Article(id=1243301632277066187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243301630683234768, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.01.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722096000000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774355808561, onlineDateStr=2026-03-24, pubDate=1737302400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774355808561, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774355808561, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774355808561, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243301630683234768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='169', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1774355808181, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774355986739, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243302379672678863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243301630683234768, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243302379672678864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243301630683234768, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=41, endPage=52, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243301632503558605, articleId=1243301632277066187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Influence of blowing rate and sequence of main ballast tank on the emergency surfacing characteristics of submarine, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to investigate the impact of the blowing rate and sequence of the main ballast water tank on the emergency surfacing characteristics of submarines, Suboff was taken as the research object. Based on RANS equation and overall dynamic grid technology, a simplified high-pressure air blowing model of the main ballast water tank was combined to construct a simulated calculation model for the emergency surfacing motion of submarines. By linearly applying buoyancy, the submarine emergency surfacing motion parameters varying with time were obtained under different blowing rates, blowing sequences, and time intervals at an initial speed of 1m/s. The results show that the faster the blowing rate of the main ballast water tank is, the faster the hull water flows out, the smaller the amplitude of the pitch angle is, and the larger the amplitude of the roll angle is. Blowing out the water tank in the order of the bow, middle, and stern groups, as well as the middle, bow, and stern groups, results in a larger longitudinal angle amplitude and faster upward buoyancy compared to simultaneous blowing out. Blowing out the water tank in the order of the bow, middle, and stern groups, results in faster water output compared to that in the order of the middle, bow, and stern groups. Under the same blowing sequence, the longer the time interval, the greater the amplitude of pitch angle and the surfacing time with an interval of 1.0 s is earlier than the other two working conditions. In all operating conditions, the highest point of surfacing occurred at 7.08 s in the condition of blowing out the water tank in the order of the bow, middle, and stern groups with a time interval of 1.0 s, which is 1.21 earlier than simultaneous blowing. The research results have certain guiding significance for the pressure design of high-pressure gas in submarines and the blowing strategy for emergency surfacing of real submarine.

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为了探究主压载水舱吹除速率及吹除顺序对潜艇应急上浮特性的影响,以Suboff为研究对象,基于RANS方程和整体动网格技术,联合简化的高压气吹除主压载水舱模型,构建潜艇应急上浮运动仿真计算模型。通过线性施加上浮力,得到初始航速为1 m/s时不同吹除速率以及不同吹除顺序和时间间隔下,潜艇应急上浮运动参数随时间的变化情况。结果表明:主压载水舱吹除速率越快,艇体出水越快,纵摇角的幅值越小,横摇角的幅值越大;按照首、中、尾组和中、首、尾组顺序吹除水舱相较于同时吹除,纵倾角幅值更大,上浮更快;按照首、中、尾组相较于中、首、尾组顺序吹除水舱,出水更快;在同一吹除顺序下,时间间隔越长,纵摇角幅值越大,而间隔时间为1.0 s的出水时间早于另外两种工况;在所有工况中,按照首、中、尾组顺序吹除水舱时间间隔为1.0 s的工况出现出水最高点最早为7.08 s,相较于同时吹除提前了1.21 s。研究结果对于潜艇高压气的压力设计及实艇应急上浮的吹除策略具有一定的指导意义。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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陈佳宝(1994-),男,硕士,助教

吕帮俊(1981-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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陈佳宝(1994-),男,硕士,助教

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陈佳宝(1994-),男,硕士,助教

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吕帮俊(1981-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243301632277066187, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=30, issue=7, pageStart=4, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=刘常波, 丁风雷, 田炳丽, journalName=计算机仿真, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘常波,丁风雷,田炳丽. 潜艇应急上浮操纵运动仿真预报研究[J]. 计算机仿真2013, 30(7):4., articleTitle=潜艇应急上浮操纵运动仿真预报研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1243301653760290837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243301632277066187, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=30, issue=7, pageStart=4, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=Liu Changbo, Ding Fenglei, Tian Bingli, journalName=Computer Simulation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu Changbo, Ding Fenglei, Tian Bingli. 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Main parameters of Suboff

