Article(id=1243304972402671699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243304968753623545, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.02.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723737600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774356604910, onlineDateStr=2026-03-24, pubDate=1739980800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774356604910, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774356604910, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774356604910, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243304968753623545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='2', pageStart='171', pageEnd='335', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1774356604040, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774356967523, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243306493370544137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243304968753623545, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243306493370544138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243304968753623545, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=181, endPage=188, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243304973916815453, articleId=1243304972402671699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Numerical simulation of the divisional characteristics of ice resistance on the hull of icebreaker, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Obtaining the divisional characteristics of ice resistance on the hull is the basis of hull form optimization for icebreakers. At present, neither the real ship measurement nor the ice tank model test can effectively obtain the divisional characteristics of ice resistances at each part of the hull. In order to explore the ice resistance during the icebreaking process, the icebreaker "XueLong 2" was taken as the research object in this paper, and the ice force carried by each parts of the hull during the icebreaking process was analyzed by constructing a discrete element numerical model of the interaction of ship and ice. Firstly, a discrete element model of level ice with random-arranged elements was established, and the microscopic parameters of the model were calibrated according to the typical strength values of Arctic sea ice. Then, the ice resistance of "XueLong 2" calculated based on discrete element method was compared with that based on Lindqvist empirical formula. On this basis, the ice force value of each region of the hull was obtained through calculating zonally the ice force in the interaction process of ship and ice. The calculation results show that the icebreaking resistance accounts for a large proportion among the ice resistance of the hull generated in the icebreaking process, and the friction resistance caused by the slip of crushed ices is relatively small. The ice resistance of the hull is mainly generated in the area of bow, and the stem bears a significant icebreaking load. The divisional calculation method of ice resistance of icebreaker established in this paper can provide technical support for the hull optimization based on icebreaking capability.

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获取冰阻力在船体的分区特征是破冰船船型优化的基础,目前无论是实船测量还是冰水池模型试验均无法有效获取冰阻力在船体各部位的分区特征。为探究破冰过程中船体各部位承载的冰阻力大小,本文以“雪龙2”破冰船为研究对象,通过构建船-冰作用的离散元数值模型分析破冰过程中船体各部位承载的冰力。首先建立单元随机排布的层冰离散元模型,并针对北极海冰典型强度值标定模型细观参数;随后对使用离散元方法计算的“雪龙2”船体冰阻力值与Lindqvist经验公式计算结果进行比较。在此基础上,通过对船-冰作用过程中的冰力进行分区计算,获得船体各分区的冰力值。计算结果表明:破冰过程中船体冰阻力中破冰阻力占比较大,碎冰滑移产生的摩擦阻力相对较小,船体的冰阻力主要产生于艏部区域,并且艏柱处承受了较大的破冰载荷。本文建立的破冰船冰阻力分区计算方法可为冰区船舶基于破冰能力的船型优化问题提供技术支撑。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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狄少丞(1986-),男,博士,副教授,博士生导师,通讯作者,E-mail:

雷建奇(1997-),男,硕士,助理工程师

申达(1998-),男,硕士研究生。

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狄少丞(1986-),男,博士,副教授,博士生导师,通讯作者,E-mail:

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狄少丞(1986-),男,博士,副教授,博士生导师,通讯作者,E-mail:

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caption=滑移区内不同分区冰载荷值, figureFileSmall=Bs1O67gRlv6403JxP72RpA==, figureFileBig=GtLlC57BS9DBd/no7hxMUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243304993462272801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304972402671699, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Major computational parameters used in Lindqvist empirical formula for the calculation of ice resistance of“XueLong 2”ice breaker

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
船体参数数值海冰参数数值
船宽W/m22.3弹性模量E/GPa5.5
吃水D/m7.85弯曲强度σf/MPa0.55
水线长L/m114.5泊松比ν0.33
艏柱角α20海冰密度ρi/(kg⋅m-3880
进水角β40船-冰摩擦系数μ0.15
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Lindqvist公式计算“雪龙2”破冰船的主要计算参数

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船体参数数值海冰参数数值
船宽W/m22.3弹性模量E/GPa5.5
吃水D/m7.85弯曲强度σf/MPa0.55
水线长L/m114.5泊松比ν0.33
艏柱角α20海冰密度ρi/(kg⋅m-3880
进水角β40船-冰摩擦系数μ0.15
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Comparison of ice forces between simulation with DEM and calculation by Lindqvist formula

