Article(id=1243304970724946441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243304968753623545, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.02.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1724688000000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774356604509, onlineDateStr=2026-03-24, pubDate=1739980800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774356604509, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774356604509, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774356604509, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243304968753623545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='2', pageStart='171', pageEnd='335', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1774356604040, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774356967523, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243306493370544137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243304968753623545, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243306493370544138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243304968753623545, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=219, endPage=231, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243304971026936336, articleId=1243304970724946441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Multi-mode vibration response of flexible pipe under coupled effect of external current and internal flow, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A numerical study of vortex-induced vibration (VIV) related to a flexible pipe system subjected to external current and internal flow was performed mainly to investigate the complex vibration response of the flexible pipe due to the coupled effect of external current and varying-density internal flow. The numerical model was validated through mesh dependency and fluid-structure interaction (FSI) analysis. A coupled correlation analysis method, combined with a 3D position-frequency-energy (PFE) spectral analysis technique, was proposed to reveal the spatial multi-mode competition along the flexible pipe span. It is shown that the increase in the velocity and density of internal flow amplifies the spanwise in-line mean deflection, but has limited effect on the dominant vibration mode. The vibration modes at the amplitude peak and trough are significantly different. High order vibration modes, characterized by classical“8”-shaped vibration trajectories, are dominant around the amplitude peak, but low order vibration modes become predominant, and phenomena of spatial multi-mode competition with chaotic vibration trajectories are favorable at the amplitude trough.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zheng-shou CHEN, Shuai WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1243304978681541342, articleId=1243304970724946441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=CN, title=内外流耦合作用下弹性管多模态振动响应研究, columnId=1241023038087549292, journalTitle=船舶力学, columnName=流体力学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文对考虑内、外部流动的弹性管涡激振动(VIV)开展数值研究,分析不同外部剪切流速、内流速度和内部流体密度作用下弹性管的多模态耦合振动响应。首先,对所采用的数值方法进行网格依赖性研究和流-固耦合(FSI)可靠性验证;随后基于提出的耦合关联分析方法,结合3D位置-频率-能量(PFE)谱分析方法,阐述弹性管振幅波峰和波谷的空间多模态竞争特性。结果表明,内流流速和密度的增加均会放大弹性管的顺流向平均偏移,但内流的参与通常并不能有效改变其主振模态。此外,在弹性管的振幅波峰位置处通常表现为高阶主频响应,其振动轨迹具有明显的“8”字形特征;而弹性管振幅波谷位置处一般显现为低阶次频响应,多模态竞争现象显著,其振动轨迹相对混乱。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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陈正寿(1979-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

王帅(1998-),男,硕士研究生。

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陈正寿(1979-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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王帅(1998-),男,硕士研究生。

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王帅(1998-),男,硕士研究生。

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Journal of Fluids and Structures, 2018, 79:26-38., articleTitle=Laboratory measurements of the vortex-induced vibrations of an untensioned catenary riser with high curvature, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243886921135534280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304970724946441, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=189, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=18, authorNames=Zhu H J, Gao Y, Zhao H L, journalName=Ocean Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhu H J, Gao Y, Zhao H L. Experimental investigation of slug flow-induced vibration of a flexible riser[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2019, 189:106370., articleTitle=Experimental investigation of slug flow-induced vibration of a flexible riser, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243886921265557705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304970724946441, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=18, issue=2, pageStart=247, pageEnd=261, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=19, authorNames=Sanaati B, Kato N, journalName=Journal of Marine Science and Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sanaati B, Kato N. Vortex-induced vibration (VIV) dynamics of a tensioned flexible cylinder subjected to uniform cross-flow [J]. Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 2013, 18(2): 247-261., articleTitle=Vortex-induced vibration (VIV) dynamics of a tensioned flexible cylinder subjected to uniform cross-flow, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243886921424941258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304970724946441, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=65, issue=null, pageStart=433, pageEnd=446, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=20, authorNames=Seyedaghazadeh B, Modarressadeghi Y, journalName=Journal of Fluids and Structures, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Seyedaghazadeh B, Modarressadeghi Y. Reconstructing the vortex-induced-vibration response of flexible cylinders using limited localized measurement points[J]. Journal of Fluids and Structures, 2016, 65:433-446., articleTitle=Reconstructing the vortex-induced-vibration response of flexible cylinders using limited localized measurement points, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243886921513021643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304970724946441, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=78, issue=null, pageStart=343, pageEnd=355, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=21, authorNames=Seyedaghazadeh B, Modarressadeghi Y, journalName=Journal of Fluids and Structures, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Seyedaghazadeh B, Modarressadeghi Y. An experimental study to investigate the validity of the independence principle for vortex-induced vibration of a flexible cylinder over a range of angles of inclination[J]. Journal of Fluids and Structures, 2018, 78:343-355., articleTitle=An experimental study to investigate the validity of the independence principle for vortex-induced vibration of a flexible cylinder over a range of angles of inclination, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243886921617879244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304970724946441, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=79, issue=null, pageStart=386, pageEnd=400, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=22, authorNames=Ma Y X, Luan Y S, Xu W H, journalName=European Journal of Mechanics-B/Fluids, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ma Y XLuan Y SXu W H. Hydrodynamic features of three equally spaced,long flexible cylinders undergoing flow-induced vibration[J]. 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articleId=1243304970724946441, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Vibration trajectory and vortex shedding modes of flexible risers along the span, figureFileSmall=rogqg8qvTh88UQr+m1NL3g==, figureFileBig=gVjOD4RxkSDhtKpFIqz1yA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243886918639923373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304970724946441, language=CN, label=图11, caption=弹性管沿管跨的振动轨迹和漩涡脱落模式, figureFileSmall=rogqg8qvTh88UQr+m1NL3g==, figureFileBig=gVjOD4RxkSDhtKpFIqz1yA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243886918719615150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304970724946441, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Key information of the pipe system

