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With aquaculture equipment gradually moving from offshore to deep sea, "Deep Blue 2", a semi-submersible and column-stabilized cage with a total aquaculture volume of about 90 000 cubic meters, came into existence. In order to study its hydrodynamic performance and characteristics of motion response under the irregular wave combined with steady air and current, a numerical model suitable for the time domain analysis of the cage was established by combining the WADAM, SIMO and RIFLEX solvers. The numerical model was coupled from the hydrodynamic model of the main structure of the "Deep Blue 2" and the finite element model of the nets and the mooring system. The panel model and Morrison model were combined to solve the hydrodynamic force of the cage. The finite element method was used to analyze the nets and mooring system in time domain where the nets load was computed based on the Screen model. The time domain simulation shows that the nets have a significant effect on the hydrodynamic performance of the cage, which cannot be ignored. The maximum mooring tension of the cage with nets is about twice that without nets, and the range of horizontal drift is also wider. The difference-frequency force components of second order wave force have little effect on the mooring tension and horizontal drift. These conclusions may be useful for the evaluation and optimization of the hydrodynamic performance of new cages.

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随着水产养殖装备从近海逐步走向深远海,全养殖水体约9万方的半潜柱稳式网箱“深蓝2号”应运而生。为研究其在定常风流及不规则波作用下的水动力性能与运动响应特点,结合WADAM、SIMO及RIFLEX求解器建立适用于网箱时域分析的数值模型。数值模型由“深蓝2号”主体结构的水动力模型、内外双层网衣及系泊系统的有限元模型耦合而成。通过面元模型和莫里森模型相结合的方式求解网箱水动力,采用有限元法对网衣及系泊系统进行时域分析,其中网衣波流载荷的计算基于Screen模型。时域耦合分析发现网衣对网箱水动力性能作用显著,不可忽视。网箱有网衣作用的最大系泊张力约为无网衣的两倍,水平漂移范围亦更广。网箱的波浪二阶差频力对系泊张力及水平漂移影响比较小。研究结果对此类新型网箱水动力性能的评估及优化具有技术支撑及借鉴意义。