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冰厚/m离散元模拟结果/kNLindqvist公式计算结果/kN相对偏差
1.02882812%
1.5575574<1%
2.09149605%
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离散元方法与Lindqvist公式计算的冰阻力比较

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冰厚/m离散元模拟结果/kNLindqvist公式计算结果/kN相对偏差
1.02882812%
1.5575574<1%
2.09149605%
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Comparison of ice forces at different hull divisions under various ice thicknesses

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冰层厚度/m各分区冰阻力值(kN)及占总阻力百分比
艏柱破冰区滑移区下沉龙骨其余船体
1.078(27%)213(74%)57(20%)6(2%)12(4%)
1.5149(26%)410(71%)120(21%)13(2%)32(6%)
2.0226(25%)683(75%)167(18%)22(2%)42(5%)
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不同冰厚工况下船体各分区冰阻力值比较

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冰层厚度/m各分区冰阻力值(kN)及占总阻力百分比
艏柱破冰区滑移区下沉龙骨其余船体
1.078(27%)213(74%)57(20%)6(2%)12(4%)
1.5149(26%)410(71%)120(21%)13(2%)32(6%)
2.0226(25%)683(75%)167(18%)22(2%)42(5%)
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破冰船冰阻力船体分区特征数值模拟研究
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狄少丞 1 , 雷建奇 2 , 申达 1
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025,29(2): 181-188
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025, 29(2): 181-188
破冰船冰阻力船体分区特征数值模拟研究
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狄少丞1 , 雷建奇2, 申达1
作者信息
  • 1.哈尔滨工程大学 船舶工程学院,哈尔滨 150001
  • 2.中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 狄少丞(1986-),男,博士,副教授,博士生导师,通讯作者,E-mail:

    雷建奇(1997-),男,硕士,助理工程师

    申达(1998-),男,硕士研究生。

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Numerical simulation of the divisional characteristics of ice resistance on the hull of icebreaker
Shao-cheng DI1 , Jian-qi LEI2, Da SHEN1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
  • 2.China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.02.002
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获取冰阻力在船体的分区特征是破冰船船型优化的基础,目前无论是实船测量还是冰水池模型试验均无法有效获取冰阻力在船体各部位的分区特征。为探究破冰过程中船体各部位承载的冰阻力大小,本文以“雪龙2”破冰船为研究对象,通过构建船-冰作用的离散元数值模型分析破冰过程中船体各部位承载的冰力。首先建立单元随机排布的层冰离散元模型,并针对北极海冰典型强度值标定模型细观参数;随后对使用离散元方法计算的“雪龙2”船体冰阻力值与Lindqvist经验公式计算结果进行比较。在此基础上,通过对船-冰作用过程中的冰力进行分区计算,获得船体各分区的冰力值。计算结果表明:破冰过程中船体冰阻力中破冰阻力占比较大,碎冰滑移产生的摩擦阻力相对较小,船体的冰阻力主要产生于艏部区域,并且艏柱处承受了较大的破冰载荷。本文建立的破冰船冰阻力分区计算方法可为冰区船舶基于破冰能力的船型优化问题提供技术支撑。

冰阻力  /  冰载荷  /  船体分区  /  平整冰  /  离散元方法

Obtaining the divisional characteristics of ice resistance on the hull is the basis of hull form optimization for icebreakers. At present, neither the real ship measurement nor the ice tank model test can effectively obtain the divisional characteristics of ice resistances at each part of the hull. In order to explore the ice resistance during the icebreaking process, the icebreaker "XueLong 2" was taken as the research object in this paper, and the ice force carried by each parts of the hull during the icebreaking process was analyzed by constructing a discrete element numerical model of the interaction of ship and ice. Firstly, a discrete element model of level ice with random-arranged elements was established, and the microscopic parameters of the model were calibrated according to the typical strength values of Arctic sea ice. Then, the ice resistance of "XueLong 2" calculated based on discrete element method was compared with that based on Lindqvist empirical formula. On this basis, the ice force value of each region of the hull was obtained through calculating zonally the ice force in the interaction process of ship and ice. The calculation results show that the icebreaking resistance accounts for a large proportion among the ice resistance of the hull generated in the icebreaking process, and the friction resistance caused by the slip of crushed ices is relatively small. The ice resistance of the hull is mainly generated in the area of bow, and the stem bears a significant icebreaking load. The divisional calculation method of ice resistance of icebreaker established in this paper can provide technical support for the hull optimization based on icebreaking capability.

