Article(id=1243304975112192117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243304968753623545, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.02.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1724083200000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774356605555, onlineDateStr=2026-03-24, pubDate=1739980800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774356605555, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774356605555, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774356605555, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243304968753623545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='2', pageStart='171', pageEnd='335', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1774356604040, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774356967523, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243306493370544137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243304968753623545, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243306493370544138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243304968753623545, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=266, endPage=276, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243304975414182016, articleId=1243304975112192117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Curvature prediction model and optimization criteria for BSR in flexible pipelines, columnId=1242129251223274417, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Structural Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Bend Stiffener (BSR) manufactured from polyurethane is generally used at the connection between nonbonded pipes and water surface platform. It is necessary to predict curvature distribution of BSR. This paper proposed a curvature prediction model that took into account the stress-strain nonlinearity of BSR and bending hysteresis of nonbonded pipes. Then, a nonlinear regression method was used to identify the Prony parameters which could be used to describe the stress relaxation behavior of BSR materials. Then the stress relaxation model was substituted into the curvature prediction model, so that the effect of BSR’s stress relaxation could be taken into considernation. Finally, an optimization criteria was proposed for BSR and conducts parameter analysis on regular shaped BSR.

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聚氨酯材料(Polyurethane)制造的弯曲刚度加强件(Bend Stiffener,BSR)一般用于非粘结管道与端部的连接处,预报该区域的曲率分布是必要的。本文首先提出一种同时计及BSR材料应力-应变非线性与非粘结管道弯曲迟滞特性的曲率预报模型;然后使用非线性回归方法,辨识用于描述BSR材料的应力松弛行为的Prony参数,并将其代入曲率预报模型,使该模型可以考虑BSR材料应力松弛的影响效果;最终,本文提出针对BSR的优化准则,并对规则形状的BSR进行参数分析。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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陈鲲鹏(1995-),男,博士研究生

张萌萌(1991-),女,博士,助理教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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Viscoelastic analysis of bend stiffeners[C]//Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering,Halkidiki,2005:531-538., articleTitle=Viscoelastic analysis of bend stiffeners, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1243886922452550406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304975112192117, awardId=52088102, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金基础科学中心项目(52088102), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1243886917121589951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304975112192117, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1243886917129978560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304975112192117, companyId=1243886917121589951, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 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journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304975112192117, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Diameter versus axial distance for BSR before and after adjustment, figureFileSmall=Gq1mP+QYIm3bna6cDts0FA==, figureFileBig=5akQpEJe6Vrxr6AZBoxRnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243886920686748403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304975112192117, language=CN, label=图7, caption=调整前后的BSR线型, figureFileSmall=Gq1mP+QYIm3bna6cDts0FA==, figureFileBig=5akQpEJe6Vrxr6AZBoxRnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243886920770634484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304975112192117, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Comparison of curvature distribution with and without consideration of material nonlinearity, figureFileSmall=nbpQIMzB5Q40zfncedhjGQ==, figureFileBig=aKjrOfHF1cnBswhSd9RSSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243886920858714869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, 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diagram of conical BSR parameters, figureFileSmall=2gQnXwySHc7fB2GUg49n5Q==, figureFileBig=YXnRnQYHpok3ZqMMvr0iSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243886921143927545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304975112192117, language=CN, label=图10, caption=锥形BSR参数示意图, figureFileSmall=2gQnXwySHc7fB2GUg49n5Q==, figureFileBig=YXnRnQYHpok3ZqMMvr0iSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243886921223619322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304975112192117, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Curvature distributions of different BSR columns after stress relaxation limit reached, figureFileSmall=ud0x95sZPem7lBuUD2Sbdg==, figureFileBig=v7umgxStxe5zM07RMZd8bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243886921294922491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304975112192117, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同方案在BSR材料抵达松弛极限后的曲率分布, figureFileSmall=ud0x95sZPem7lBuUD2Sbdg==, figureFileBig=v7umgxStxe5zM07RMZd8bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243886921424945916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304975112192117, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Material parameters and load information

