰面格林函数相结合的混合格林函数法。该方法以两侧冰覆盖域与航道流域间的交界面为控制面,将整个流域分割为三部分。不同于Li等[16-17]将冰覆盖水域的速度势表示为特征函数展开,本文在航道流域和两侧的冰覆盖域,分别采用自由面格林函数和冰面格林函数为核函数构建边界积分方程耦合求解。为了提高数值计算的效率,在计算积分方程中与冰面格林函数波动部分相关的面积分时,先将面元离散为有限个垂直线段,并在每个垂直线段上采用推导出的解析公式计算线积分,再通过水平方向加权求和获得面积分的结果。基于上述方法,自主开发一套求解冰间限制航道内船舶水动力的数值计算程序。再以一艘存在计算数据的驳船为研究对象,首先分析该方法的收敛性和计算精度,然后在此基础上,对船舶在不同航道宽度和冰层厚度下的水动力系数进行计算和比较,以考察它们对冰间限制航道中船舶水动力特性的影响。
考虑图1所示的冰间限制航道内的船体与波浪、海冰间的相互作用问题,其中航道长度远大于船长(可近似为无穷大),宽度为b,水深为H,两侧冰层的厚度为T。为了便于进行水动力分析,建立直角坐标系o-xyz。该坐标系的z轴竖直向上并通过船体重心,oxy平面位于平均静水面。图中的S0SFSBSISC分别代表船体平均湿表面、航道内的自由面、海底面、两侧冰覆盖水面以及航道流域和冰域的交界面(称为控制面)。
类似于开敞水域,在研究冰水共存流域的水动力问题时,可假定流体(即水)是均匀、不可压缩的理想流体,流动是无旋的。于是,流域的速度场可通过引入势函数Φxyzt)来表示。在微幅波假定下,Φ可进一步分解为
式中,ϕ0xyz)为散射势的空间部分;ω为船舶摇荡运动频率;Xj表示船舶第j个模态的摇荡运动复数幅值,其中j=1,2,3分别表示纵荡、横荡和垂荡,j=4,5,6分别表示横摇、纵摇和首摇;i为虚数单位,规定i2=−1;ϕjxyz)表示船舶在第j个自由度以单位速度摇荡产生的辐射势的空间部分,它在整个流域内满足如下的Laplace方程[18]
为了使满足Laplace方程的速度势ϕj的解唯一,还需给定它的边界条件。如图1所示,冰间限制航道内船体周围流域的边界包括船体平均湿表面、航道内的自由面、海底面、两侧冰覆盖水面、控制面以及无穷远处的辐射面。
由物面的不可穿透性,可得船体表面上任意点的法向速度应等于紧贴该点的流体质点的法向速度。于是,船体平均湿表面S0上的辐射势ϕj需满足如下条件:
式中,n1n2n3分别表示船体表面内法向量n沿xyz轴的分量;(n4n5n6)=r×nr=(xyz)为位置矢量。
在冰间航道的自由面SF上,ϕj满足统一的线性化自由面条件[18]
式中,k0=ω2/gg为重力加速度。
在海底面SB上,由流体的垂向速度等于0,可得
对于冰覆盖的水面SI,假定冰层与水表面间不存在间隙,则根据冰面上各点的速度等于位于冰面上的相应水质点的运动速度,可得SI上的运动学边界条件为
式中,ηxyt)表示冰面的挠度。此外,根据伯努利方程[19],在冰覆盖的水面SI上存在以下的动力学边界条件:
式中,ρw表示水的密度,p为压力。根据Robin[20]和Squire[21]的实测,连续且均匀的冰层可视为弹性薄板。于是,可根据弹性力学中薄板的受迫振动微分方程[22]p表示为
式中,ρI表示冰的密度;T为冰层的厚度;为冰层的抗弯刚度,Yυ分别为冰层的杨氏弹性模量和泊松比。将上式代入式(7),并忽略其中的非线性项,可将SI上动力学边界条件转换为
从式(6)和式(9)中消去η,并将其中的总速度势Φ按照式(1)进行分解,便可得到ϕj在冰覆盖的水面SI上所需满足的统一边界条件:
式中
为了保证冰间航道和冰层下流动的连续性,ϕj需要在控制面SC上满足以下条件:
式中,分别表示控制面内侧和外侧上的辐射势。除了以上的边界条件,ϕj在航道上、下游的无穷远处以及海冰覆盖域的无穷远处还需分别满足以下辐射条件[1618]
式中,R2=x2 +y2κ0是冰面上形成波的波数,它的表达式见文献[16]。
综上,辐射速度势ϕjxyz)满足的定解问题为