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参数数值单位
管体长度L16m
FRP管外径D34.8mm
长径比L/D457/
抗弯刚度EI575.6N⋅m2
顶张力T980.7N
质量比m*0.82/
结构阻尼c2.34%/
), ArticleFig(id=1243886918803501231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304970724946441, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

管模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值单位
管体长度L16m
FRP管外径D34.8mm
长径比L/D457/
抗弯刚度EI575.6N⋅m2
顶张力T980.7N
质量比m*0.82/
结构阻尼c2.34%/
), ArticleFig(id=1243886918874804400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304970724946441, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Mesh dependency

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Case No.方案划分评判标准参数
NCΔC/NCCD_meanCD_RMSCL_RMSfv
Case-1600.001 821.6421.6440.9723.749
Case-21200.000 911.7361.7510.9443.664
Case-31800.000 611.7871.7911.0263.621
Case-42400.000 451.8041.8161.0313.596
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网格依赖性研究

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Case No.方案划分评判标准参数
NCΔC/NCCD_meanCD_RMSCL_RMSfv
Case-1600.001 821.6421.6440.9723.749
Case-21200.000 911.7361.7510.9443.664
Case-31800.000 611.7871.7911.0263.621
Case-42400.000 451.8041.8161.0313.596
), ArticleFig(id=1243886919055159474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304970724946441, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Key parameters of the simulation cases

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工况Vex_max/(m⋅s-1uβ
Case-10.5
Case-20.30.61.0
Case-32.0
Case-40.5
Case-50.31.0
Case-62.0
Case-70.5
Case-80.60.61.0
Case-92.0
Case-100.5
Case-111.21.0
Case-122.0
Case-130.5
Case-141.20.61.0
Case-152.0
), ArticleFig(id=1243886919122268339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304970724946441, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

计算工况设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况Vex_max/(m⋅s-1uβ
Case-10.5
Case-20.30.61.0
Case-32.0
Case-40.5
Case-50.31.0
Case-62.0
Case-70.5
Case-80.60.61.0
Case-92.0
Case-100.5
Case-111.21.0
Case-122.0
Case-130.5
Case-141.20.61.0
Case-152.0
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内外流耦合作用下弹性管多模态振动响应研究
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陈正寿 , 王帅
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025,29(2): 219-231
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025, 29(2): 219-231
内外流耦合作用下弹性管多模态振动响应研究
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陈正寿 , 王帅
作者信息
  • 浙江海洋大学 船舶与海运学院,浙江 舟山 306022
  • 陈正寿(1979-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

    王帅(1998-),男,硕士研究生。

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Multi-mode vibration response of flexible pipe under coupled effect of external current and internal flow
Zheng-shou CHEN , Shuai WANG
Affiliations
  • Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.02.006
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本文对考虑内、外部流动的弹性管涡激振动(VIV)开展数值研究,分析不同外部剪切流速、内流速度和内部流体密度作用下弹性管的多模态耦合振动响应。首先,对所采用的数值方法进行网格依赖性研究和流-固耦合(FSI)可靠性验证;随后基于提出的耦合关联分析方法,结合3D位置-频率-能量(PFE)谱分析方法,阐述弹性管振幅波峰和波谷的空间多模态竞争特性。结果表明,内流流速和密度的增加均会放大弹性管的顺流向平均偏移,但内流的参与通常并不能有效改变其主振模态。此外,在弹性管的振幅波峰位置处通常表现为高阶主频响应,其振动轨迹具有明显的“8”字形特征;而弹性管振幅波谷位置处一般显现为低阶次频响应,多模态竞争现象显著,其振动轨迹相对混乱。