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
线性杨氏模量E/MPa应力-应变关系多项式系数Ak/MPa自由端载荷F/N自由端载荷角度θF管道弯曲刚度EIpipe/(kN·m2
A1A2A3
100533.661.26×1041.152×1052.64×1061089.5×103
), ArticleFig(id=1243886921517220605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304975112192117, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

材料参数与载荷信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
线性杨氏模量E/MPa应力-应变关系多项式系数Ak/MPa自由端载荷F/N自由端载荷角度θF管道弯曲刚度EIpipe/(kN·m2
A1A2A3
100533.661.26×1041.152×1052.64×1061089.5×103
), ArticleFig(id=1243886921643049726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304975112192117, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Prony series obtained from experimental data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Prony参数g1τ1g2τ2g3τ3
数值0.03236.1740×1040.01148.4477×1030.02101.3357×103
), ArticleFig(id=1243886921743713023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304975112192117, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

根据试验数据所得Prony参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Prony参数g1τ1g2τ2g3τ3
数值0.03236.1740×1040.01148.4477×1030.02101.3357×103
), ArticleFig(id=1243886921810821888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304975112192117, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Calculation results of different DBSR, root & Lbs for conical BSR parameters

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κS2VκS2V
DBSR,root=0.7179 m1.70.531.241.960.49DBSR,root=0.7179 m2.480.741.491.880.35
Lbs=1.37 m7Lbs=1.0 m
DBSR,root=0.5 m1.80.552.1124.60.19DBSR,root=0.7179 m2.540.761.662.830.43
Lbs=1.37 m4Lbs=1.2 m
DBSR,root=0.6 m2.50.772.2111.40.31DBSR,root=0.7179 m2.970.892.055.240.53
Lbs=1.37 m8Lbs=1.5 m
DBSR,root=0.8 m2.80.841.723.960.62DBSR,root=0.7179 m3.341.002.285.800.57
Lbs=1.37 m0Lbs=1.6 m
DBSR,root=1.0 m2.20.681.191.531.00
Lbs=1.37 m9
), ArticleFig(id=1243886921919873793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304975112192117, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

锥形BSR参数变化计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
κS2VκS2V
DBSR,root=0.7179 m1.70.531.241.960.49DBSR,root=0.7179 m2.480.741.491.880.35
Lbs=1.37 m7Lbs=1.0 m
DBSR,root=0.5 m1.80.552.1124.60.19DBSR,root=0.7179 m2.540.761.662.830.43
Lbs=1.37 m4Lbs=1.2 m
DBSR,root=0.6 m2.50.772.2111.40.31DBSR,root=0.7179 m2.970.892.055.240.53
Lbs=1.37 m8Lbs=1.5 m
DBSR,root=0.8 m2.80.841.723.960.62DBSR,root=0.7179 m3.341.002.285.800.57
Lbs=1.37 m0Lbs=1.6 m
DBSR,root=1.0 m2.20.681.191.531.00
Lbs=1.37 m9
), ArticleFig(id=1243886921991176962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304975112192117, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Parameters of columnar BSR designed for calculation

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方案编号根部外径/mBSR长度/m
10.58841
20.55201.2
30.51311.5
40.58840.8
50.58841.2
60.65001
70.75001
), ArticleFig(id=1243886922058285827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304975112192117, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

柱形BSR设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案编号根部外径/mBSR长度/m
10.58841
20.55201.2
30.51311.5
40.58840.8
50.58841.2
60.65001
70.75001
), ArticleFig(id=1243886922179920644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304975112192117, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Calculation results of columnar BSR (dimensionless parameters)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案编号κS2V
11.01(不满足曲率要求)0.441.001.030.53
20.940.251.011.050.53
30.860.181.011.080.53
41.12(不满足曲率要求)1.001.001.010.43
50.920.201.001.070.64
60.990.411.001.100.70
70.980.381.001.031.00
), ArticleFig(id=1243886922272195333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304975112192117, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