根据上一章给出的理论模型可以发现,辐射势ϕj在航道流域和冰覆盖流域的上表面所满足的边界条件并不一致。实际上,想要找到一个同时满足自由面条件和冰覆盖水面条件的格林函数是十分困难的。鉴于此,本文提出一种在航道流域和冰覆盖流域分别采用不同格林函数建立边界积分方程耦合求解辐射势ϕj的混合方法。
根据格林第三公式,冰间航道内流场的速度势ϕj可通过构建边界积分方程进行求解。当采用的格林函数满足自由面条件式(4)、海底面条件式(5)和辐射条件时,航道内的边界积分方程为
式中,pxyz)为场点;qξηζ)为源点;Cp)为p处的固角系数;GFpq)为自由面格林函数,它的表达式[23]
式中,为第一类0阶Bessel函数;Lk为格林函数的积分路径。
分别将船体表面和控制面离散为N0NC个面元,并代入控制面上的连续条件式(11)和物面条件式(3),边界积分方程(15)可改写为如下离散方程组:
对于上述方程的影响系数(即自由面格林函数及其法向导数的积分),国内外学者已经进行了广泛的研究[724-26]。本文作者也曾基于Newman(1992)[8]提出的多项式逼近算法对其进行了计算,并开发了相应的数值程序对单体、多体结构物与波浪相互作用的问题进行研究[2728],验证了计算的可靠性。在此基础上,本文将采用该算法程序对方程(17)中的影响系数进行计算。
在两侧的冰覆盖流域,仍然通过构建边界积分方程进行求解:
不同于航道流域,上述冰域内的格林函数采用的是满足冰覆盖的水面条件式(10)、海底面条件式(5)和辐射条件的冰面格林函数,它的表达式[29]
式中,S1k)=(Dk4 +1-εk0k+k0S2k)=(Dk4 +1-εk0ktanh(kH)-k0κS2k)的零点。
同样地,若将控制面离散为NC个面元,并将控制面上的连续条件式(11)代入冰覆盖流域内的边界积分方程(18),可得离散方程组如下:
上述方程组求解的关键在于对影响系数(即冰面格林函数及其法向导数的面积分)的计算。理论上,这些积分可以直接采用传统的高斯求积公式进行计算。然而,G*在空间分布上的振荡特性,使得想通过简单的高斯方法计算出其面积分的准确值就必须要在面元上分布足够多的高斯点,这势必会花费大量的计算时间。为了提高数值计算的效率,本文在计算G*及其法向导数的面积分时,推导了它们沿垂直方向积分的解析计算公式:
式中,ζ1ζ2分别为垂直方向积分的下限和上限。于是,G*及其法向导数的面积分就可以通过将面元离散为一定数量的垂直线段,采用上述公式计算出每条垂直线段上的线积分,再将它们加权求和得到
式中,NV为用于离散面元的垂直线段数,wjj=1,2,…,NV)为权系数。在实际数值计算中,分布在面元上垂直线段的位置及其权系数可参照高斯积分公式的高斯点及其权系数进行选取。
为了考察上述求积公式的计算精度和效率,本文采用式(21)~(24)对场点沿平行于x轴的直线(该直线的y坐标和z坐标分别为0.5和0)变化时,G*及其法向导数在图2所示的垂直单元上的积分进行计算。这里选择的冰参数为:E=6×109 N/m2ν=0.3,ρI=922.5 kg/m3T=0.1 m,水深H为2.0 m。
图3给出了积分值的实部和虚部随场点x坐标的变化,为了进行对比分析,图中除了本文半解析方法的计算结果,还包括了基于传统高斯求积公式的结果。从图中可以看出,随着分布在积分单元上的垂直线段和高斯点的增加,本文方法和传统高斯积分法的计算结果均会趋于收敛,并且它们的收敛值基本一致,这说明两种方法均可准确计算G*及其法向导数的面积分。但是需要注意的是,计算达到收敛时,半解析方法需要的垂直线段数是4,而高斯求积公式所需的高斯点数则是4×4。因此,本文方法的计算量要远小于传统数值积分方法。实际上,当我们分别采用这两种方法在处理器为AMD EPYC 7H12 64-Core Processor 2.60 GHz的计算机上进行计算时发现,高斯方法计算1 000个场点所需的时间为2.21 s,而本文方法所需的时间仅为1.01 s,不到传统方法的一半。
