Article(id=1243304969537958393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243304968753623545, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.02.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1724083200000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774356604226, onlineDateStr=2026-03-24, pubDate=1739980800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774356604226, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774356604226, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774356604226, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243304968753623545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='2', pageStart='171', pageEnd='335', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1774356604040, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774356967523, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243306493370544137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243304968753623545, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243306493370544138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243304968753623545, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=300, endPage=311, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243304969844142589, articleId=1243304969537958393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Numerical simulations on the line spectra noise radiated by cavity flows--flow and acoustic modes, acoustic-vibration and flow-sound coupling, columnId=1241023038381158513, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydro/Structural Acoustics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The line spectra noise radiated by cavity flows greatly deteriorates the acoustic stealth of naval ships, whose formation mechanisms are related to the flow and acoustic modal effects, as well as the acoustic-vibration and flow-sound coupling effects. In this paper, the transient flow, equivalent sound source and acoustic fields of the simple square and typical cavity flows were numerically simulated, based on the CFD/CHA hybrid approaches. The applicability of the numerical methods was verified by comparison with experimental data of water tunnel test. The characteristics of the flow and acoustic modes of the cavity flows were concluded, particularly the effects of the acoustic-vibration coupling of elastic cavity walls and the complexity of cavity inner shapes upon the acoustic mode frequencies were quantitatively calculated. The important regularity, which the line spectrum induced by the effect of the first acoustic mode is the "decisive line spectrum" in the far-field radiated noise spectrum, is summed up. The tendency of the acoustic mode frequencies to shifting sharply towards lower frequencies under the actual cavity conditions was analyzed, indicating the necessity of avoiding the flow-sound coupling. The necessary condition of the cross-sectional area ratio for the related acoustic experiments in water tunnels was quantitatively established through an analytical solution. The research has an important guiding value for the designs of experimental modals.

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孔腔流动的线谱辐射噪声严重破坏舰艇声隐声性,其形成机理涉及流动模态、声学模态、声振耦合和流声耦合效应。本文基于CFD/CHA混合方法,数值模拟简单方腔和典型孔腔的瞬态流场、等效声源场、声学近场和远场,并通过与水洞实测数据对比验证数值方法适用性。本文归纳了孔腔流动模态和声学模态的特征规律,特别是定量计算了弹性壁面声振耦合效应和典型孔腔声腔复杂性对声学模态频率的影响;总结了远场辐射噪声频谱中,第一阶声学模态效应线谱成为“决定性线谱”的重要规律;分析了实际孔腔的声学模态频率大幅向低频偏移的趋势,从而显示了采取措施避免流声共振的必要性;通过解析求解,定量建立了相关水洞声学实验的截面积比必要条件,对实验模型设计具有重要指导价值。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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张鹏(1998-),男,硕士研究生

唐科范(1964-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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Dimension parameters of geometric models

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尺寸/m
ll0l1l2l3hbh1h2h3b1b2
简单方腔1.60.40.360.32-0.225,0.6,1.2,无界0.80.01-0.2150.215
典型孔腔5.62.70.60.050.420.6,无界0.8,1.35,1.50.010.3,0.6,1.15,1.30.2150.12