柱形BSR计算结果(无因次参数)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案编号κS2V
11.01(不满足曲率要求)0.441.001.030.53
20.940.251.011.050.53
30.860.181.011.080.53
41.12(不满足曲率要求)1.001.001.010.43
50.920.201.001.070.64
60.990.411.001.100.70
70.980.381.001.031.00
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柔性管道BSR区域曲率预报模型及优化准则研究
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陈鲲鹏 , 张萌萌 , 赵冰 , 李亚美 , 付世晓
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2025,29(2): 266-276
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船舶力学 | 结构力学 2025, 29(2): 266-276
柔性管道BSR区域曲率预报模型及优化准则研究
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陈鲲鹏, 张萌萌 , 赵冰, 李亚美, 付世晓
作者信息
  • 上海交通大学 船舶海洋与建筑工程学院,上海 200240
  • 陈鲲鹏(1995-),男,博士研究生

    张萌萌(1991-),女,博士,助理教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Curvature prediction model and optimization criteria for BSR in flexible pipelines
Kun-peng CHEN, Meng-meng ZHANG , Bing ZHAO, Ya-mei LI, Shi-xiao FU
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.02.010
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聚氨酯材料(Polyurethane)制造的弯曲刚度加强件(Bend Stiffener,BSR)一般用于非粘结管道与端部的连接处,预报该区域的曲率分布是必要的。本文首先提出一种同时计及BSR材料应力-应变非线性与非粘结管道弯曲迟滞特性的曲率预报模型;然后使用非线性回归方法,辨识用于描述BSR材料的应力松弛行为的Prony参数,并将其代入曲率预报模型,使该模型可以考虑BSR材料应力松弛的影响效果;最终,本文提出针对BSR的优化准则,并对规则形状的BSR进行参数分析。

非粘结管道BSR区域  /  曲率预报  /  非线性效应  /  应力松弛  /  优化准则

The Bend Stiffener (BSR) manufactured from polyurethane is generally used at the connection between nonbonded pipes and water surface platform. It is necessary to predict curvature distribution of BSR. This paper proposed a curvature prediction model that took into account the stress-strain nonlinearity of BSR and bending hysteresis of nonbonded pipes. Then, a nonlinear regression method was used to identify the Prony parameters which could be used to describe the stress relaxation behavior of BSR materials. Then the stress relaxation model was substituted into the curvature prediction model, so that the effect of BSR’s stress relaxation could be taken into considernation. Finally, an optimization criteria was proposed for BSR and conducts parameter analysis on regular shaped BSR.