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参数数值
艇长L/m4.356
艇宽B/m0.508
水下排水质量M/kg704
重心位置/m(-2.002,0.0,-0.02)
惯性矩/(kg·m-2(27.65,834.15,834.15)
), ArticleFig(id=1243301652724298730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243301632277066187, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Suboff主要参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
艇长L/m4.356
艇宽B/m0.508
水下排水质量M/kg704
重心位置/m(-2.002,0.0,-0.02)
惯性矩/(kg·m-2(27.65,834.15,834.15)
), ArticleFig(id=1243301652841739248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243301632277066187, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Grid size and quantity

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格尺寸/m0.1410.10.070.050.035
网格数量(万)25.450.9104.1154.4570.8
), ArticleFig(id=1243301652938208241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243301632277066187, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

网格尺寸及数量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格尺寸/m0.1410.10.070.050.035
网格数量(万)25.450.9104.1154.4570.8
), ArticleFig(id=1243301653059843062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243301632277066187, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Working condition setting and calculation results for different blowing rates

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况吹除速率/(N·s-1出水最高点/m出水最高点时刻/s最大纵摇角幅值/°最大纵摇角时刻/s最大横摇角幅值/°最大横摇角时刻/s
吹除时长6 s66.666.0538.2910.633.941.567.95
吹除时长7 s57.146.0538.6311.654.121.318.28
吹除时长8 s506.0518.9512.644.311.148.57
吹除时长9 s44.446.0439.2613.614.520.998.78
吹除时长10 s406.0319.5514.544.670.889.0
), ArticleFig(id=1243301653164700665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243301632277066187, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同吹除速率的工况设置及计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况吹除速率/(N·s-1出水最高点/m出水最高点时刻/s最大纵摇角幅值/°最大纵摇角时刻/s最大横摇角幅值/°最大横摇角时刻/s
吹除时长6 s66.666.0538.2910.633.941.567.95
吹除时长7 s57.146.0538.6311.654.121.318.28
吹除时长8 s506.0518.9512.644.311.148.57
吹除时长9 s44.446.0439.2613.614.520.998.78
吹除时长10 s406.0319.5514.544.670.889.0
), ArticleFig(id=1243301653269558269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243301632277066187, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Working condition setting and calculation results of group blowing

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况吹除顺序时间间隔/s最大纵摇角幅值/°最大纵摇角时刻/s出水最高点/m出水最高点时刻/s
初始工况同时吹除010.633.936.0538.29
工况一0.530.334.826.0677.27
工况二首、中、尾1.043.815.446.0957.08
工况三1.562.616.176.2367.12
工况四0.522.094.686.0777.89
工况五中、首、尾1.031.465.356.0597.66
工况六1.538.385.966.0627.72
), ArticleFig(id=1243301653361831936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243301632277066187, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

分组吹除的工况设置及计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况吹除顺序时间间隔/s最大纵摇角幅值/°最大纵摇角时刻/s出水最高点/m出水最高点时刻/s
初始工况同时吹除010.633.936.0538.29
工况一0.530.334.826.0677.27
工况二首、中、尾1.043.815.446.0957.08
工况三1.562.616.176.2367.12
工况四0.522.094.686.0777.89
工况五中、首、尾1.031.465.356.0597.66
工况六1.538.385.966.0627.72
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主压载水舱吹除速率和顺序对潜艇应急上浮特性的影响研究
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陈佳宝 , 吕帮俊 , 彭利坤 , 黄斌
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025,29(1): 41-52
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025, 29(1): 41-52
主压载水舱吹除速率和顺序对潜艇应急上浮特性的影响研究
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陈佳宝, 吕帮俊 , 彭利坤, 黄斌
作者信息
  • 海军工程大学 动力工程学院,武汉 430033
  • 陈佳宝(1994-),男,硕士,助教