涡激振动  /  流-固-流耦合  /  位置-频率-能量(PFE)  /  空间多模态竞争

A numerical study of vortex-induced vibration (VIV) related to a flexible pipe system subjected to external current and internal flow was performed mainly to investigate the complex vibration response of the flexible pipe due to the coupled effect of external current and varying-density internal flow. The numerical model was validated through mesh dependency and fluid-structure interaction (FSI) analysis. A coupled correlation analysis method, combined with a 3D position-frequency-energy (PFE) spectral analysis technique, was proposed to reveal the spatial multi-mode competition along the flexible pipe span. It is shown that the increase in the velocity and density of internal flow amplifies the spanwise in-line mean deflection, but has limited effect on the dominant vibration mode. The vibration modes at the amplitude peak and trough are significantly different. High order vibration modes, characterized by classical“8”-shaped vibration trajectories, are dominant around the amplitude peak, but low order vibration modes become predominant, and phenomena of spatial multi-mode competition with chaotic vibration trajectories are favorable at the amplitude trough.

vortex-induced vibration  /  fluid-structure-fluid coupling  /  position-frequency-energy (PFE)  /  spatial multi-mode competition
陈正寿, 王帅. 内外流耦合作用下弹性管多模态振动响应研究. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (2) : 219 -231 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.02.006
Zheng-shou CHEN, Shuai WANG. Multi-mode vibration response of flexible pipe under coupled effect of external current and internal flow[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (2) : 219 -231 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.02.006
随着现代海洋工程技术的发展,弹性管在深海采矿行业中得到了广泛的应用。这种用于运输水下自然资源(天然气、石油和矿产等)的竖直深水弹性管,在水平向外部流体作用下易产生涡激振动(VIV)[1]。除了水平向外部流体载荷,弹性管内部流体也会对弯曲管道结构的动态响应特性产生明显的影响。内部流体沿管体轴向高速运动会产生离心力和附加质量力,从而致使弯曲弹性管产生更加复杂的振动响应。当弹性管系统同时受到内外耦合流动作用时,容易诱发双重流-固耦合(FSI)现象,导致结构的剧烈振动响应,加速结构的疲劳损坏。管体一旦损坏,将会产生严重的海洋污染和生态灾难,造成巨大的经济损失。因此,研究弹性管在内外流耦合作用下的振动响应机制具有重要的科学和工程实际意义。