BSR area of non-bonded pipe  /  curvature prediction  /  nonlinear effect  /  stress relaxation  /  optimization criteria
陈鲲鹏, 张萌萌, 赵冰, 李亚美, 付世晓. 柔性管道BSR区域曲率预报模型及优化准则研究. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (2) : 266 -276 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.02.010
Kun-peng CHEN, Meng-meng ZHANG, Bing ZHAO, Ya-mei LI, Shi-xiao FU. Curvature prediction model and optimization criteria for BSR in flexible pipelines[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (2) : 266 -276 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.02.010
非粘结管道与水面浮体的连接属于刚性连接,会存在应力集中和过度弯曲等现象[1]。为了减缓这一现象,工程中常常在非粘结管道与上部浮体的连接处,安装由聚氨酯材料(polyurethane)铸造的BSR,BSR的构造简图如图1所示。Smith[2]提出了一种对BSR的设计方法,该方法具体设计了BSR的整体长度以及沿管道中心线方向的弯曲刚度分布函数,由此确定BSR的基本形状。
BSR不仅承担着使管道在端部区域的曲率小于最小弯曲半径要求的曲率的任务,同时,也需使端部区域的曲率分布平滑以提升管道端部的疲劳性能[4]。因此,预报非粘结管道-BSR系统在一定载荷作用下的响应,成为BSR设计过程中的一个关键步骤。Boef等[5]将非粘结管道-BSR系统等效为连续的、承受大变形的细长梁,并基于梁的弯曲理论提出一种理论模型,预报非粘结管道-BSR系统在外载荷作用下的响应,但该理论模型仅仅考虑了BSR的几何非线性。Vaz等[6-7]将材料拉压不对称的非线性行为纳入了考虑,修改了相关的理论模型。Caire等[8]假定BSR材料为线弹性,考虑了非粘结管道弯矩-曲率的非线性对BSR系统响应的影响,并利用有限元软件讨论了系统间隙对响应的影响效果。Dong等[9]在前人工作的基础上,将几何非线性、材料非线性以及非粘结管道弯矩-曲率的非线性关系全部纳入考虑,完善了预报系统响应的理论模型,并且通过算例研究,讨论材料的拉压不对称情况对系统响应的影响。
这些研究均认为BSR的材料属性是稳定的,并不随时间发生变化。而在实际的工程中,BSR由聚氨酯材料铸造而成。相比于金属材料而言,即便在较低的温度下,聚氨酯材料仍有较为明显的应力松弛现象,这会影响BSR系统的响应。Tzikang[10]提出了一种基于Prony级数形式的应力松弛本构模型,Tada等[11]采用实验方法验证了该模型的可靠性,Dong等[12]则利用该模型进行了有限元运算,这些工作确定了该本构模型描述材料应力松弛的可行性。
本文首先推导BSR区域的曲率预报模型,将BSR材料的应力-应变非线性及管道的弯曲迟滞特性全部纳入考虑;随后,根据已公开发表的试验数据,获取描述BSR材料应力松弛现象的Prony级数,将其代入曲率预报模型,并采用有限元软件建立数值模型以验证曲率预报模型;最后,提出BSR优化准则,并对规则形状的BSR进行参数分析。
Dong[9]所提出计及各种非线性作用的BSR曲率预报模型遵循着一个假定:BSR内侧与管道外侧不产生相互滑移。根据此假定,可以将BSR连同管道视作在自由端受到集中力作用的、一端刚性固定另一端完全自由的变截面悬臂梁,梁的整体变形及微元受力情况如图2所示。
根据梁的变形协调关系有
式中,s表示BSR区域沿着管道轴线方向的曲线坐标;θs)、κs)分别表示沿着曲线坐标分布的转角和曲率。
同时,在微元之中,弯矩是由垂直于截面的梁的纵向纤维的应变组成的,根据力矩平衡关系有
式中,Ms)和Ns)分别表示沿着曲线坐标分布的弯矩和剪力。
根据图2所示的梁微元受力示意图,可以获得任一处剪力Ns)与轴向力Ts)如下:
弯矩Ms)可以写为