    吕帮俊(1981-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Influence of blowing rate and sequence of main ballast tank on the emergency surfacing characteristics of submarine
Jia-bao CHEN, Bang-jun Lü , Li-kun PENG, Bin HUANG
Affiliations
  • College of Power Engineering, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
出版时间: 2025-01-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.01.005
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为了探究主压载水舱吹除速率及吹除顺序对潜艇应急上浮特性的影响,以Suboff为研究对象,基于RANS方程和整体动网格技术,联合简化的高压气吹除主压载水舱模型,构建潜艇应急上浮运动仿真计算模型。通过线性施加上浮力,得到初始航速为1 m/s时不同吹除速率以及不同吹除顺序和时间间隔下,潜艇应急上浮运动参数随时间的变化情况。结果表明:主压载水舱吹除速率越快,艇体出水越快,纵摇角的幅值越小,横摇角的幅值越大;按照首、中、尾组和中、首、尾组顺序吹除水舱相较于同时吹除,纵倾角幅值更大,上浮更快;按照首、中、尾组相较于中、首、尾组顺序吹除水舱,出水更快;在同一吹除顺序下,时间间隔越长,纵摇角幅值越大,而间隔时间为1.0 s的出水时间早于另外两种工况;在所有工况中,按照首、中、尾组顺序吹除水舱时间间隔为1.0 s的工况出现出水最高点最早为7.08 s,相较于同时吹除提前了1.21 s。研究结果对于潜艇高压气的压力设计及实艇应急上浮的吹除策略具有一定的指导意义。

主压载水舱  /  应急上浮  /  吹除速率  /  吹除顺序  /  上浮力

In order to investigate the impact of the blowing rate and sequence of the main ballast water tank on the emergency surfacing characteristics of submarines, Suboff was taken as the research object. Based on RANS equation and overall dynamic grid technology, a simplified high-pressure air blowing model of the main ballast water tank was combined to construct a simulated calculation model for the emergency surfacing motion of submarines. By linearly applying buoyancy, the submarine emergency surfacing motion parameters varying with time were obtained under different blowing rates, blowing sequences, and time intervals at an initial speed of 1m/s. The results show that the faster the blowing rate of the main ballast water tank is, the faster the hull water flows out, the smaller the amplitude of the pitch angle is, and the larger the amplitude of the roll angle is. Blowing out the water tank in the order of the bow, middle, and stern groups, as well as the middle, bow, and stern groups, results in a larger longitudinal angle amplitude and faster upward buoyancy compared to simultaneous blowing out. Blowing out the water tank in the order of the bow, middle, and stern groups, results in faster water output compared to that in the order of the middle, bow, and stern groups. Under the same blowing sequence, the longer the time interval, the greater the amplitude of pitch angle and the surfacing time with an interval of 1.0 s is earlier than the other two working conditions. In all operating conditions, the highest point of surfacing occurred at 7.08 s in the condition of blowing out the water tank in the order of the bow, middle, and stern groups with a time interval of 1.0 s, which is 1.21 earlier than simultaneous blowing. The research results have certain guiding significance for the pressure design of high-pressure gas in submarines and the blowing strategy for emergency surfacing of real submarine.