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吴皓(1993-),男,博士研究生,工程师

周松(1983-),男,硕士,高级工程师

刘强(1985-),男,博士,高级工程师

王凯(1983-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

严俊(1957-),男,博士,研究员。

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严俊(1957-),男,博士,研究员。

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The influence of fish on the mooring loads of a floating net cage[J]. Journal of Fluids & Structures, 2018, 76:384-395., articleTitle=The influence of fish on the mooring loads of a floating net cage, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243304992401109093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304974155887183, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=238, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=Tang H J, Yang R Y, Yao H C, journalName=Ocean Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tang H J, Yang R Y, Yao H C. Experimental and numerical investigations of a mooring line failure of an aquaculture net cage subjected to currents[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2021, 238:109707., articleTitle=Experimental and numerical investigations of a mooring line failure of an aquaculture net cage subjected to currents, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243304992476606566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304974155887183, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=13, issue=5, pageStart=476, pageEnd=487, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=Yan J D, Qiao D, Ou J, journalName=Ships and Offshore Structures, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yan J D, Qiao D, Ou J. Optimal design and hydrodynamic response analysis of deep water mooring system with submerged buoys[J]. Ships and Offshore Structures, 2018, 13(5): 476-487., articleTitle=Optimal design and hydrodynamic response analysis of deep water mooring system with submerged buoys, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243304992585658471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304974155887183, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=90, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=3, authorNames=Huang X, Liu H, Hu Y, journalName=Aquacultural Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Huang X, Liu H, Hu Y, et al. Hydrodynamic performance of a semi-submersible offshore fish farm with a single point mooring system in pure waves and current[J]. 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Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2019, 7(7): 238., articleTitle=Experimental investigations on hydrodynamic responses of a semi-submersible offshore fish farm in waves, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243304992866676842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304974155887183, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=78, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=6, authorNames=Jin J, Su B, Dou R, journalName=Marine Structures, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jin J, Su B, Dou R, et al. Numerical modelling of hydrodynamic responses of Ocean Farm 1 in waves and current and validation against model test measurements[J]. Marine Structures, 2021, 78:103017., articleTitle=Numerical modelling of hydrodynamic responses of Ocean Farm 1 in waves and current and validation against model test measurements, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243304992954757227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304974155887183, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=17, issue=4, pageStart=118, pageEnd=125, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=7, authorNames=吴元紧, 黄小华, 刘海阳, journalName=南方水产科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=吴元紧,黄小华,刘海阳,. 船型桁架结构网箱单点系泊受力试验研究[J]. 南方水产科学2021, 17(4):118-125., articleTitle=船型桁架结构网箱单点系泊受力试验研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243304993017671788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304974155887183, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=17, issue=4, pageStart=118, pageEnd=125, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=8, authorNames=Wu Y J, Huang X H, Liu H Y, journalName=South China Fisheries Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wu Y J, Huang X H, Liu H Y, et al., Experimental study on mooring force of a single-point mooring fish cage with ship-type truss structure[J]. 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Aquaculture International, 1993, 1(1): 72-89., articleTitle=Current forces on and water flow through fish farms, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243304993651011699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304974155887183, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=15, authorNames=Det N V, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Det N V. DNV-OS-E301-Position mooring[EB/OL]. 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tension in damaged condition under the direction of 15°, figureFileSmall=pFmxMaUl3204xyBnt/WWsA==, figureFileBig=cVNr+Ov+gmSJDBKGbRV9xQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243304991356727375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304974155887183, language=CN, label=图17, caption=风浪流作用方向为15°下破损状态L3系泊张力的时域变化曲线, figureFileSmall=pFmxMaUl3204xyBnt/WWsA==, figureFileBig=cVNr+Ov+gmSJDBKGbRV9xQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243304991465779282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304974155887183, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Main parameters of “Deep Blue 2”

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
养殖水体/m38~9(×103
总长L/m75.38
总宽B/m67.25
总高D/m71.50
半潜吃水d/m31.35
重心高h/m9.90
Rxx/m25.83
Ryy/m23.10
Rzz/m27.82
), ArticleFig(id=1243304991549665364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304974155887183, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

“深蓝2号”主要参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
养殖水体/m38~9(×103
总长L/m75.38
总宽B/m67.25
总高D/m71.50
半潜吃水d/m31.35
重心高h/m9.90
Rxx/m25.83
Ryy/m23.10
Rzz/m27.82
), ArticleFig(id=1243304991625162837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304974155887183, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Main parameters of Hexagon mesh EcoNet

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T/mmA/mmB/mmC/mmD/mm
3.0738010085
), ArticleFig(id=1243304991730020439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304974155887183, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

龟甲网主要参数

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T/mmA/mmB/mmC/mmD/mm
3.0738010085
), ArticleFig(id=1243304991809712217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304974155887183, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Parameters of fiber rope and anchor chain

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长度/m等效直径/mm刚度/kN最小破断力/kN干重/(kg⋅m-1
无档锚链4451909.5×1058753222.7
纤维缆251607.1×104918315.8
), ArticleFig(id=1243304991889403994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304974155887183, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

纤维缆-锚链两段系泊索参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
长度/m等效直径/mm刚度/kN最小破断力/kN干重/(kg⋅m-1
无档锚链4451909.5×1058753222.7
纤维缆251607.1×104918315.8
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半潜式网箱系泊系统数值计算研究
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吴皓 1, 2 , 周松 3 , 刘强 4 , 王凯 1, 2 , 严俊 5
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025,29(2): 200-208
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025, 29(2): 200-208
半潜式网箱系泊系统数值计算研究
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吴皓1, 2, 周松3, 刘强4, 王凯1, 2 , 严俊5
作者信息
  • 1.中山大学,广东 珠海 519082
  • 2.南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海),广东 珠海 519082
  • 3.南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(湛江),广东 湛江 524006
  • 4.广船国际有限公司,广州 511400
  • 5.珠海市海洋装备研究院有限公司,广东 珠海 519085
  • 吴皓(1993-),男,博士研究生,工程师