式中,Mpipes)、MBSRs)分别表示管道和BSR提供的弯矩;EIpipe表示管道的弯曲刚度;sLsF分别表示BSR尖端的曲线坐标及力作用处的曲线坐标。非粘结管道的弯曲刚度一般与曲率相关,出于简化问题及确保安全性的目的考虑,本文认为,非粘结管道存在一个临界曲率κcr,当非粘结管道的曲率小于临界曲率时,管道不发生滑移,其弯曲刚度为EIns,当非粘结管道的曲率大于临界曲率时,管道的所有抗拉铠装层全部发生滑移,其弯曲刚度为EIfs
同时,聚氨酯材料的应力-应变关系存在一定的非线性关系,Chryssanthopoulos等[13]认为在计算管道的弯矩-曲率关系时,可以将非线性应力-应变关系拟合成多项式形式,即
式中,σ为应力,ε为应变系数,Ak的数值可以根据材料的拉伸试验数据拟合而得。根据应变与曲率的关系,可以写出BSR任意位置处材料的应力:
如此,任意截面处BSR所提供的弯矩为
将式(7)代回式(4)获得Ms)的表达式,再将式(4)与式(3)代回式(2),那么式(1)与式(2)共同组成了一组关于曲线坐标s的函数θs)及κs)的微分方程组,该微分方程组的边界条件为:θ(0)=0、θsF)=θF。求解这个方程组就可以得到BSR区域的角度分布函数θs)与曲率分布函数κs)。
在实际的预报中,由于管道最初处于无滑移状态,因此可将模型中的EIpipe设置为EIns进行曲率分布的预报,从中寻求曲率超过临界曲率κcr的部分,并将该部分的曲率修改为EIfs重新进行曲率预报,即可将管道的非线性弯曲行为纳入考虑。
BSR一般由高分子材料铸造而成,高分子材料在低温下也会产生一定的应力松弛现象。应力松弛是指当材料的变形处于相对固定的状态时,材料的应力会随着时间的推移而降低,应力和应变的比值(即松弛模量)随时间的推移而降低,直到应力降低到一定数值而不再降低,这个不再降低的应力数值称为松弛极限。应力松弛不仅与材料所处温度有关,也与材料此时所发生的应变有关,由于BSR材料具有几何非线性,且随着时间变化BSR区域受到材料应力松弛的影响,相同位置点的材料应变随时发生变化,很难实时调整任一位置处材料应力松弛本构的参数。因此,本文对于应力松弛的考虑是基于一个假定,即BSR任意一处的材料符合同一个应力松弛的规律,在使用Prony级数描述应力松弛现象时,可以认为整个BSR均使用同一组Prony参数。同时,根据梁弯曲理论中的纵向纤维假定,认为梁的弯曲是由梁轴向上不同纵向纤维的伸长与缩短引起的,这些纵向纤维之间并无相互影响,故在使用Prony级数描述应力松弛行为时,也仅是描述这些纵向纤维在梁轴向上的松弛模量随时间变化的关系,而彼此之间无相互影响,即其他方向的松弛行为均忽略。
Prony级数描述应力松弛现象的本构模型[10]
式中,E0表示应力松弛尚未发生时BSR材料的杨氏模量;giτi为Prony级数,共有n阶。
则其某一时刻的应力-应变关系可以表示为
式(8)、(9)是关于线弹性材料的应力松弛描述,若材料存在非线性应力-应变关系,则其应力松弛过程中的应力可描述为
式中,AkO表示在应力松弛情况发生前,根据试验数据所得的多项式系数。由于聚氨酯材料在低温条件下也会产生一定的应力松弛现象,因而在实际试验中往往在低温的情况下快速拉伸试样以获得其应力-应变曲线。
将任一时刻Akt)的数值确定后,将其代入式(7)确定MBSR的数值,而后代入式(4),则任一时刻时,式(1)与式(2)再度组成微分方程组,边界条件仍为:θ(0)=0、θsF)=θF,求解该方程组可得在该时刻时,BSR区域的曲率分布函数和转角分布函数。
BSR承担着防止过度弯曲的任务,因此,其首先应满足条件:
式中,κmax表示BSR区域的最大曲率,κmax,required表示管道截面力学分析中所允许的最大曲率。
其次,BSR区域曲率分布是否平滑、是否存在曲率的突变情况,都会影响BSR区域的疲劳寿命。因此,BSR的优化设计应当使BSR区域的曲率方差数值尽可能小,曲率方差计算如下:
式中,S2表示BSR区域的曲率方差,EXκs)表示曲率在BSR区域的期望值。
同时,BSR的设计需使其对应力松弛所造成的影响具有一定的抵抗性,作为衡量指标,可采用如下两个无因次参数来表示BSR曲率抵抗应力松弛影响的能力:
式中,κmax,after_stress_relaxation表示BSR材料抵达松弛极限后,BSR区域的最大曲率;κmax,before_stress_relaxation表示未发生应力松弛时BSR区域最大曲率;无因次参数表示在计及应力松弛效应后与未计及应力松弛效应的BSR区间最大曲率变化情况;S2max,after_stress_relaxationS2max,before_stress_relaxation分别表示BSR材料抵达松弛极限后的曲率分布方差及未发生应力松弛现象时曲率分布方差;表示计及应力松弛效应后与未计及应力松弛效应的BSR区间的曲率分布变化情况。两者的数值越小,说明该BSR系统抵抗应力松弛影响的能力越强。