在计算了航道内和冰覆盖域边界积分方程的影响系数后,将其组合便可形成一组耦合方程组,求解该方程组便可获得物面和控制面上的辐射势。这里需要注意的是,不同于Li等[16-17]采用级数展开表示速度势的求解方法,本文在耦合求解航道内和冰覆盖域边界积分方程时只用到了连续性条件式(11),并没有用到海冰边缘条件。但从后面的计算结果来看,两者差异不大。
将求得的辐射势代入Bernoulli方程[18],可得流体压强为
将压强p沿船体湿表面积分,可得作用在船体上的辐射力为
式中,μijλij分别为附加质量和阻尼系数。
基于上述理论和混合格林函数法,本文开发了一套计算程序,并应用其对极地限制航道内船舶的水动力特性进行研究。选择的算例为一艘存在计算数据的驳船[17],主尺度为:船长L=80 m,船宽B=20 m,吃水D=5 m。计算中所采用的冰参数为:海冰密度ρI=922.5 kg/m3,弹性模量E=5×109 N/m2,泊松比ν=0.3。图4给出了采用本文建立的混合格林函数法计算该驳船水动力响应时所采用的网格示意图,其中LC表示控制面边界与船体间的距离(注意:类似于以往波浪与结构物相互作用问题的研究[330],为了能够数值实现,本文方法需对无限长的控制面进行截断近似处理)。
首先,对混合格林函数法关于控制面长度和网格密度的收敛性进行研究。分别选择三个不同大小的控制面:LC=1.0λ,2.0λ和3.0λ(其中λ=2π/k0为波长),对图4中驳船在航道宽度b=100 m、水深H=100 m条件下的水动力系数进行计算。图5给出了该驳船的横荡、垂荡附加质量随无因次波数k0·B/2的变化,其中不同的曲线形状代表采用不同控制面长度得到的计算结果。从图中可以看出,本文方法采用控制面的长度LC=1.0λ得到的水动力系数与其它两个控制面长度下的结果存在一定的差异(尤其是横荡附加质量μ22),但是当控制面长度LC=2.0λ和3.0λ时,计算结果则基本一致,这说明控制面长度达到2.0λ时,计算可以达到收敛。
图6进一步给出了LC取2.0λ时,不同控制面网格密度下水动力系数的计算结果。从图中结果可以看出,对于垂荡附加质量,它的计算结果对控制面网格尺寸并不敏感;而对于横荡附加质量,在k0·B/2=1附近,控制面网格尺寸则存在显著影响,当单位波长网格数超过20时,计算结果才达到收敛。
通过前面的分析可以看出,当控制面的长度达到2.0λ,且单位波长内的网格数取20时,本文建立的混合格林函数法程序的计算结果均能够达到收敛。于是,基于此计算域大小和网格离散尺寸,我们对极地限制航道内驳船沿不同方向作强迫摇荡运动时的水动力系数进行计算,并与已有文献中的数据进行对比,以考察本文方法和程序的计算精度。附加质量和阻尼系数的对比分别如图7~8所示,其中黑色实线为本文的计算结果,红色圆点表示Li等[17]的结果。可以看出,无论是附加质量还是阻尼系数,本文方法的计算结果总的来说均与Li等[17]的计算结果吻合良好。这说明利用上述计算域和网格尺寸,本文新建立的混合格林函数方法可以较好地预报极地限制航道内船舶的水动力响应。
前面数值验证中航道宽度b=100 m,为了探讨不同航道宽度对船体水动力特性的影响,这里进一步对b=60 m、200 m和无限大的开敞水域下驳船的水动力系数进行计算,结果如图9所示。受限于篇幅,图中只给出了横荡和垂荡水动力系数,其他方向的水动力系数随航道宽度的变化趋势与之相似。
图中结果显示,当波数k0(或频率)较小时,船舶在不同宽度的冰间航道中的水动力系数基本一致。这主要是因为在k0→0时,无论是航道内的自由面还是两侧冰覆盖的水面上的边界条件(即方程(4)和(10))都将趋于一致,变为∂ϕj/∂z=0。然而,当波数k0(或频率)逐渐增大时,限制航道内船舶的附加质量和阻尼系数围绕开敞水域结果呈现出振荡变化,并且随着航道宽度的增加,这种振荡的频率逐渐增大,而幅值逐渐减小。这是由于不同于开敞水域,船舶在冰间航道内作摇荡运动所产生的辐射波传播到两侧的冰层时,会发生部分的反射与透射,循环往复,船舶、波浪和冰层间的耦合作用会使得作用在船体上的水动力在一些频率发生共振。显然,两侧冰层对船体水动力的影响会随着它们与船舶间距的增大而减小。因而,随着航道宽度的增大,图9中的水动力系数的振荡幅值逐渐减小,最终将变为与开敞水域一致的结果。