    周松(1983-),男,硕士,高级工程师

    刘强(1985-),男,博士,高级工程师

    王凯(1983-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

    严俊(1957-),男,博士,研究员。

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Numerical simulation of semi-submersible cage with mooring system
Hao WU1, 2, Song ZHOU3, Qiang LIU4, Kai WANG1, 2 , Jun YAN5
Affiliations
  • 1.Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
  • 2.Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
  • 3.Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang 524006, China
  • 4.Guangzhou Shipyard International Company Limited, Guangzhou 511400, China
  • 5.Zhuhai Marine Equipment Research Institute Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519085, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.02.004
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随着水产养殖装备从近海逐步走向深远海,全养殖水体约9万方的半潜柱稳式网箱“深蓝2号”应运而生。为研究其在定常风流及不规则波作用下的水动力性能与运动响应特点,结合WADAM、SIMO及RIFLEX求解器建立适用于网箱时域分析的数值模型。数值模型由“深蓝2号”主体结构的水动力模型、内外双层网衣及系泊系统的有限元模型耦合而成。通过面元模型和莫里森模型相结合的方式求解网箱水动力,采用有限元法对网衣及系泊系统进行时域分析,其中网衣波流载荷的计算基于Screen模型。时域耦合分析发现网衣对网箱水动力性能作用显著,不可忽视。网箱有网衣作用的最大系泊张力约为无网衣的两倍,水平漂移范围亦更广。网箱的波浪二阶差频力对系泊张力及水平漂移影响比较小。研究结果对此类新型网箱水动力性能的评估及优化具有技术支撑及借鉴意义。

“深蓝2号”网箱  /  面元模型  /  莫里森模型  /  Screen模型  /  有限元法

With aquaculture equipment gradually moving from offshore to deep sea, "Deep Blue 2", a semi-submersible and column-stabilized cage with a total aquaculture volume of about 90 000 cubic meters, came into existence. In order to study its hydrodynamic performance and characteristics of motion response under the irregular wave combined with steady air and current, a numerical model suitable for the time domain analysis of the cage was established by combining the WADAM, SIMO and RIFLEX solvers. The numerical model was coupled from the hydrodynamic model of the main structure of the "Deep Blue 2" and the finite element model of the nets and the mooring system. The panel model and Morrison model were combined to solve the hydrodynamic force of the cage. The finite element method was used to analyze the nets and mooring system in time domain where the nets load was computed based on the Screen model. The time domain simulation shows that the nets have a significant effect on the hydrodynamic performance of the cage, which cannot be ignored. The maximum mooring tension of the cage with nets is about twice that without nets, and the range of horizontal drift is also wider. The difference-frequency force components of second order wave force have little effect on the mooring tension and horizontal drift. These conclusions may be useful for the evaluation and optimization of the hydrodynamic performance of new cages.