近年来,各国学者对圆柱形结构以及弹性管线的VIV响应特性开展了广泛的研究[2-5]。考虑内外流耦合作用下弹性管线的复杂耦合动力学,也有不少的研究成果。Guo等[6]通过具有内流的弹性管模型试验发现,内部流动会减小管体的轴向相关性;Chen等[7]数值研究了上行和下行内流对海洋弹性管流-固耦合动力学的影响,发现内流的输送方向在决定大跨度弹性管的动力响应方面起着不同的作用;Duan等[8]研究发现在输送内流的弹性管的横流向(CF)和顺流向(IL)的VIV响应中,行波特征是突出的;Zhu等[9]实验研究了受内部段塞流和外部剪切流组合作用影响的弯曲弹性管的耦合振动响应,发现管道的振动响应在很大程度上受到内部气液两相流的影响;另外,Xie等[10]研究了输送可变密度流体的弹性管道的动态响应,发现弹性管IL平均偏移随内部流速和内部流体密度的增加而明显放大。
目前,对内外流耦合作用下弹性管振动响应的研究,主要集中在内外流速的变化对弹性管的振幅、振频、主振模态等振动响应特性的影响。而关于内部流体密度对弹性管振动响应的影响则很少被提及。然而实际工程中,流经弹性管的内部流体可能含有石油、天然气和海水,总的内流密度可能随着时间和空间的变化而变化,这恰是需要重视的问题。本文基于3D CFD-FEM(有限元法),对内部轴向流和外部剪切流耦合作用下弹性管的流-固耦合振动响应开展数值仿真研究,分析大长径比弹性管在不同位置(如振幅波峰和波谷)的振动响应,旨在客观评价弹性管在内外流耦合作用下的动态响应过程。研究外部剪切流速、内部流速和内流密度对大长径比弹性管的VIV动力学的影响。特别是,提出一种耦合关联分析方法(位置-振幅关联位置-振频),并通过3D位置-频率-能量(PFE)图示揭示弹性管的空间多模态分布特性,分析振幅波峰和波谷在空间上的模态竞争以及由此产生的振动能量的转移。
本文数值计算模型是通过求解非稳态三维不可压缩Navier-Stokes方程,结合大涡模拟(LES)与动态SmagorinskySGS模型建立的。对于三维不可压缩粘性流体运动,由温度变化引起的能量转换可忽略不计,仅需满足平均连续性方程和动量方程。
连续性方程的微分形式为
动量方程的微分形式为
式中,ρ为流体密度;t是时间;ui是流体速度分量;p代表压力;μ是流体动力粘度;v是运动黏度系数;xixj是流体单元的位置向量(ij ∈[1,2,3]);分别表示速度和压力的时间平均值;是雷诺应力张量,它代表与湍流相关的流体速度的小尺度波动;τij为粘性应力张量。
关于弹性管的简化Euler-Bernoulli梁模型[11]可表示为
式中,EI表示管体弯曲刚度,T为管顶张力,m为管体系统的质量,c为结构阻尼,Fi为管所受的水动力载荷分量。通过有限元法将式(3)离散化,再采用Newmark-β方法进行求解,其中β=1/4,γ=1/2。
式中,MCK分别是质量矩阵、阻尼矩阵和刚度矩阵,xt)、分别是节点位移、速度和加速度矢量,Ft)是流体域的流体载荷矢量。
双向流-固耦合在STAR-CCM+多物理场求解器中通过在流场域和结构域之间映射和交换数据来实现。对流-固耦合计算流程中的每个时间步,首先在流场求解器中对流体运动方程(第1.1节)进行求解,计算得到的流体动力载荷被传递到管体结构单元,然后在固体位移求解器中求解结构动力学方程(第1.2节)得到管体运动变形,并作为流体域网格运动条件反馈到映射界面。然后采用任意拉格朗日-欧拉(ALE)方法和径向基函数(RBF)插值方法分别处理弹性管体模型边界和内部网格节点的移动。下一时间步则从求解更新后的计算域网格上重新开始计算,这个交互式过程将迭代重复进行。
RBF是一类以欧氏距离作为变量的基函数组合,其基本形式如下:
式中,r是欧氏距离,ϕr)是具有多种形式的RBF函数的一般形式,参数γi是插值点i的插值权重系数,n是动态网格表面节点的数量。
本文的数值计算模型是参照相关实验[12]中的玻璃纤维增强塑料(FRP)管模型构建的。FRP管模型的主要参数列于表1中。关于模型实验的更多信息可在文献[13]中找到。在相关实验模型的基础上经过简化建立了一个数值计算模型,如图1所示,外部线性剪切流沿管跨从“A”端(y/L=0,外部剪切流最小速度Vex_min=0 m/s)施加至“B”端(y/L=1,外部剪切流最大速度,Vex_max)。在FRP管“A”端施加固定约束条件,在其“B”端进行铰接约束(限制X轴和Z轴的自由度),并在“B”端沿Y轴正向施加一个恒定的顶张力,T=980.7 N。内部轴向流动设置为沿管从“A”端输送到“B”端。