此外,BSR的经济性能也是设计中必须考虑的关键因素。由于BSR一般由聚氨酯材料均质铸造,因此,衡量其成本,只需衡量BSR的体积即可,体积越小,说明BSR铸造的成本越低。BSR的体积为
综上所述,最优结果应当满足式(15)的要求:
出于便于比较的目的,本文额外引入三个无因次参数来衡量(15)中的S2κmaxV三项,这三个无因次参数定义如下:
式中,S2maxVmax分别表示在优化设计中提出的各方案中所获得的最大方差值与最大的BSR体积。
1.1节中提出的曲率预报模型是由关于两个函数表达式的微分方程组构成,在Matlab软件中可以使用其自带的bvp4c函数进行求解,该方法可以在求解边值问题时更加稳定地处理奇点,并以矩阵的形式返回不同曲线坐标处的转角数值及曲率数值。这些返回的数值与使用bvp4c函数时预先确定的求解域、求解步长及求解过程中的数值收敛点有关。为了验证对解析模型求解方法的准确性,本文使用Tang等[14]公开发表的文献中的BSR区域模型,在bvp4c函数中预定不同的求解步长,计算该区间内的曲率分布,并与文献[14]中提供的有限元结果进行对比。该文献介绍了对聚氨酯材料进行的拉伸试验,并给出了使用三次多项式(如式(10)所示的多项式)表述聚氨酯材料应力-应变非线性时的系数A1=533.66 MPa,A2=1.26×104 MPa,A3=1.152×105 MPa,以及在该试验所得的拉伸曲线中,通过10%应变割线所获得的杨氏模量E=100 MPa。因而本文的验证工况同时包含材料线性条件与非线性条件下的曲率分布,此算例不计及应力松弛效应,故在使用理论模型时,将时间t一律设置为0。该模型的几何参数与材料属性信息分别如表1图3所示,图4则给出了是否计及材料非线性影响时不同求解步长所得的BSR区域曲率分布对比情况。
图4的对比情况可以看出,无论是否计及材料的非线性作用,设置不同的求解域步长都将会获得相近的结果,且与文献[14]中给出的有限元计算结果吻合良好,这说明本文1.1节中的理论模型及求解方法是正确的,可以用于实际工程中的BSR区域曲率预报。且在本文计算范围内,求解域步长的影响不大,在实际的预报中,可以视具体的实际情况决定选取的微分方程求解步长。
由于现阶段公开发表的文献中对于聚氨酯材料的应力松弛研究较少,且对于不同的BSR,其对应的应变大小亦不相同。出于方便验证的目的,本文采用Caire等[15]给出的聚氨酯材料的应力松弛试验数据进行参数的辨识,辨识的方法为非线性回归的L-M方法,其流程图如图5所示。在本文后续的研究工作中,默认聚氨酯材料均符合这一应力松弛规律。从文献[15]提供的试验数据中所辨识得到的Prony参数如表2所示。
拟合结果与试验数据[15]对比如图6所示,从中可以看出本文拟合所得的Prony级数数据,可以很好地描述Caire[15]所给出的聚氨酯材料的应力松弛现象,在后文的研究中将采用这些数据。
本文以一8英寸软管为例,分析各种非线性效应同时施加到该系统时的影响效果。使用Smith[2]给出的设计方法对该软管的BSR进行初步设计并进行调整,调整的原则是使BSR外径沿规则的函数分布以便于使用1.1节中的理论模型进行曲率分析,调整前后的BSR线型如图7所示。
本文采用1.1节中提出的理论模型分别计算是否计及材料非线性时BSR区域的曲率分布情况对比结果如图8所示。从图8中可以看出,当考虑材料非线性时,该BSR系统的曲率分布相较于线性材料会出现两个明显的不同:(1)曲率的最大值不再出现在BSR的根部,而是BSR的尖端,并且在BSR的尖端出现曲率单调性的变化;(2)若计及材料的非线性,那么计算所得的曲率峰值将会比不计及材料非线性的结果高出约38%,这说明在设计以及校核非粘结管道的BSR区域时,必须考虑材料的非线性影响。
在计及材料非线性的前提下,本文随后计算了管道临界曲率不同时,在应力松弛发生前以及抵达应力松弛极限后的曲率分布,图9给出了不同临界曲率时应力松弛前后的曲率分布对比,以及不同临界曲率在应力松弛前后的最大曲率对比。
图9(c)和(d)揭示了应力松弛对非粘结管道-BSR系统的另一个重要影响,即原本并不会发生滑移的管道,在聚氨酯材料应力松弛的影响下,可能会产生滑移现象。这是由于应力松弛的影响可以直观表述为降低了材料的弹性模量,即相当于BSR可以提供的弯曲刚度在不断地下降,这将导致该区间的曲率上升,最终达到管道的临界曲率,发生滑移。