), ArticleFig(id=1243304984331269049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304969537958393, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

几何模型的尺寸参数

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尺寸/m
ll0l1l2l3hbh1h2h3b1b2
简单方腔1.60.40.360.32-0.225,0.6,1.2,无界0.80.01-0.2150.215
典型孔腔5.62.70.60.050.420.6,无界0.8,1.35,1.50.010.3,0.6,1.15,1.30.2150.12
), ArticleFig(id=1243304984444515261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304969537958393, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of characteristic frequencies of flow modes between calculations and experiments

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来流速度U6 m/s9 m/s12 m/s
流动模态阶数n123123123
特征频率计算值(Hz)11.018.026.014.022.038.020.040.058.0
实测值(Hz)10.018.024.015.025.043.021.039.057.0
相对误差(%)10.00.08.36.712.011.64.82.61.8
), ArticleFig(id=1243304984528401345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243304969537958393, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

数值模拟与实验测试的流动模态特征频率的对比

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来流速度U6 m/s9 m/s12 m/s
流动模态阶数n123123123
特征频率计算值(Hz)11.018.026.014.022.038.020.040.058.0
实测值(Hz)10.018.024.015.025.043.021.039.057.0
相对误差(%)10.00.08.36.712.011.64.82.61.8
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孔腔流动线谱辐射噪声的数值模拟研究--流动模态、声学模态、声振耦合和流声耦合
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张鹏 a , 唐科范 a, b , 王斌 a
船舶力学 | 流体与结构声学 2025,29(2): 300-311
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船舶力学 | 流体与结构声学 2025, 29(2): 300-311
孔腔流动线谱辐射噪声的数值模拟研究--流动模态、声学模态、声振耦合和流声耦合
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张鹏a, 唐科范a, b , 王斌a
作者信息
  • a.上海交通大学 船舶海洋与建筑工程学院,上海 200240
  • b.上海交通大学 水动力学教育部重点实验室,上海 200240
  • 张鹏(1998-),男,硕士研究生

    唐科范(1964-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Numerical simulations on the line spectra noise radiated by cavity flows--flow and acoustic modes, acoustic-vibration and flow-sound coupling
Peng ZHANGa, Ke-fan TANGa, b , Bin WANGa
Affiliations
  • a.School of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • b.MOE Key Laboratory of Hydrodynamics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.02.013
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孔腔流动的线谱辐射噪声严重破坏舰艇声隐声性,其形成机理涉及流动模态、声学模态、声振耦合和流声耦合效应。本文基于CFD/CHA混合方法,数值模拟简单方腔和典型孔腔的瞬态流场、等效声源场、声学近场和远场,并通过与水洞实测数据对比验证数值方法适用性。本文归纳了孔腔流动模态和声学模态的特征规律,特别是定量计算了弹性壁面声振耦合效应和典型孔腔声腔复杂性对声学模态频率的影响;总结了远场辐射噪声频谱中,第一阶声学模态效应线谱成为“决定性线谱”的重要规律;分析了实际孔腔的声学模态频率大幅向低频偏移的趋势,从而显示了采取措施避免流声共振的必要性;通过解析求解,定量建立了相关水洞声学实验的截面积比必要条件,对实验模型设计具有重要指导价值。

孔腔流动辐射噪声  /  声学模态  /  声振耦合  /  流声耦合  /  CFD/CHA混合方法  /  线谱控制

The line spectra noise radiated by cavity flows greatly deteriorates the acoustic stealth of naval ships, whose formation mechanisms are related to the flow and acoustic modal effects, as well as the acoustic-vibration and flow-sound coupling effects. In this paper, the transient flow, equivalent sound source and acoustic fields of the simple square and typical cavity flows were numerically simulated, based on the CFD/CHA hybrid approaches. The applicability of the numerical methods was verified by comparison with experimental data of water tunnel test. The characteristics of the flow and acoustic modes of the cavity flows were concluded, particularly the effects of the acoustic-vibration coupling of elastic cavity walls and the complexity of cavity inner shapes upon the acoustic mode frequencies were quantitatively calculated. The important regularity, which the line spectrum induced by the effect of the first acoustic mode is the "decisive line spectrum" in the far-field radiated noise spectrum, is summed up. The tendency of the acoustic mode frequencies to shifting sharply towards lower frequencies under the actual cavity conditions was analyzed, indicating the necessity of avoiding the flow-sound coupling. The necessary condition of the cross-sectional area ratio for the related acoustic experiments in water tunnels was quantitatively established through an analytical solution. The research has an important guiding value for the designs of experimental modals.