对于冰间限制航道内船舶的水动力问题,除了上一节的航道宽度,冰参数的影响也非常重要。鉴于此,本节进一步针对船舶在不同冰层厚度下冰间航道中的水动力特性进行研究。图10给出了冰层厚度分别为2 m、1 m、0.5 m、0.01 m以及开敞水域的横荡和垂荡水动力系数结果。同3.1节,这里各冰层厚度下的结果均针对的是航道宽度b=100 m。从图中可以看出,与前面不同航道宽度下的结果类似,船舶在不同冰层厚度下水动力系数在波数k0(或频率)较小时,与开敞水域下的结果趋于一致;当波数k0(或频率)逐渐增大时,冰间航道内船舶的水动力系数围绕开敞水域结果呈现出振荡变化,并且冰层厚度越大,振荡程度越激烈。这表明随着海冰厚度的增加,船舶水动力性能受海冰的影响会变得更加显著。
本文基于势流理论分别采用自由面格林函数和冰面格林函数在航道流域和冰覆盖流域构建边界积分方程,建立了求解极地限制航道内船舶的水动力问题的混合格林函数法。通过计算和分析得到以下结论:
(1)混合格林函数法在航道两侧冰覆盖流域采用了自动满足冰覆盖水面条件和辐射条件的冰面格林函数,无需在水面布源,大大减少网格离散量,并且避免了对辐射条件的数值处理。在计算边界积分中与冰面格林函数波动部分G*相关的面积分时,本文将面元离散为有限个垂直线段,在每个垂直线段上采用推导出的解析公式计算G*的线积分,再通过水平方向加权求和获得面积分的结果,相比传统高斯求积方法更为高效。
(2)以一艘存在计算数据的驳船为研究对象,考察了混合格林函数法的收敛性和计算精度。结果表明,当控制面的长度达到2.0倍波长,且单位波长内的网格数取20时,计算能够达到收敛。基于此计算域大小和网格离散尺寸,对驳船沿不同方向作强迫摇荡运动时的水动力系数进行计算,并与已有文献中的数据进行对比,验证了本文方法的可靠性。
(3)对不同航道宽度、冰层厚度下附加质量和阻尼系数的计算与分析表明,当波数(或频率)较小时,船舶的水动力响应趋于一致,两侧冰层对其几乎没有影响;而当波数(或频率)逐渐增大时,冰间限制航道内船舶的水动力系数围绕开敞水域结果呈现出振荡变化,并且航道宽度越小、冰层越厚,上述振荡程度也越激烈,即船舶水动力性能受海冰的影响越显著。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52101357)
  • 江苏省高等学校基础科学(自然科学)研究项目(21KJB580012)
  • 船舶总体性能创新研究开放基金项目(31122223)
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2025年第29卷第3期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.03.004
  • 接收时间:2024-09-22
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-22
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52101357)
江苏省高等学校基础科学(自然科学)研究项目(21KJB580012)
船舶总体性能创新研究开放基金项目(31122223)
作者信息
    1.江苏科技大学 船舶与建筑工程学院,江苏 张家港 215600
    2.中国船舶科学研究中心 水动力学国家重点实验室,江苏 无锡 214082
    3.上海交通大学 船舶海洋与建筑工程学院,上海 200240
    4.武汉理工大学 船舶与能源动力工程学院,武汉 430063

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