同时,对比图9(c)与(d)中的“应力松弛后”两条曲线,“应力松弛后”的曲线峰值由无滑移的0.471增加到0.518,这说明BSR材料的应力松弛会恶化非粘结管道滑移导致的曲率分布,进而对BSR材料的抗疲劳性能产生恶劣影响。
锥形BSR的两个关键参数分别为BSR根部外径DBSR,root及BSR的长度Lbs,两个参数的定义如图10所示。
2.1节所给出的初步设计之后的BSR参数为:DBSR,root=0.7179 m、Lbs=1.37 m。本节对这两个参数进行调整,并计算了式(15)和(16)中的五个无因次参数,计算结果如表3所示。
表3中不难发现,使用Smith推荐的方法所设计出的锥形BSR,确为从力学性能角度出发的最优方案(κS2均为表3中各方案最小值),然其仍不能满足κ ≤ 1的要求,这是由于初步设计方法没有考虑到材料非线性和应力松弛造成的影响,这也从侧面说明了在实际的工程应用中,有必要在初步设计后对BSR区域进行曲率预报,并实时调整BSR的形状。
表3中的数据可以看出,在BSR材料的应力-应变非线性关系及应力松弛效应的影响下,单纯的锥形已不再满足控制曲率的要求,因此,本节继续提出七种柱形BSR的设计方案,其原则为:1、2、3号方案为保证柱形BSR体积与锥形BSR体积相同的前提下,同时变化BSR的长度与根部外径;4、5号方案为保证根部外径不变,变化长度;6、7号方案为保证长度不变,变化根部外径。设计参数如表4所示。
经过计算后,7种设计方案在应力松弛到达极限后的曲率分布图如图11所示,无因次参数则如表5所示。
表5给出的无因次结果可以看出,7种柱形BSR设计方案中,方案1与方案4不满足BSR区域最大曲率小于管道最小弯曲半径所对应的曲率要求,方案6与方案7的无因次结果κ非常接近1,从表4中可以看出,这4种方案的BSR长度均在1 m以下,同时,柱状BSR长度最短的方案4其无因次结果S2最大。再对比设计方案1、2、3的各项计算结果参数,可以发现,方案3的各种参数近乎都是3种设计方案中最优的,设计方案1和5之间,也是设计方案5的曲率和方差的无因次参数κS2更小,这说明在设计圆柱形BSR时,应尽量将BSR材料设计得更加细长,使其尽可能更长地覆盖管道区域。同时,如需考虑经济性能,则可以适当考虑无因次参数V的数值。
本文首先推导计及多种非线性效应及BSR材料应力松弛效应的BSR区域曲率预报模型,并验证了其有效性,而后对某8英寸软管的BSR区域进行曲率分析,讨论BSR材料的应力松弛效应对曲率分布的影响,最终提出对BSR进行优化设计的几个无因次参数,并对BSR进行参数分析,共获得以下几点结论:
(1)BSR材料的应力-应变非线性、管道的弯曲迟滞特性以及BSR材料的应力松弛效应,对BSR区域的曲率分布具有相同的影响效果,即当考虑这些非线性因素后,BSR的最大曲率增加且曲率的分布更加不均,不利于BSR的抗疲劳性能。当这些非线性因素综合作用在一起时,将会使这些影响效果更加明显;
(2)由于现阶段工程中使用的锥形初步设计方法不考虑材料的应力-应变非线性和BSR的应力松弛效应,其设计出的BSR可能会在某些极端载荷下出现曲率超限,导致管道发生过度弯曲破坏;
(3)相同体积下柱形BSR一般会拥有比锥形BSR更好的防过度弯曲效果,且越细长的BSR对于过度弯曲的防范效果越优。
  • 国家自然科学基金基础科学中心项目(52088102)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.02.010
  • 接收时间:2024-08-20
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-20
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国家自然科学基金基础科学中心项目(52088102)
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    上海交通大学 船舶海洋与建筑工程学院,上海 200240

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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