noise radiated by cavity flows  /  acoustic mode  /  acoustic-vibration coupling  /  flow-sound coupling  /  CFD/CHA hybrid approach  /  reduction of line spectrum
张鹏, 唐科范, 王斌. 孔腔流动线谱辐射噪声的数值模拟研究--流动模态、声学模态、声振耦合和流声耦合. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (2) : 300 -311 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.02.013
Peng ZHANG, Ke-fan TANG, Bin WANG. Numerical simulations on the line spectra noise radiated by cavity flows--flow and acoustic modes, acoustic-vibration and flow-sound coupling[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (2) : 300 -311 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.02.013
孔腔流动产生的中低频线谱辐射噪声会严重破坏舰艇声隐声性,故减弱乃至消除该辐射噪声线谱是研究热点。如图1所示,孔腔流动噪声是流动与孔腔结构相互作用的结果,流动声学原理上是流动直接发声和流致结构振动再发声的合成效应,而且孔腔具备声学模态,对孔腔流动噪声的向外辐射产生传播模态效应。峰高带窄的噪声线谱,必定与在各离散频率上出现的声源和传播模态的效应有关,包括流动模态、结构模态和声学模态及其相互耦合的效应。
早在1978年,Rockwell[1]已把孔腔流动噪声机理归结为三种自持性振荡:流体动力振荡(fluid-dynamic)、流体共振(fluid-resonant)和流体中由弹性边界引起的振荡(fluid-elastic)。到1988年,Howe[2]更准确地把该机理归结为两种自持性孔腔共振模态(self sustained resonant cavity modes),即流体介质中的声学模态和固体介质中的结构模态,以及周期性流体动力振荡(periodic hydrodynamic oscillations),而流体动力振荡还与来流速度有关,并非仅仅是孔腔的固有模态。国内业界则把相关机理归结为三类共振,即腔口剪切共振、声腔共振和腔壁弹性共振,实际对应于流动、声学和结构模态。近年来,随着对各种孔腔流动产生的振动、噪声问题的深入研究,发现其发生机理不仅与流动、结构和声学模态的单独效应有关,往往还与这三个模态的两两耦合,甚至三者耦合在一起的效应有关。徐俊等[3]基于CFD(计算流体动力学)/CHA(计算水动力学)多步骤混合方法,对孔腔流动声源进行了准确定位,并全面计算了声学近场和远场;何海平等[4]数值模拟了高压水蒸气旁支管路中流声耦合产生的锁频和共振效应,其数值模拟结果与张辉等[5]的实验结果相符;王天富等[6]基于流固耦合计算方法,对高压水蒸气旁支管路的结构湿模态和流固耦合振动进行了数值模拟;刘进等[7]在大型低噪声水槽中对孔腔流动噪声进行了测试,得到了随水速变化的流动模态效应产生的频谱峰值和不随水速变化的声学模态效应产生的线谱;蒋坤等[8]认为在水下结构低频声辐射预报中,采用声固耦合方式比流固耦合方式计算更合理。