数值模型的3D计算域如图2所示。计算域的宽度(沿X轴)为50D,高度(沿Z轴)为30D,长度(沿Y轴)等同于管体长度,L=16 m,管轴线距离入口边界15D。计算域的边界条件设定如下:速度-入口边界条件设定为沿X轴方向的线性剪切流;出口设置为压力-出口边界条件;参考压力设置为零;滑移壁面边界条件被分配到左右边界(垂直于Y轴的两个面),底部和顶部(垂直于Z轴的两个面)采用对称平面边界条件;在流-固耦合交界面(管体内外表面)采用无滑移壁面边界条件,进行流体力和位移数据的传递;内部流动的入口设定为速度-入口边界条件,出口设定为压力-出口边界条件,其中参考压力设定为大气压力。
对于涡激振动响应问题,网格拓扑结构尺寸对数值计算结果的准确性方面起着重要作用。为了保证数值计算结果与网格结构尺寸具有无关性,本文拟采用四种网格密度方案(即Case-1、Case-2、Case-3、Case-4)对刚性圆柱体上的流动进行网格依赖性分析。圆柱体的直径D=34.80 mm,长度LD,计算条件设定为雷诺数Re=20 000。网格密度的控制参数包括圆周向节点数NC,无量纲参数ΔC/NC(ΔC是圆柱体的圆周长度)。用于结果对比的评判标准参数包括拖曳力均值系数CD_mean,拖曳力均方根值CD_RMS、涡激升力均方根值CL_RMS,以及漩涡脱落频率fv。基于不同网格方案的数值仿真结果列于表2。对比结果显示,Case-3和Case-4的CD_meanCD_RMSCL_RMS以及fv的相对误差均在2%以内。由于节省计算资源的需要,本文选择Case-3的标准计算参数(NC=180)进行本文的数值模拟工作。
图3(a)所示,流体域的网格拓扑结构采用多面体网格技术,以提高数值计算精度。对靠近管体表面的流体域网格进行加密;在远离管表面和尾流区域的其他流体域采用较粗糙的计算网格,不仅可以有效减小计算量也可以适用后续弹性管计算出现的大变形问题。对于管体结构的有限元划分,在管的环形截面沿周向细分为40个网格节点,并沿轴向以适当的层间距拉伸成均匀的多层,如图3(b)所示。图3(c)显示了内部流场的精细结构网格,内部流体计算域沿Y轴被离散成均匀的多层。此外,为了满足LES湍流模型对计算域近壁面网格结构的计算要求,控制y+<1,y+的半经验估算公式[14]如下:
式中,∆x是第一层网格高度。
在对相关计算模型进行数值预报之前,需要通过对比数值预报结果和模型实验结果来验证本文所采用数值计算方法的有效性。在我们之前的工作中曾使用相同的数值求解方法来预测线性剪切流作用下FRP管模型的流-固耦合[15],结果发现,数值结果与实验数据具有良好的一致性。在本研究中,对该数值计算方法的有效性进行了进一步验证。通过选择一组公开的关于铜管涡激振动模型实验的数据集[16],即实验1103和实验1205,进行相应的数值计算有效性验证。如图4所示,将基于CF方向沿管跨的均方根(RMS)振幅的数值模拟结果和对应的模型实验结果进行了比较。很明显,在振动主导模式和振幅峰值响应方面,本文结果与实验数据具有很好的一致性。这表明该数值方法能够较好地预测大长径比弹性管的涡激振动响应。
本文的主要目的是研究内外流耦合作用下大长径比弹性管的VIV响应。通过考虑不同的最大外部剪切流速Vex_max(=0.3 m/s、0.6 m/s、1.2 m/s)、无量纲内部轴向流速u(=0.3、0.6和1.2)、以及内外流体密度比β(=0.5、1.0和2.0),设置了有关弹性管VIV数值预报的15组计算工况,详细参数设置列于表3中。
根据Paidoussis[17]的方法,无量纲内部流速定义为
式中,m*为管体结构质量比,EI为管体结构抗弯刚度,L为管体长度,Vin为内流速度。
内外流密度比表示为
式中,ρi为内部流体密度(考虑了三种内流密度,即ρi=500 kg/m3,1000 kg/m3和2000 kg/m3),ρe是外部流体密度,ρe=1000 kg/m3
大长径比弹性管在外部线性剪切流作用下会受到拖曳力作用,在IL方向产生较大的静态变形(IL平均偏移)。当外部剪切流速增大时,由VIV引起的跨度IL静态变形和局部弯曲可能会更加严重,使原来的弹性直管变成弯曲管。本节分析了Vex_maxuβ的幅值变化对弹性管IL平均偏移的影响,如图5所示。图中,无因次值x/D表示管体在IL方向的平均偏移量,y/L表示沿管跨标记点的无因次化位置。本文基于两种方案进行了两组数值结果的对比:(1)改变Vex_maxβ的幅值,u设定为0.6不变,如图5(a)所示;(2)改变uβ的幅值,Vex_max设定为0.6 m/s不变,如图5(b)所示。