ice resistance  /  ice load  /  hull partition  /  level ice  /  discrete element method
狄少丞, 雷建奇, 申达. 破冰船冰阻力船体分区特征数值模拟研究. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (2) : 181 -188 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.02.002
Shao-cheng DI, Jian-qi LEI, Da SHEN. Numerical simulation of the divisional characteristics of ice resistance on the hull of icebreaker[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (2) : 181 -188 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.02.002
《“十四五”规划和2035年远景目标纲要》中明确提出开展重型破冰船领域的技术攻关。作为极地科考、航运和资源开发重要载体的破冰船是我国迫切需要发展的极地技术装备。在破冰船设计研发阶段,基于破冰能力的船型优化问题是需要重点关注的内容,其中获取破冰过程中冰力在船体的分布特征是开展船型优化的关键。
破冰能力即在保证结构安全前提下,破冰船以既定航速持续航行所能破除的最强冰况的能力。破冰过程中,船艏特殊的外倾及艏柱到平行中体渐变的构型,使得层冰与船艏接触碰撞过程中发生挤压和弯曲断裂[1]。层冰在特殊的艏部构型作用下发生周期性的断裂、翻转和沿船体的滑移[2],对船体产生往复的冰力。早期,船体冰阻力计算公式多基于对层冰破坏过程的观测,并依赖于实船测量数据,最具代表性的是Lindqvist(1989)冰阻力计算公式[3],后期多用于不同船型冰阻力的计算[4-5]。然而,受测量手段[6]和船-冰作用精细理论模型[7]发展的限制,导致对船体各部位更为精细的冰力分布情况的研究仍缺乏,人们对冰力在船体的分区特征并不清楚。
随着对破冰过程中层冰断裂及碎冰运动认识的不断深入[8],人们逐渐建立起了能够精细刻画结构物与冰作用过程的数值方法,其中具有黏结破碎特征的离散元方法最受关注[9]。离散元法中的单元黏结模型以材料的变形和破坏理论为建模基础,能够描述层冰的变形与破坏特征,以及破碎后碎冰与结构物接触、碰撞的全过程,满足了对结构物表面冰力分布特征研究的需求。为此,本文以“雪龙2”破冰船为研究对象,借助离散元方法获取破冰船破冰过程中冰阻力在船体的分区特征。
离散元方法中,球形单元黏结模型最早由Cundall等[10]提出,该模型在分析岩土材料变形、破坏行为以及从变形到破坏的细观演化机理方面得到了广泛应用[11-13]。黏结模型主要利用材料力学中梁的变形分析理论,通过设定相邻接触单元间的黏结作用,实现对颗粒堆积体整体变形与破坏行为的建模分析。
黏结模型中,在相邻两个黏结球体单元间设定一个黏结圆盘,如图1所示,其中xAxB为单元AB的空间位置。圆盘可以传递相邻单元间由于相对运动而产生的作用力和力矩,即拉压力、剪力、弯矩和扭矩。这里,力和力矩可分解为法向分量和切向分量:
式中,分别为力与力矩的法向分量和切向分量。
依据梁的拉伸、扭转和弯曲理论,黏结圆盘上的最大拉应力和剪应力分别为
式中,AJI分别为黏结圆盘的面积、极惯性矩和惯性矩,有AR2JR4/2,IR4/4,其中R为黏结圆盘的半径。
单元间黏结模型的断裂准则如图2所示,当最大拉应力σmax和剪应力τmax超过其拉伸强度和剪切强度时黏结单元将断开。断开后的黏结单元将按照无黏结离散元法中的接触模型进行接触力的计算与运动参量的迭代更新。
晶体尺度下,海冰是冰单晶体和孔隙组分的混合体,其力学特性在冰试样尺度(通常为分米级)表现出较大的离散特征[14-16],并伴随有各向异性特性。对于破冰船破冰而言,百米级尺度的层冰在水平面内可看作为力学特性均一的薄板。因此,在采用具有黏结-破碎特征的离散元模型对层冰破碎过程进行模拟时,与离散单元的规则排列(regular packing)方式生成海冰数值试样相比[17],随机排布(random packing)方式可以消除由排列方式带来的力学行为各向异性问题。采用重力下落法生成的海冰离散元数值试样可体现单元在空间上的随机排布特征,同时单元粒径在给定平均粒径附近遵循正态分布。典型的采用随机排布方式生成的海冰离散元模型如图3所示,球形单元粒径,其中为试样平均粒径。