图1所示,孔腔流动辐射噪声线谱的形成机理可归结为七种效应:流动、声学和结构模态三者的单独效应;流声、流固和声固的双态耦合效应;以及流固声三态耦合效应。其中,流动模态是原始声源模态,声学模态和结构模态是在流体和固壁中的传播模态。本文将着重定量分析流动和声学模态的单独效应,以及声固和流声耦合效应对孔腔流动辐射噪声线谱的影响规律,即集中在流致声辐射这个主要发声机理上。
本文暂不深入讨论流致结构振动产生的“二次声辐射”问题,因为孔腔内部流场的不可压缩压力脉动部分(即水动力压力脉动)是以横波形式激励孔腔壁面振动的,孔腔几何尺度相对于水中声波波长很小,流固耦合只能产生高频噪声,本文主要关心中低频线谱。当然,本文并不是不考虑孔腔结构模态的效应,而是在声固耦合效应(业界常称为“声振耦合”效应)中对结构模态效应加以考虑。所谓“声振耦合”是指孔腔内部流场的可压缩压力脉动部分(即声压)以纵波形式激励孔腔壁面振动,使得声波既在流体中、又在固壁中传播,“声振耦合”的主要效应就是:水介质孔腔的声学模态特征频率,因为壁面呈现弹性而相对刚性壁面情况显著向低频偏移。区分“声振耦合”和“流固耦合”,在学术和应用上都是非常必要的。在本文的数值模拟中,先将不可压缩流场转化成等效声源场(根据Lighthill流声类比),再求解等效声源场作用和弹性壁面声学边界条件下的Lighthill方程,得到孔腔流动的声学近场和远场,考虑“声振耦合”效应,忽略“流固耦合”效应。
本文研究针对孔腔流动辐射噪声线谱的数值预报、机理分析和控制方法。由于水洞实验存在声学边界条件和背景噪声两方面的缺陷,并且孔腔流动辐射噪声机理涉及流动、声学和结构模态这些不同尺度和相似准则的内在机理,很难在统一缩比模型的物理实验中同时测试各种模态效应,特别是相互耦合效应的规律,因此在研究孔腔流动于无界域中辐射噪声方面,数值模拟研究是不可或缺的,且对研究各种模态之间的耦合效应具有方法上的优越性。
当然,有关的数值模拟方法须通过水洞实验的对比验证,即通过水洞实验中的孔腔内自噪声和水洞测量舱内近场噪声数据,对比验证方法的适用性。由于通常认为孔腔内自噪声、水洞测量舱内近场噪声与无界域中辐射噪声的线谱成分,源于相同的孔腔流动模态和声学模态(注意:本文研究发现,孔腔声学模态在一定水洞截面积条件下才基本不变。),故能准确模拟自噪声和近场噪声的数值模拟方法,必能准确模拟声学无界域中远场辐射噪声。另外,为了深入分析孔腔流动辐射噪声线谱的各种形成机理:流动模态、声学模态、流声耦合和声固耦合效应,数值模拟方法应对各种模态及其耦合效应分别可定量计算并显示特征值,从而给出对症下药的控制方法。
综上所述的研究思路,本文选用了既能全场(声学近场和远场)、又能全过程(从流场、等效声源场到声场)进行流体动力声学数值模拟的方法—CFD/CHA混合方法(如图2所示)。其中,基于有限元法求解流动声学非齐次波动方程时,采用了弹性壁面边界条件,即考虑了声振耦合效应。
本文首先采用CFD软件FLUENT,基于不可压缩流动和LES或DES湍流模型,数值模拟水介质刚性壁(不考虑流固耦合)孔腔不定常瞬态流场;然后采用声学软件ACTRAN的流动声学模块,基于Lighthill流声类比方程的声源项模型,由脉动流场换算得到时域和频域等效声源场;最后进一步采用ACTRAN的振动声学模块,用有限元法在实际声学边界条件(包括弹性壁面边界条件)下从全场频域求解Lighthill方程(非齐次波动方程),数值模拟弹性壁孔腔流动的声学近场和远场。全部数值模拟分步骤进行,每个步骤的结果(流场、时域和频域等效声源场和频域声场)都分别记录,便于获得准确的数值预报、深入的机理分析以及合理有效的控制方法。
根据系列数值模拟结果分析,本文研究结果可以体现为两种孔腔流动辐射噪声规律的总结,这两种孔腔是按其几何形状分类的:(1)简单方腔:如图3(a)所示,基本全开口的六面体孔腔,能够体现基本的流动和声学模态效应,常用来验证数值模拟方法;(2)典型孔腔:如图3(b)所示,孔小肚大、腔内套腔的复合孔腔,能够体现实际的流动和声学模态效应,特别是声振耦合和流声耦合效应。在图3中还显示了水洞壁面(与数值模拟的配套水洞实验)。这两种孔腔和水洞壁面的几何尺寸见表1,孔腔腔体和开口在垂直纸面方向的宽度分别为b1b2,水洞截面是边长h的方形。