"Deep Blue 2" cage  /  panel model  /  Morison model  /  Screen model  /  finite element method
吴皓, 周松, 刘强, 王凯, 严俊. 半潜式网箱系泊系统数值计算研究. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (2) : 200 -208 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.02.004
Hao WU, Song ZHOU, Qiang LIU, Kai WANG, Jun YAN. Numerical simulation of semi-submersible cage with mooring system[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (2) : 200 -208 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.02.004
由于近岸地区生态环境和空间资源的限制,水产养殖网箱正在向深远海发展。深远海海水流通性好,质量高,受人类活动影响小,更适宜进行水产养殖活动。但深海环境条件比近海更加开放和恶劣,暴露于恶劣海洋环境条件中的传统重力式等柔性网箱,在波流引起的水动力载荷作用下将产生剧烈的动力响应和变形。作为世界上渔业最发达的国家之一,挪威开发了一种新型的25万方柱稳式框架结构网箱“Ocean Farm 1”,开启了新时代迈向深海水产养殖的第一步。
随着水产养殖向深海进军,这类半潜式养殖网箱在世界范围内被广泛接受和使用。而在更为开阔的海域中,网箱很容易遭受强烈的洋流、巨浪和风暴潮的影响。由于网的存在,网箱的水动力响应不同于传统的海洋工程平台,因此研究这类柱稳式深海养殖网箱的水动力响应具有重要的意义。在过去几十年里,国内外对养殖网箱及其系泊系统水动力响应进行了大量的实验和数值研究,但主要以重力式等柔性网箱居多,新型柱稳式半潜养殖网箱的研究还较少。Zhao等[1]分别采用人造鱼和活鱼进行的网箱模型试验结果表明,人造鱼群对网箱系泊载荷的影响比无鱼小约3%,但纯流中有活鱼时测量得到的系泊载荷比无活鱼时大10%~28%。Tang等[2]研究了系泊索失效对采用八点锚泊的重力式网箱的影响,实验结果表明当上游的系泊缆破断后,其余系泊索的系泊张力显著增加,但很快整个系统在几秒内达到一个新的力学平衡。实验还观察到完整和失效状态间的系泊张力比在1.5~2之间。Yan等[3]提出一种基于传统悬链式系泊系统形式的带浮子优化系泊系统,并研究了浮子尺寸和位置的影响,结果表明浮子对平台的垂荡、纵摇以及系泊索最大张力的影响并不显著,但可以显著减小垂向力,增加平台的有效载荷。Huang等[4]在波流试验水池中对不同单点系泊方式下缩尺比为1:30的半潜式网箱进行了试验,得出该网箱在波浪和水流中的升沉、纵摇和横摇具有较好的稳定性以及增加锚链长度和加装浮子可以在锚泊力波动的情况下显著降低锚泊力的结论。Yu等[5]为了使半潜式深海网箱模型能承受波流的激励力,通过实验与数值模拟研究了极限条件下的非线性垂荡加速度和系泊载荷。Zhao等[6]通过一系列物理模型试验研究了参考Ocean Farm1的半潜式深海网箱在规则波作用下三种吃水的系泊索张力和运动响应,研究表明迎风系泊索上的张力大于背风系泊索上的张力;随着波高的增加,系泊索的张力和垂荡、纵荡、纵摇等运动响应均呈上升趋势;波浪参数、吃水和网衣对网箱水动力性能具有显著影响。Jin等[7]研究建立了挪威渔场的“Ocean Farm 1”在波流中运动响应的数值模型,首先将数值时域模拟的结果与衰减试验、纯流试验和规则波试验的结果进行验证,然后把不规则波和流的环境条件下的数值模拟与试验数据结果进行了对比,验证了数值模拟的可靠性。吴元紧等[8]对一种船型桁架结构的单点系泊深远海网箱开展了模型比尺为1∶40的水池试验,结果表明有网衣时网箱受力相较于无网衣在纯波条件下增幅达1倍以上。王益厚等[9]采用莫里森方程求解计及波浪场扰动的网衣水动力载荷,通过对网衣水动力载荷与浮体运动不断迭代计算,实现了计及网箱运动-波浪场扰动-网衣受力耦合效应的船型网箱动力响应分析。