一般来说,由外部剪切流作用而产生的拖曳力可被视为导致弹性管IL平均偏移扩大的主要因素。如图5(a)所示,当Vex_max=0.3 m/s时,对应于Case-1、Case-2和Case-3的弹性管的最大IL偏移量分别为0.79D、0.80D和0.91D;在Vex_max=0.6 m/s时,对应于Case-7、Case-8和Case-9的弹性管的最大IL偏移量分别为3.57D、4.01D和4.12D;当Vex_max=1.2 m/s时,对应于Case-13、Case-14和Case-15的弹性管的最大IL偏移量分别为14.08D、14.56D和15.92D。很明显,管体最大IL偏移量随着Vex_maxβ增加而增大。值得注意的是,在较大的外部流速条件下,即Vex_max=1.2 m/s时,可观察到β的增加对管体最大IL平均偏移量的影响变得显著。如图5(a)所示,可以发现,对应于Case-13,Case-14和Case-15最大IL平均偏移量的增量分别为0.48D(=14.56D-14.08D)和1.36D(=15.92D-14.56D),明显大于其他固定Vex_max条件下不同β的工况。
此外,如图5(b)所示,在Vex_max=0.6 m/s时,从Case 4-Case 12可以看到弹性管的IL平均偏移随uβ的增大而增加。值得注意的是,内部轴向流与外部剪切流的耦合作用可以解释弹性管的IL平均偏移量的扩大。当弹性管受到外部剪切流的作用并产生IL平均偏移时,弹性管的结构弯曲变形必然会影响管内流体的运动轨迹,继而产生额外的离心力和附加质量力。因此,随着uβ的增加,由内部流动引起的离心力被放大,这导致了弹性管IL平均偏移的增加。另外,导致弹性管IL平均偏移增加的另一个潜在因素是,随着u的增加,弹性管的阻力系数被放大。
与二维或三维刚性圆柱体VIV相关的周期性简谐振动不同,长弹性管的VIV响应具有随机性和复杂性的特点,在其VIV响应过程中,多模态振动响应很容易被激发。特别是在外部线性剪切流作用下,漩涡脱落频率沿管跨变化,局部流-固耦合能量通常以展向行波的形式随时间沿管跨单向或双向传递,导致弹性管多模态振动响应现象的普遍存在。当局部漩涡脱落频率偏离管体结构的固有振动频率时,便很难观察到单一主导振动模式的现象,而以相当的振动能量为特征的多种振动模式共存的现象变得逐渐明显。而当沿管跨同时施加外部剪切流和内部轴向流时,多模态振动响应现象变得更加显著,这是由于内部流动的参与在弯曲管上产生了额外的离心力以及附加质量力所造成的。
为了对比分析Vex_maxuβ的幅值变化对弹性管多模态振动响应及其空间多模态竞争的影响,这里选取Case-2、Case-8、Case-9、Case-11和Case-14共计5种典型的工况进行讨论分析。图6-10(a,b)显示了所选工况的无量纲瞬时振动形状图和沿管跨的RMS振幅图(其中平均位移已被移除),图6-10(c,d)显示了所选工况沿管跨的振动响应频率和对应的3D-PFE图示。其中,(I)在CF方向,(II)在IL方向,y/L为无因次化的管体相对位置。
首先,对于Case-2(即Vex_max=0.3 m/s,u=0.6和β=1),从图6(a)可以观察到弹性管在CF和IL两个方向的瞬时振动响应包络的交点是可变的。同时,从图6(b)可以看到弹性管在两个方向的RMS振幅分布的节点均不等于零,这说明了该工况下弹性管的振动响应存在着空间模式竞争[18],表现出多模式的振动响应特征。因此,从弹性管的瞬时振动响应包络图中很难确定其主导振动模态,但从其RMS振幅分布“反节点”(瞬时振动响应包络的最大值)的数量可以初步揭示弹性管振动响应的主导振动模态。如图6(I)的子图(b)所示,从其RMS振幅的跨度分布可以看出,非主导的2阶振动模态和主导的1阶振动模态在CF方向被激发。同时由图6(I)的子图(c)可以看到管的振动响应能量主要集中在1阶固有振动频率附近,2阶固有振动频率不具有可比的振动响应能量。因此可以得出结论,在该工况下,弹性管振动响应的一阶振动模态的权重很高,对管道的振动模式贡献最大,管体VIV表现出基模主导的振动响应。值得注意的是,在对应于Case-2弹性管的CF RMS振幅分布波谷的位置,如图6(I)中的绿色虚线标注所示,可以看到更多的振动响应能量聚集在1阶固有振动频率附近,这表明在弹性管振幅波谷位置处的振动响应模式为1阶振动模态。另外,在Case-2弹性管的CF RMS振幅分布峰值对应的位置,如图6(I)中的红色点线标注所示,可以看到,除了在1阶固有振动频率附近具有较显著的振动响应能量之外,对应地,在其2阶固有振动频率附近也观察到存在较为明显的振动响应能量,这表明在弹性管振幅波峰位置处存在着1阶振动模态和2阶振动模态之间的空间模式竞争。然而,如图6(I)的子图(c)和(d)所示,可以看到2阶振动模态的振动能量远低于1阶振动模态的振动能量,这表明了1阶振动模态为弹性管振动响应的主导振动模态。此外,如图6(I)的子图(a)所示,从无因次化的瞬时振动响应包络图中可以观察到1阶振动模态和2阶振动模态的间歇性参与。这表明,随着时间的推移,弹性管的振动模态在1阶和2阶之间不断切换,其振动响应过程存在着强烈的时间竞争特性,在一些实验研究[19]中也观察到同样的现象。