为了模拟流体速度对流动模态的影响规律,共设置四种来流速度边界条件:3 m/s、6 m/s、9 m/s和12 m/s;为了模拟孔腔开口大小对流动模态的影响规律,共设置大小两种开口长度(流向):320 mm和50 mm。为了模拟孔腔深度对声学模态的影响规律,共设置三种孔腔深度:0.8 m、1.35 m和1.5 m,相应的隔板长度为0.6 m、1.15 m和1.3 m;为了模拟孔腔外声学边界条件对孔腔内声学模态的影响规律,共设置四种声学边界条件:宽度为0.225 m、0.6 m和1.2 m的正方形水洞刚性壁面、以及声学无界域。为了模拟孔腔壁面弹性对其声学模态的影响规律,共设置四种壁面刚度情况:壁厚0.5 cm、1 cm和5 cm,以及刚性壁。
图4所示,设置流场(与声源场重叠,如图中红色部分所示)和声场计算域,所用的声场计算域和边界条件有两种:(1)水洞内近场噪声计算域(如图4(a)),其声学远场边条为:管道导纳无反射边界条件,水洞壁面为刚性,孔腔壁面为0.5 cm、1 cm和5 cm的304不锈钢,以及刚性壁;(2)无界域中辐射噪声计算域(如图4(b)),其声学远场边条为:无反射无限元边界条件,水洞和孔腔壁面条件同前文。
流场计算网格采用六面体网格,网格总数约为460万至500万,满足LES或DES数值模拟的相应要求。声源场和声场计算网格采用四面体网格,其最大尺寸仍保证所考察最大频率对应的最短波长上至少有6个网格节点。流场和声场计算都通过了网格不依赖性测试。
本文简单方腔流动声学数值模拟的一部分是与水洞实验相配合的,与水洞实验具有相同的流场和声场边界条件,以及相同的声学测量点,如图5(a)所示;另外,还数值模拟了水洞实验无法测量的无界域中的孔腔流动自噪声、近场噪声和辐射噪声,辐射噪声计算点如图5(b)所示。其中,P1为腔口自噪声,P2为腔下部自噪声,P3为腔底自噪声,P4为水洞测量舱中近场噪声,P5为正上方辐射噪声,P6为45度前上方辐射噪声。
图6所示,对P1P3P4测点处数值模拟与实验测试的近场噪声频谱(5 Hz~3 kHz),在来流速度为6 m/s、9 m/s和12 m/s时分别进行了对比。总体上看,数值模拟与实验测试的噪声频谱的相同点是:(1)在100 Hz以下低频段,有三个特征频率随流速增加而增加的尖峰,它们是由流动模态效应产生的,前三阶特征频率(见表2)基本符合Rossiter[9]深腔流动模态特征频率经验公式(对比参见图7),说明本文数值模拟方法能够模拟流动模态效应;(2)在100 Hz~1 kHz的中频段,呈现湍流噪声宽带连续谱,两者谱线相符较好,并且噪声谱级以基本相同的斜率随频率增加而下降,说明本文数值模拟方法能够模拟孔腔流动噪声的宽带基底。显然,在100 Hz以下低频段由于水洞中声学近场内的不可压缩压力脉动(“伪声”)和强烈低频混响的影响,以及测量水听器的低频不够敏感,造成计算谱级明显高于水洞实验测量谱级,好在低频近场噪声的辐射效率不高,对远场辐射噪声的预报影响不大。从水洞壁透声窗外P4测点的计算值与实验测量值的低频偏差最小也能印证这一点。
数值模拟与实验测试的自噪声和近场噪声频谱存在的明显不同点是:在1~3 kHz的高频段,数值模拟的频谱曲线在随频率增加而下降的宽带连续谱基底上,有一个特征频率(2080 Hz)不随流速变化的尖峰,而实验测试的频谱曲线则是随频率增加而很缓下降(基本拉平)的宽带连续谱,没有明显尖峰。显然,数值模拟结果更合理,显示了湍流边界层噪声谱级随频率增加而以一定斜率下降的特性,还显示了一个声学模态效应产生的线谱;实验测试结果不合理,显示在此频段的背景噪声过高,掩盖了孔腔流动产生的噪声。