深远海柱稳式半潜养殖网箱水线面小,主要浮体位于海水深处,可通过底部浮箱调节网箱吃水,抗风暴能力强,稳性等安全性能良好,能够适应更为恶劣的海况。南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(湛江)开发了一座全养殖水体约9万方的深远海半潜式养殖网箱,系泊状态下具备半潜和坐底两种养殖状态。当环境条件超过设计海况限制时,该网箱可坐底进入全潜养殖状态。为研究这类半潜式养殖网箱在定常风流和不规则波中的水动力性能与运动响应特点,提出一种综合运用WADAM、SIMO、RIFLEX求解器建立的数值模型方案。其中,数值模型采用WADAM对网箱进行频域分析,运用SIMO求解网箱时域计算中的风浪流载荷,利用RIFLEX对网衣及系泊系统进行动力分析,而网衣水动力载荷的计算基于Screen模型,最后通过耦合SIMO-RIFLEX求解器实现对网箱的时域仿真。基于上述数值模型分别对比评估网衣及波浪的二阶差频力对网箱水动力性能及运动响应的影响,并比较网箱系泊系统完整和破损状态的张力及运动。
传统的重力式等深水网箱主要由浮架、网衣及锚泊系统组成,由于可能会发生过度变形,这类柔性网箱不适用于环境较为剧烈的开阔海域。为发展深远海规模化水产养殖业,南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(湛江)开发了“深蓝2号”网箱,网箱由正六边形柱稳式框架结构、双层网衣组成,其主要参数见表1,模型见图1
网箱主体网衣为全封闭双层网衣,内外层分别采用方形网和龟甲网。考虑30%海生物等附着影响的密实度Sn分别为0.176和0.133。理想的无结方形网Sn的计算见下式:
式中,Sn是网衣净投影面积与满实投影面积的比值,dw为网线直径,lD为相邻网线的距离。龟甲网及其Sn的计算示意如图2所示,规格参数如表2所示。
网箱主体框架包括浮箱、立柱及撑杆等细长杆件。主体浮箱及立柱等大尺寸结构物基于三维势流理论求解其面元模型的波浪力。网箱与系泊定位系统是一个互相耦合的系统,系泊直接影响网箱的慢漂运动。由于波浪非线性相互作用对网箱产生的差频作用可能导致系统平面运动发生谐振,所以网箱波浪力的数值计算包含一阶波频力及二阶差频力(含二阶平均波浪力)。网箱撑杆等细长杆件的模拟采用莫里森模型,拖曳力系数Cd和附加质量力系数Cm分别取为0.65和1[10]。网箱大尺寸结构物同样采用等效莫里森模型求解其方程的拖曳力项,以考虑势流理论忽视的粘性力。网衣等效采用Screen模型,其对网衣阻力的数值计算相比于莫里森模型具有明显的改进[11]。Screen模型最初应用于定常流场景,由于网衣线径很小,Keulegan-Carpenter数的数量级较大,波浪中的流动假定为准定常流,所以认为Screen模型亦适用于波浪中网衣的水动力计算[12]。Screen模型将网衣分解成一系列子网片,网衣载荷等于一系列子网片载荷的叠加。子网片载荷是一个关于Sn、雷诺数Re、相对速度Urel及入射角θ的函数,可分解为水平拖曳力FD和升力FL,见图3。采用Løland提出的Screen模型,FDFLCDCL表达式分别如下[13]
式中,ρw为流体密度,At为网片面积,Urel为相对速度,CDCL分别为拖曳力系数和升力系数,iDiL分别表示拖曳力和升力的单位矢量。网衣CD随入射角θ的增大而衰减,并遵循余弦函数曲线的规律。由于流体的粘性作用将使尾流发生扰动,流经网衣后的流速受到折减。
式中,U为前方流速,uw为水质点速度,us为结构速度。前网衣对后网衣的遮蔽作用取决于折减系数。折减系数较常用的计算公式为γ=1-0.46CD。考虑到流速的折减并不显著且波浪的水质点速度相对更大,网衣间的遮蔽作用不是很明显。保守起见,网衣载荷计算忽略网衣间的遮蔽效应。
系泊系统是一个复杂、动态及时变的系统,它通过系泊索将网箱连接到海床,进而限制网箱水平范围内的漂移及运动。为保证正常的养殖与作业,采用带浮球的四点对称布置的悬链线系泊系统进行定位,其中加装浮球的目的主要是防止网箱坐底时系泊索松弛发生缠绕。初步系泊设计方案的相关参数见表3。系泊索由浮球上端的柔性纤维缆和下端的均质锚链两段构成,分别连接于导缆点和锚点,在水中除受静力及波流载荷外,还有接触海床的垂向支撑力及水平方向的摩擦力。系泊索的动力分析采用有限元法进行时域计算,其中无档锚链的垂向和切向Cd分别为2.4、1.15,Cm为2;卧链的海底摩擦系数为1.0;纤维缆CdCm分别为1.6和1.0[14]。浮球的水动力系数CdCm分别为0.3和0.5[3]。系泊系统和网箱互相作用,系泊系统限制了网箱的运动,网箱的运动又触发系泊系统张力及回复力的非线性变化。因此求解网箱的时域运动方程时必须将二者进行耦合,通过迭代求解求得整个系统每一瞬时的动力与运动。二者的相互作用通过导缆点的连接进行耦合,导缆点对称布置于四根大立柱外侧,初步系泊系统布置方案如图4所示。