采用具有黏结-破碎特征的离散元模型对海冰变形和破坏行为进行模拟时,需要将海冰材料离散为相互接触并在接触点施加黏结作用的颗粒系统,使得该颗粒系统整体的宏观力学响应反映出海冰材料典型的变形和破坏特征。能够影响颗粒系统宏观力学响应的细观参量主要有:反映变形行为的单元间接触刚度、刻画破坏特性的单元间黏结强度以及反映数值模型精细程度的细粒度(数值试样每个维度上的单元数目)。离散元方法中细观参量的标定属于典型的优化问题,即给定天然海冰的变形模量或破坏强度值这一优化目标,通过优化算法获取数值模型中的细观参量。对于接触刚度,Qu等[18]采用梯度下降法对单元间接触模量和切向法向刚度比值进行了标定,建立了颗粒系统变形参数快速标定算法。而对于颗粒系统破坏问题中强度参数的标定优化求解策略仍存在一定的难度,因此本文在采用绘制等值线图方式的同时对单元间的接触刚度和黏结强度进行标定[19]
通常采用单轴压缩强度和三点弯曲强度对海冰的强度特性进行表征。本文对“雪龙2”在北极平整冰区的破冰过程进行数值分析,将采用北极地区典型的海冰强度测量值[8]。因此,海冰离散元数值模型中细观参数标定时选定的目标强度值为:单轴压缩强度2.3 MPa,三点弯曲强度0.55 MPa。离散元黏结模型中需要标定的强度参数有单元间的拉伸强度,剪切强度和摩擦系数。绘制等值线图时,的取值为0.5 MPa、1.0 MPa、1.5 MPa、2.0 MPa、2.5 MPa,切向法向强度比的取值为0.25、0.33、0.50、1.0、2.0、3.0、4.0,摩擦系数μ的取值为1.0、1.5和2.0。计算μ=1.0时的宏观强度随细观强度变化的等值线图如图4所示,图中对切向法向强度比进行了坐标变换,当时,比值取为;当时,比值取为0;当时,比值取为,变换后的纵坐标在取值范围内相对于坐标轴对称。与目标海冰强度值进行对比,从等值线图中选取的黏结模型细观强度取值分别为
层冰离散元模型需采用与细观参数标定时相同的颗粒排布结构,仍采用重力下落法生成层冰模型。前期研究表明,数值试样在各个维度上的颗粒数量会对宏观力学行为产生影响[22],需对层冰厚度方向上的颗粒数量加以限定。本文工作采用5层单元来构造层冰模型,采用球体单元构造的厚度1.5 m层冰离散元模型如图5所示。
船体数值模型采用三角形单元进行构造,层冰与船体的作用通过球体单元与三角形单元间的接触作用模型实现[20]。本文针对“雪龙2”破冰船连续破冰过程进行数值模拟,船体离散元模型如图6所示,由6257个三角形单元拼接而成。本文中设定船体以2 kn的恒定速度破冰,研究冰厚为1.0 m、1.5 m和2.0 m工况下的破冰过程。
离散元方法模拟的“雪龙2”破冰船以2 kn恒定航速,在1.5 m厚层冰中的破冰过程如图7所示,图中显示了船体不同行进距离下层冰的破碎特征,以及碎冰在船体周围的分布情况。从图中可以看出,层冰在船艏部位主要发生弯曲破坏,破碎成形状、尺寸不一的碎冰,破碎后的碎冰向航道边缘运动。由于下沉式龙骨的特殊构型,碎冰相对于船体沿龙骨两侧向后滑移,导致龙骨下部基本无碎冰划过(图7(a))。由于船体舯部和破冰航道宽度的限制,碎冰分布于航道两侧未破碎冰层的下方(图7(b)中船舯部位)。随着破冰过程的进行,破碎后的碎冰又重新回到船艉后的开敞水域中(图7(c)、7(d))。
离散元方法计算的层冰厚度1.5 m、船舶行进速度2 kn工况下的船体冰阻力-破冰距离曲线如图8所示,其中冰阻力峰值为1290 kN,稳定阶段的冰阻力均值为575 kN,用横线表示。为验证离散元模型在计算船体冰阻力时的精度,本文采用冰区船舶冰阻力计算中广泛采用的Lindqvist经验公式。该经验公式基于大量实船测量的冰阻力数据,综合考虑了船舶主尺度、船型等船体参数,以及冰层厚度、海冰强度和船-冰摩擦系数等海冰参数,具有较高的预测精度。采用Lindqvist公式计算“雪龙2”破冰船冰阻力时用到的船体参数值和海冰参数值列于表1中。