图8(a)是数值模拟的无界域中刚性壁简单方腔流动自噪声和辐射噪声频谱,图8(b)是第一阶流动模态频率(f1=20 Hz)上的声场。与图6中的水洞中自噪声和辐射噪声频谱相比,多出了前两阶声学模态效应线谱(395 Hz和1165 Hz),保留了第三阶声学模态效应线谱(2080 Hz),并且随着声辐射距离的增加,第一阶声学模态效应线谱(395 Hz)越来越显著,成为决定总声级大小的关键线谱。这是孔腔流动辐射噪声区别于自噪声和近场噪声的显著特性,本文开展的系列孔腔流动辐射噪声数值模拟的所有结果都是如此。
本文系列数值模拟结果显示,孔腔流动模态的主要影响因素是:来流速度和腔口几何尺寸。因此流动模态可分为两大类:长腔(ReL=UL/υ较大)和短腔(ReL较小)。流动模态符合Rossiter[9]分析的涡旋运动形成机理,其特征频率直接由频谱峰值所在频率确定,符合Rossiter给出的经验公式:
以来流速度12 m/s时为例,长腔(腔口流向长度:320 mm)第一阶流动模态频率20 Hz上的等效声源场如图9(a)所示,图9(a)显示主要流动声源定位在腔口中央和后缘,对应的流动结构如图9(1/b)所示,该结构是由腔口前缘释放的二维涡管,在向后缘运动中演化成三维涡系,撞击后缘破碎成上下两部,整个发声过程是个周期性的腔口剪切漩涡运动过程,所以又称为腔口剪切振荡。短腔(腔口流向长度:50 mm)第一阶流动模态频率64 Hz上的等效声源场如图10(a)所示,可见主要流动声源也定位在腔口中央和后缘。比较图9(b)发现,长腔口的涡系在撞击后缘破碎前,已经由二维涡管弥散成大大小小的三维涡系,故其噪声频谱为相对宽带的尖峰,往往不像线谱,而短腔口的涡系则在撞击后缘破碎前保持二维涡管状态,还未弥散为三维涡系,故其噪声频谱为窄带的线谱。
从本文系列数值模拟结果分析,流场边界为无界域或水洞固壁,在相同来流速度下同一孔腔流动模态的数值模拟结果都是一致的,从而等效声源场也是一致的,造成“第一阶声学模态效应线谱”成为辐射噪声的“决定性线谱”的原因,只能与声学模态的直接效应和耦合效应有关。流动模态作为原始声源模态的实际作用,是为声学模态的声压放大作用提供了一个宽带频谱基底,并且低频流动模态仅对近场噪声作用显著,其远场声辐射效率较低。由辐射噪声空间指向性分析可知,流动模态效应是偶极子性状的,而低阶声学模态效应是单极子形状的。
无界域中孔腔流动自噪声和辐射噪声频谱的数值模拟结果,对比水洞实验的自噪声和近场噪声频谱显示,多出了前两阶声学模态效应线谱,这完全可以用管道声学理论加以解释:数值模拟和水洞测试结果都没有错,但是所用实验水洞的横截面积过小,使得实验中孔腔内的低阶声学模态没有足够的声压放大作用,自然不会产生相应的声学模态效应线谱。
本文研究的简单方腔是六面体(长为L、宽为B、深为H)深腔,根据管道内的平面波截止频率法则,设孔腔内流体声速为c,则孔腔内沿腔深方向传播的平面波截止频率fcutoff
取孔腔具体尺寸为:L=0.36 m,B=0.215 m,水中声速c=1449 m/s,算得该深腔壁面为刚性时的平面波截止频率约为2012 Hz。也就是说,在本文主要关心的中低频段(5~2000 Hz),刚性壁孔腔内由沿腔深方向来回传播的平面声波形成驻波场,该平面驻波场的模态频率只与腔深H有关。若考虑孔腔壁面弹性,相应的模态频率会显著降低。
以腔底作为z轴原点,腔底指向腔口为z正方向,设腔口入射波为:(j为虚数符号),声波在刚性腔底发生全反射,在腔口流体面发生透射系数为W、反射系数为V(|V|<1)的部分反射,则腔内声场解析解为
式中,由于腔口附近不是平面波形态的一维声场,等效腔深H’须做三维效应修正,H’略大于几何腔深H,如下式:
式(3)中,腔口流体面向腔内的声反射系数V可以根据声在一维非均匀波导中的传播规律,简化为实数,由声压和体积速度的连续边界条件推出如下近似估算公式:
式中,S1是孔腔外波导的截面积,若腔外是声学无界域,则S1为无穷大;若腔外为水洞壁面,则S1为水洞测试段截面积。S2是孔腔内部的截面积(注意:对孔小肚大的典型孔腔,不是腔口的截面积)。显然,当腔外是无界域时,V的理论值为-1(实际考虑腔口和腔底三维效应后约为-0.9),这是计算辐射噪声时的相关参数。
由腔内声场解析解(式(3)),可以得出声学模态的特征频率为
并且,该线谱相对宽带基底的峰高幅值可由相应的声压放大率算出:
式中,Cz)为与腔内位置z相关的位置函数,在腔口是奇点,在腔底最大,并随腔壁透声系数增加而有所减少。基于式(7),孔腔内声学模态的声压放大率正比于1/(1+V),其中:-1<V<1。无界域时V趋于无穷大,但实际考虑三维效应后约为-0.9。在水洞实验环境中,只要保证式V值在-0.9左右,就能形成相当于无界域中孔腔的声学模态。V是负值时,其绝对值越大放大倍数就越大。
图10所示,对式(3)和(7),在腔口设置“白噪声”平面声源,取腔外波导条件:边长1.2 m正方形刚性水洞壁,刚性壁腔内截面积为0.36 m×0.215 m,腔深H=0.8 m,将近腔口(z=7H/8)和腔底(z=0)位置处的自噪声响应频谱的近似解析解与管道声学数值模拟结果进行对比验证,结果显示在2 kHz以下低频段两者吻合良好。
在前文中,简单方腔的横截面为0.36 m×0.215 m,水洞的横截面为边长为0.225 m的正方形,可算得腔口声反射系数V为0.21,V不是负数,此时声学模态对腔内声压没有明显的放大效应,故实验测试中没有线谱显示。
无界域中孔腔流动线谱辐射噪声中的“决定性线谱”,取决于第一阶声学模态的直接或耦合效应,而声学模态是由孔腔腔口和内壁面的声学边界条件共同决定的,其中孔腔腔口的声学边界条件又与孔腔外的远场声学条件有关,已如上文的式(2)至式(7)给出了相关定量规律。本节进一步讨论孔腔内壁面声学条件对声学模态的影响规律,影响孔腔内壁面声学条件的主要因素为腔深、腔壁刚度和腔内部声道复杂性。其中,腔深是声学模态特征频率的决定因素之一(见式(6));腔壁刚度影响通过声振耦合效应,使得声学模态特征频率显著趋于低频;工程上的孔腔往往不是简单方腔(单面全开口的六面体形状),而是口小肚大、腔内套腔的,有复杂内部声道的典型孔腔形式,从而有更丰富、更宽频段的声学模态。
本文采用声学软件ACTRAN的声振耦合求解器,对腔口和腔底四边刚性固定的腔深为0.8 m的304不锈钢材料简单方腔,在平面波截止频率以下,通过计算腔口“白噪声”声源的腔底自噪声响应频谱,得到如图11所示的四种壁厚(0.5 cm、1 cm、3 cm和5 cm)的声学模态特征频率和幅值,并与刚性壁情况进行了对比。孔腔壁厚度为0.5 cm和1 cm时,其对应的孔腔声学模态与刚性壁时的结果差别巨大,第一阶特征频率低至42 Hz和102 Hz,而刚性壁对应的特征频率为395 Hz;孔腔壁面为厚度3~5 cm时,对应的腔孔声学模态才逐渐接近刚性壁面条件时的结果。
将孔腔流动模态对应的等效声源场,通过实际厚度弹性壁面孔腔的声学模态加以放大传播,就可以计算无界域中弹性壁面孔腔流动的自噪声和辐射噪声频谱(如图12所示)。图12(c)显示,壁厚为10 mm时,第一阶声学模态频率由刚性壁时的395 Hz大幅降低到102 Hz,从而获得更强的流动模态原始声源激励,在腔口上方30 m处声学模态频率上的辐射声压谱级提高了20 dB以上。图12(d)显示,壁厚5 mm时,第一阶声学模态频率大幅降低到42 Hz,并且与第二阶流动模态特征频率40 Hz接近,发生流声强耦合,在腔口上方30 m处声学模态频率上的辐射声压谱级足足提高了45 dB以上。而比较图12(a)和(b),只有当壁厚达到50 mm时,才与刚性壁情形相当。