通过结合上述理论并利用WADAM、SIMO、RIFLEX求解器,构建“深蓝2号”网箱系泊的数值耦合模型,数值计算流程见图5。WADAM和SIMO分别用于频域和时域分析,RIFLEX用于有限元分析。通过耦合SIMO-RIFLEX求解器后,网箱与系泊系统的动力与运动将在时域上进行同步迭代求解。
首先,在与SIMO模型的计算坐标系一致的情况下,运用WADAM建立网箱水动力模型,包括模拟浮箱、立柱等主结构的面元模型和撑杆等细长结构的莫里森模型。此时的莫里森模型并未参与水动力计算。基于三维势流理论在间隔1 s、单位幅值的规则波周期为3~60 s范围内计算得到间隔为15°、浪向范围为0°~360°的附加质量与阻尼、一阶波浪力传递函数及二阶差频力传递函数等。然后在SIMO重构模拟撑杆等细长杆件的莫里森模型,输入网箱单位风速的风力系数矩阵,并通过频域分析的水动力系数转换得到网箱时域运动方程中的水动力,建立起网箱主体框架的时域水动力分析模型。接着在RIFLEX中采用有限元法建立双层网衣及系泊系统的有限元模型。由于网衣是与横竖交错绷紧的纲绳绑扎装配,网衣假定为高刚度模型从而忽略小弹性变形。在SIMA平台中,RIFLEX的有限元模型通过系列连接点与SIMO的水动力模型耦合成一个相互作用的数值模型,实现对风浪流作用下网箱和系泊系统的动力与运动的时域求解。网箱数值模型见图1,定位系泊系统的静力平衡状态见图6
“深蓝2号”网箱计划安放于海平面平均水深约54 m的中国黄海海域,在设计环境条件下进行半潜养殖与作业:Hs=4.2 m,Tp=9 s;表中底层流速分别为0.72 m/s、0.62 m/s、0.45 m/s,风速为36 m/s,超过该海况时网箱进入坐底养殖状态。假定风、浪、流同向,模拟的方向范围为0°~90°,在风、浪、流同时作用下对网箱进行时域耦合分析,研究网衣和二阶差频力对网箱系泊张力与水平漂移的影响,并比较完整状态和单根系泊索破后的结果差异。其中,网箱系泊张力与水平漂移为取不同随机波种子的五种海况计算的均值。
不同于传统的半潜式平台,“深蓝2号”养殖网箱由全封闭的内外双层网衣构成一个密闭的养殖空间。为探讨网衣对网箱的影响,图7~8显示了有无网衣时各系泊索在不同作用方向下最大系泊张力和平均系泊张力的比较。通过比较同一状态不同风浪流作用方向的系泊索张力最大值和平均值,发现迎风侧的系泊索张力显著大于背风侧,在迎浪或横浪作用下迎风侧的系泊张力基本一致。图7~8清晰表明了网衣对“深蓝2号”网箱的水动力性能具有显著而不可忽视的作用,完整状态迎风侧系泊张力显著大于无网衣波流力作用时的状态,有无网衣作用力的最大系泊张力峰值均出现在45°方向的L3上,分别为3372 kN和1615 kN,有网衣作用力的结果约为无网衣作用力的两倍。图8中二者系泊平均张力值约为1214 kN和709 kN,前者约为后者的1.7倍。有网衣作用力的系泊索安全因子为2.37,表明初步系泊设计方案满足系泊索完整作业状态的安全性要求。
图9表明,在各风浪流作用方向下,有网衣波流作用力状态比无网衣波流作用力状态的最大漂移和平均漂移范围更大。在0°方向网箱沿X的漂移均最大,有网衣波流作用力的最大漂移约为11 m,比无网衣波流作用力时大约2 m。由于网箱系统的对称性,网箱长宽比较接近,在90°方向网箱沿Y的漂移范围与在0°方向网箱沿X的漂移范围比较接近。
网箱系泊系统是一个互相耦合的系统,系泊系统的水动力直接影响网箱水平方向的慢漂运动,而网箱的慢漂运动也会导致系泊索的载荷变大。波浪的二阶差频力对低频慢漂运动起重要作用。如果阻尼较低,网箱可能会发生较大的谐振运动,对系泊系统产生较大应力。将计算得到的差频QTF导入到SIMO中,形成用于时域分析的二阶波浪载荷。图10~12的计算结果显示,无差频力作用时系泊张力和漂移结果与有差频力作用时的状态基本一致,其中仅45°方向的系泊最大张力略低,表明二阶差频力对网箱的横荡和纵荡水平运动影响并不显著。尽管波浪的非线性相互作用产生的差频作用可能会对低频的水平运动产生谐振,但网箱同样会受到来自网衣作用力等明显的阻尼作用。此外,二阶差频力从数量级上与一阶波浪力相比很小,这可能是导致二阶差频力对网箱水动力性能影响很小的原因。