此外,对于弹性管在IL方向的振动响应,如图6的子图(II)所示,可以看出Case-2的IL振动响应过程中存在两个具有相当振动能量的主导振动模态(3阶振动模态和4阶振动模态)。其中绿色虚线标记的RMS振幅波谷位置处的振动响应模式为3阶主导振动模态,对应的红色点线标记的RMS振幅波峰位置处的振动响应模式为4阶主导振动模态。这进一步强调了在该工况中弹性管的振动响应存在着强烈的空间模式竞争。同时也说明了RMS振幅波峰和波谷之间的振动响应模式存在显著差异,通常振幅波峰位置处为高阶主频响应,而波谷位置则是低阶次频响应。
图6710所示,随着Vex_max的增加,较高的振动响应模态倾向于被激发,同时高阶振动模态的贡献变得显著,使得管体的动态振动响应过程更加错综复杂。首先,从图7(I)可以看出,弹性管CF振动响应的能量集中在3阶固有振动频率,说明了3阶振动模态为主导模态。而IL振动响应的能量则集中在5阶固有振动频率,说明了5阶主导振动模态,如图7(II)所示。其次,如图10所示,Case-14在CF和IL两个方向的振动响应模式分别是以4阶和6阶振动模态为主导。另外,如图678所示,可以看到uβ的增加并未显著影响弹性管振动响应模式。但事实上,β的增加可以引起更明显的轴向相互作用,降低了管体结构的固有振动频率,如图78所示,首先Case-8和Case-9在CF方向对应的的3阶振动响应频率分别为2.21 Hz和2.01 Hz,其次,两个工况下在IL方向对应的的5阶振动响应频率分别为4.43 Hz和4.03 Hz,这是由于离心力和惯性力的放大引起的。科氏力本质上是一种阻尼,不改变结构的固有频率。增大的离心力和惯性力减少了管的有效张力,从而降低了结构固有振动频率。
此外,比较图6710可以看出,管体的RMS振幅随着Vex_max的增长而逐渐增加,同时,更多的振动响应能量从低阶振动模态转移到高阶振动模态。而能量转移通常发生在振动能量较低的RMS振幅波谷位置,即振动能量从RMS振幅波峰附近转移到RMS振幅波谷对应的位置附近,以激发或加强高阶振动模态。如图6图7的子图(I)所示,在发生振动能量转移的过程中,CF振动响应的能量从振幅峰值位置的2阶主导振动模态转移到振幅波谷位置对应的3阶非主导振动模态。然后从对应于振幅波谷位置的3阶主导振动模态转移到对应于振幅峰值位置4阶非主导振动模态,如图710的子图(I)所示。同样,平面内振动响应的能量从4阶振动模态转移到5阶振动模态,然后从5阶振动模态转移到6阶振动模态,如图710的子图(II)所示。这进一步证实了振动响应在均方根振幅波峰和波谷位置对模态转换的敏感性。
图6-10的子图(I)所示,对于弹性管的CF振动响应,可观察到一些主导振动频率以外的频率的参与,导致了其频率分布的分散。CF振动响应频率分布的扩大部分归因于IL振动响应频率的引入,IL响应的主导频率作为次要频率出现在CF响应中,这意味着来自IL响应的干扰,表明IL和CF响应之间存在弱耦合,这种共存的多模态振动引起了更广泛的频率带,这种现象也在其它一些研究[20-23]中被发现。此外,在所有考虑的工况中,可观察到且已证实IL振动响应的主导频率几乎是CF振动响应主导频率的两倍。这些主导的基本谐波证明了沿跨度均匀出现的双2:1谐振。值得注意的是,弹性管在其CF振动响应的包络中显示出空间上的不对称分布,这是由于迎向流动的对数法分布造成的平均曲率的结果;而在其IL振动响应包络显示出空间对称分布,响应曲线的中间峰值由奇数阶模态主导,且偶数阶模态的中间波谷均出现在y/L=0.5位置处。
由上文分析结果可知,沿管跨度的主导振动模态主要是在振幅波峰位置处被激发,而其他非主导的内在或随机激发的振动响应模态通常出现在振幅波谷的位置。本节对尾部流场模式的分析提供了与弹性管跨度相关的尾流扰动内在机制的见解,并有助于从上面讨论的结果中解释RMS振幅波峰和波谷位置处的具体VIV现象。由于有较多的计算工况,这里仅选择Case-8这一典型工况来进行讨论。图11(f)中绘制了与Case-8相关的沿管跨的涡流幅度(由涡度j呈现)等值面图,图11(a)-(e)为管在峰值1(y/L=3/16)、波谷1(y/L=5.5/16)、峰值2(y/L=8/16)、波谷2(y/L=10/16)和峰值3(y/L=12.5/16)五个标记位置的振动轨迹,以考察弹性管跨度运动轨迹与涡流脱落模式之间的关系。同时为了研究尾流动力学的内在机制,图11(g)-(j)给出了弹性管在波谷1和波峰3两个位置的周期位移和升力变化曲线以及四个典型时刻弹性管周围漩涡脱落的瞬时状态。在这里,选择了一个稳定的振动响应过程进行演示,而不是加速或减速振动部分。