工程上典型孔腔内部声道复杂性引起的声学模态复杂性如图13所示,图13为腔深1.5 m的典型孔腔,隔板长度分别为1.3 m、0.3 m和无隔板时,其声学模态个数和特征频率的对比。由图可看出,声学模态个数随隔板长度增加而增加,特征基频f1随隔板长度增加而降低,但无隔板情况下也比简单方腔低约50%。若进一步考虑实际孔腔壁面弹性产生的声振耦合效应,典型孔腔的声学模态特征频率将更加显著趋于低频,这不仅会显著增加辐射噪声频谱中“决定性线谱”的谱级绝对值,而且还会大大增加发生流声共振的可能性。
由于典型孔腔(h1=1.35 m,h3=1.15 m)具有更丰富、更宽频段的声学模态,其引起的流声强耦合现象如图14所示,第二阶流动模态频率126 Hz与第一阶声学模态频率124 Hz接近,在124 Hz形成流声强耦合的“决定性线谱”,该线谱谱级高于频谱其他峰值30 dB以上。由于该典型孔腔是50 mm的窄腔,第一阶流动模态效应线谱频率相对较高,为64 Hz,且流动模态效应线谱带宽较窄,故即便辐射到100 m远处,其流动模态效应线谱仍未钝化掉。
孔腔流动的线谱辐射噪声的形成机理被归纳为流动和声学模态效应,以及声振耦合和流声耦合效应,在引言的理论分析中基本排除了实际工程中孔腔因流固耦合产生低频线谱的可能性。本文基于CFD/CHA混合方法,数值模拟了无界域中简单方腔和典型孔腔流动的瞬态流场、等效声源场、声学近场和远场,并为了与水洞实测数据对比验证,数值模拟了水洞中简单方腔流动的声学近场。本文研究结果显示:(1)所用数值模拟方法能基本准确地计算水洞中的声学近场,以及流动模态和声学模态的特性参数,流动模态频率基本符合Rossiter公式;刚性壁孔腔的低阶声学模态频率对应波长的奇数倍,近似等于孔腔深度增加10%;壁面弹性通过声振耦合效应使声学模态频率向低频显著偏移;内部声道复杂的典型孔腔有更多、更宽频段的离散声学模态。(2)远场辐射噪声频谱中,第一阶声学模态效应线谱成为显著高于其他频率谱级至少20 dB的“决定性线谱”,控制孔腔辐射噪声必须从控制第一阶声学模态的直接和耦合效应入手。(3)考虑孔腔壁面弹性产生的声振耦合效应,以及典型孔腔内部声道的复杂性,都能使声学模态频率大幅向低频偏移,从而获得更大的流动声源激励,特别是更易引发流声共振,产生更强的辐射噪声线谱,通过错频避免流声共振就成为首先应考虑的线谱控制方法。(4)解析求出了孔腔外声学边界条件对刚性壁孔腔内声学模态声压放大率影响的近似公式,得到了水洞实验测试孔腔流动噪声线谱的截面积比的必要条件,对实验模型设计具有重要指导价值。
本文数值模拟方法的最大缺陷在于其流场计算基于不可压缩流动模型,无法模拟声学模态对流动模态的锁频效应,从而会低估实际孔腔流声共振的可能性,实际工程预报和控制时,应留出安全裕度。另外,本文着重探讨的“孔腔流动线谱辐射噪声”的数值预报和机理分析问题,无法提供直接的实艇实测的验证数据,但低频线谱辐射噪声是学者们非常重视的实际工程现象,本文从理论上做出了全面和深入的分析。
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2025年第29卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.02.013
  • 接收时间:2024-08-20
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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    a.上海交通大学 船舶海洋与建筑工程学院,上海 200240
    b.上海交通大学 水动力学教育部重点实验室,上海 200240

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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