在恶劣的环境条件下,当系泊系统中有一根系泊索发生破断时,系泊张力将达到极限状态。图13为假定系泊索L3在时域模拟半小时后突然破断失效时完整状态和破损状态的系泊最大张力的对比结果,可以看到在风浪流作用方向为0°~90°时,临近破断系泊索的系泊索张力显著大于完整状态。完整状态最大系泊张力出现在风浪流作用方向为45°的系泊索L3,其时域变化曲线见图15。破损状态的最大系泊张力出现在风浪流作用方向为15°的系泊索L2。从图16图17L2和L3的系泊张力时历来看,当L3在某一瞬时发生破断后,系泊张力归零的同时,临近的L2张力显著上升,最大张力达到约5347 kN,比完整状态大约64%。对应安全因子为1.64,说明初步系泊设计方案满足系泊索破损作业状态的安全性要求。取风浪流作用方向为0°~90°的网箱漂移(图14),可以观察到网箱破损状态的平均漂移和最大漂移已远远漂离完整状态时的位置。
为评估“深蓝2号”网箱的水动力性能,本文提出了一种利用WADAM、SIMO、RIFLEX求解器实现网箱时域分析的数值模型方案。该数值模型由“深蓝2号”主体结构的水动力模型、内外双层网衣及系泊系统的有限元模型耦合而成。WADAM和SIMO分别用于频域和时域求解,RIFLEX用于有限元分析。通过耦合SIMO-RIFLEX求解器后,实现了对“深蓝2号”网箱在风浪流环境条件下的时域耦合分析。在给定的风浪流条件下分别对比了网衣和二阶差频力对网箱系泊张力和漂移范围的影响。结果表明:网衣对网箱水动力性能具有不可忽视的重要作用,二阶差频力对网箱水动力性能影响较小;“深蓝2号”网箱有网衣状态的最大系泊张力约为无网衣波流作用力时的两倍,网衣对网箱的作用显著,相应的水平漂移也有明显的增加;无差频力作用的网箱系泊最大张力仅略微低于有差频力作用时的结果,相应的水平平均漂移和最大漂移基本一致;当假定网箱单根系泊索在时域模拟的某一瞬时发生破断时,临近破断系泊索的系泊索张力显著大于完整状态,最大系泊张力相比完整系泊系统大约64%,此时网箱也已远远漂离完整状态时的位置。
  • 广东省海上风电联合基金重点项目(2022B1515250005)
  • 南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海)自主科研项目(SML2023SP235)
  • 广东省海洋经济发展(海洋六大产业)专项资金(GDNRC[2023]33)
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2025年第29卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.02.004
  • 接收时间:2024-08-23
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-23
基金
广东省海上风电联合基金重点项目(2022B1515250005)
南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海)自主科研项目(SML2023SP235)
广东省海洋经济发展(海洋六大产业)专项资金(GDNRC[2023]33)
作者信息
    1.中山大学,广东 珠海 519082
    2.南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海),广东 珠海 519082
    3.南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(湛江),广东 湛江 524006
    4.广船国际有限公司,广州 511400
    5.珠海市海洋装备研究院有限公司,广东 珠海 519085

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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