将离散元方法计算的3种层冰厚度下“雪龙2”的冰阻力值与Lindqvist冰力公式计算值进行比较,比较情况列于表2。与Lindqvist公式计算结果比较发现,离散元方法模拟“雪龙2”破冰过程中的船体阻力具有较高的准确度。
为更细致地观察层冰在艏部的破碎形态,以另一视角重新绘制了冰层破坏后的形态,如图9所示。结合计算结果可以将破冰过程描述为:冰层最先与艏柱发生接触而破碎,随后在航道拓宽的过程中,冰层逐渐与艏柱至船肩各部位发生碰撞而断裂,碎冰的实际运动轨迹为沿船宽方向向航道两侧漂移,相对船体的运动为向船艉方向的滑动。因此,为研究“雪龙2”破冰时冰阻力在艏部的分区特性,以及对总冰阻力的贡献程度,将船艏破冰部位共划分为44个分区,各分区情况如图10所示。其中使冰层断裂的部位为“破冰区”,编号1~11和24~34;碎冰与船体发生相对滑动的部位为“滑移区”,编号12~21和35~44。分区1和24为最先与层冰接触的艏柱区,分区22为“雪龙2”特有的下沉式龙骨,分区23为船体其余部分。
采用离散元方法模拟的“雪龙2”在破1.5 m厚层冰过程中,船艏部破冰区与滑移区在船体前进方向上的冰阻力均值分布如图11-12所示。可以看出,沿水线的11个分区中,艏柱处的冰力值最大,分别达到了71 kN和78 kN,艏柱两个分区的合冰力值为149 kN,达到了船体破冰总冰阻力的26%。冰力从艏柱到船肩部位逐渐减小,分区8/31、9/32、10/33、11/34虽位于水线处,但已接近平行中体,并不参与破冰,所以冰力值几乎为零。破冰区(1~11、24~34)的总冰阻力为410 kN,达到了船体破冰总冰阻力的71%。
滑移区的冰阻力呈现出先增大后减小的变化趋势,并在分区17(或40)处达到最大值。滑移区承受的冰阻力为120 kN,约占船体破冰过程中总冰阻力的21%。下沉式龙骨(分区22)承受的冰阻力为13 kN。破冰区与滑移区共同承受了船体总冰阻力的92%。滑移区内的碎冰主要以摩擦的形式与船体发生作用,图12显示了碎冰与船体间的摩擦作用力,为评估各分区摩擦作用的显著程度,分别统计了各分区的载荷水平,如图13所示。从图中可以看出,碎冰摩擦作用对船体产生的载荷水平是一致的。船体其余部分(分区23)承受的冰阻力为32 kN,该分区的碎冰主要集中于船体两侧的航道边缘(图7(d)),同时在下沉式龙骨导流作用下,只有少量碎冰与船底发生摩擦作用。
在冰厚1.0 m和2.0 m工况下,船体不同分区内冰阻力呈现出与1.5 m冰厚工况相同的变化趋势,将3种冰厚下船体各分区冰阻力值及所占总阻力百分比情况列于表3中。可以看出,随冰厚增加各分区承受的冰阻力值呈增大趋势,但占总阻力百分比则保持一致。
本文基于海冰材料的变形与破坏特点,构建了层冰破坏的离散元数值模型,分析了“雪龙2”破冰船破冰过程中船体各分区的冰阻力特征,得到以下结论:
(1)破冰过程中层冰对船体的冰阻力主要产生于艏部区域,艏部是冰区船舶船型优化的主要关注部位。
(2)船体冰阻力中破冰阻力占比较大,碎冰滑移产生的摩擦阻力相对较小,破冰阻力中艏柱部位承受载荷最大;航道拓宽过程中,从艏柱到船肩的破冰阻力逐渐递减。
(3)本文建立的层冰离散元模型能够反映层冰与船体不同部位作用时的冰力特征,以及在层冰破碎后沿船体滑移过程中,具备了精准刻画层冰破坏、碎冰运动特征的能力。数值模型可为破冰船、商船等具有破冰功能的极地船舶型线设计、主机功率预报等提供有效的技术手段。
  • 国家自然科学基金重大项目(52192690; 52192694)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.02.002
  • 接收时间:2024-08-16
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-16
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国家自然科学基金重大项目(52192690; 52192694)
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    1.哈尔滨工程大学 船舶工程学院,哈尔滨 150001
    2.中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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