图11(f)所示,由于沿FRP管跨度的曲率和流入速度的变化,弹性管的尾流区漩涡脱落沿管跨度不同。在弹性管“A”端附近的低流入速度区域,管体在IL方向上略有变形,相应地,其漩涡脱落模式表现出明显的离散性,剪切层高度混乱,尾流涡流以高度不规则的方式滚动。然而,在管“B”端附近,多模态和相对较大的振动幅度变得有利,其漩涡脱落倾向于更强的连贯性,形成清晰规则的尾流涡管。另外,由于尾流漩涡脱落引起的周期性的涡激升力和瞬变的拖曳力分量的交替作用,管会产生相对显著的周期性振动,同时弹性管的振动又会影响尾流结构的分布,造成管道振动响应过程具有一定的混乱和随机特性。如图11(a)-(e)所示,弹性管的振动轨迹形状比较混乱,尤其是在RMS振幅波谷对应的位置。这是由于弹性管的振动轨迹随尾流中的涡流脱落而周期性变化,在多个振动周期叠加后,每个周期中的“8”字形振动轨迹发生变化,同时其相邻周期的平衡位置发生大幅跳跃,这反映了弹性管RMS振幅波谷位置附近强烈的多模态振动响应特征。这也说明了弹性管在内外流耦合作用下振动能量发生显著变化,这种显著的能量交换现象与上节所述的多模态共存和振动模态跳跃现象密切相关,这也是大长径比弹性管多模态相互作用的表现。通常情况下,弹性管的横向弹性使弹性管运动轨迹的形态复杂化。
此外,由图11(g)-(j)可以发现,弹性管涡激升力系数的变化具有很强的周期性,在一个振动周期内,弹性管的上下均有一个或一对漩涡脱落,蓝色系代表负涡流,红色系代表是正涡流。可以看出,弹性管的涡流脱落模式在振幅峰值是“2S”型,类似于刚性振荡圆柱绕流中的漩涡脱落模式。而振幅波谷位置由于振动模态复杂,多模态竞争激烈,“2P”和漩涡脱落模式成为流行。由于“2P”涡流脱落模式的涡度相对较强,它很容易帮助管体维持一个增强的VIV过程。值得注意的是,由于有限的管道长度和有限的振动幅度,弹性管沿管跨的涡流脱落过程与其涡激升力变化周期一致,这表明水动力系数和其振动响应同相。
本文采用3D数值计算方法,研究了大长径比弹性管在外部线性剪切流和内部均匀上升流作用下的耦合振动响应,揭示并分析了弹性管的空间多模态相互作用和由此产生的振动响应能量的传递,主要结论如下:
(1)内外流耦合作用下弹性管的VIV响应更加复杂,外部剪切流速、内部轴向流速和内部流体密度的提升引起系统能量输入的增强,导致弹性管的IL最大平均偏移趋于增加,其中外部流速的影响更加显著。
(2)与内部流动相比,外部流动在弹性管激励模式中占主导地位,而内部流速和内部流体密度的增加影响了弹性管的结构刚度和固有频率,进而对弹性管的振幅产生一定影响,同时由于内部流动的参与而产生的离心力和附加质量力使整个弹性管系统的振动响应过程变得复杂。
(3)大长径比弹性管的振动响应具有强烈的空间模式竞争,其特点是多模式振动。除主要振动模式外,其他潜在的固有振动模式也被激活,并具有一定的振动能量。弹性管在其RMS振幅波峰和波谷位置处的振动模式明显不同,振幅波峰通常为高阶主频响应,波谷通常为低阶次频响应,另外,振动响应模式的过渡和振动响应能量的转移通常发生在振幅波峰和波谷之间。
(4)振幅峰值和波谷周围的振动响应有很大的不同。由于时间上的多模式特性,振幅波谷周围的振动轨迹比振幅波峰周围的振动轨迹更加混乱,漩涡脱落模式通常为“2P”型。振幅峰值显示出典型的“8”字形振动轨迹,漩涡脱落模式通常为“2S”型。此外,由于有限的管道长度和有限的振动幅度,振动过程与提升力同步,即水动力和结构变形的同相阶段。
观察到的弹性管的空间多模式竞争,对于认识海洋工程中弹性管的动态行为和预测其疲劳损伤是非常有用的,特别是认识疲劳峰值的位置和疲劳失效的开始。
  • 浙江省自然科学基金资助项目(LY20E090003)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(41776105)
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2025年第29卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.02.006
  • 接收时间:2024-08-27
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-27
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浙江省自然科学基金资助项目(LY20E090003)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(41776105)
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    浙江海洋大学 船舶与海运学院,浙江 舟山 306022

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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