main ballast tank  /  emergency surfacing  /  blowing rate  /  blowing sequence  /  buoyancy
陈佳宝, 吕帮俊, 彭利坤, 黄斌. 主压载水舱吹除速率和顺序对潜艇应急上浮特性的影响研究. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (1) : 41 -52 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.01.005
Jia-bao CHEN, Bang-jun Lü, Li-kun PENG, Bin HUANG. Influence of blowing rate and sequence of main ballast tank on the emergency surfacing characteristics of submarine[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (1) : 41 -52 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.01.005
潜艇在水下航行过程中,如突然发生卡舵故障出现危险纵倾或者遭遇“水下断崖”发生掉深等险情时,采取停车、增减速、操上浮舵、均衡等措施后仍不能使潜艇上浮,指挥员则需要果断下令吹除主压载水舱,使潜艇应急浮起。由此可见,应急上浮是保证潜艇生命力的最后一道屏障。此外,由于潜艇的应急上浮属于强机动,在整个过程中艇态变化较为剧烈,稍有不慎,可能会造成艇体倾覆,甚至导致艇毁人亡。因此,为了保证应急上浮过程的安全性和稳定性,对潜艇应急上浮特性开展研究就显得尤为重要。
近年来,研究人员已围绕潜艇的应急上浮开展了较多研究。对于潜艇的上浮运动,常用的方法是通过模型试验获取水动力系数,然后基于六自由度运动方程,建立潜艇六自由度运动数学模型进行预报。刘常波[1]、刘辉[2]、金涛[3]等通过将高压气吹除主压载水舱的模型与潜艇的六自由度运动模型相结合,预报了破损潜艇在应急浮起过程中的运动规律及姿态变化。上述方法需要首先获取潜艇的水动力系数,而随着艇型的发展,水动力系数的准确获取已不是一件易事,而且上述仿真方法通常只能得到运动参数的时历曲线,难以获取潜艇上浮运动的直观场景。
随着CFD(Computer Fluid Dynamics)技术的快速发展,其在潜艇应急上浮运动预报的应用也愈加广泛。通过CFD软件对潜艇的上浮运动进行直接模拟,在获得艇体运动参数的同时,可通过后处理获得或实时监视艇体的运动场景,从而避免了上述方法依赖水动力系数的弊端。Bettle[4]等通过CFD结合刚体运动方程,直接模拟了潜艇应急上浮的六自由度运动。周广礼等[5]基于RANS(Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes)方程,利用整体动网格技术建立了潜艇应急上浮六自由度运动数值预报方法;李日杰等[6]针对带有上层建筑非水密区域及流水孔的潜艇模型,基于RANS方程并采用重叠网格,联合六自由度运动方程模拟求解了潜艇零航速情况的应急上浮运动;魏可可等[7]-[8]基于Star CCM+软件平台,采用剪切型网格和虚拟桨盘的体积力模型,分别对潜艇在不同压载吹除量和不同航速作用下的应急上浮运动进行了数值模拟。
上述研究主要基于RANS方程、重叠网格、整体动网格、虚拟桨等建立潜艇应急上浮的数值模拟方法,或者针对某一工况下潜艇的应急上浮展开研究。但上述研究均基于一个前提假设:潜艇上浮力载荷的施加是在模拟开始的瞬间完成的,且没有对水舱进行分组,上浮力均为同时施加。而实际潜艇高压气吹除主压载水舱需要一定时间,不可能在瞬间完成吹除。因此,上浮力载荷是随时间逐渐施加至艇体的,而且潜艇实际的压载水舱通常是分组布置,可根据实际情况实施分组吹除。
本研究针对上浮力载荷的时历性和水舱分组吹除的实际情形,基于RANS方程和整体动网格技术,联合简化的高压气吹除主压载水舱模型,对艇体施加随时间线性变化的上浮力载荷。通过调整相同上浮力的施加时长,模拟不同的主压载水舱吹除速率,并以某一吹除速率为基础,改变水舱的吹除顺序和时间间隔,进而探究主压载水舱吹除速率和吹除顺序对潜艇应急上浮运动特性的影响。
本研究对象为DARPA(美国国防高级研究计划局)公开的带全附体的Suboff模型,其几何外形如图1所示,其主体长4.356 m,前体长1.016 m,平行中体长2.229 m,后体长1.111 m,艇身最大直径为0.508 m,其它参数如表1所示。
计算域设为方形域,计算域尺寸及边界条件的设置如图2所示(L为艇长)。
本次仿真采用整体动网格技术进行空间离散,整个计算域跟随艇体一起运动,而水面相对于地面保持固定,可在节省计算资源的同时,保证网格的离散精度,适合远距离空间运动的数值模拟。在具体划分上,采用Star CCM+特有的Trimmer(切割体)网格,属于自适应网格,可对艇体表面进行自动重构和表面修复,提高网格质量,还可通过面控制、棱柱层、网格加密等方式,提高复杂模型的网格划分精度。对于水动力计算,其计算精度堪比结构化网格[9]。在整体网格划分的基础上,对局部曲率变化较大的地方进行网格加密。由于潜艇要浮至水面,需要考虑自由液面,而自由液面的流动情况较为复杂,为了更好地捕捉自由液面的流动,也需要对自由液面进行网格加密处理。由于是整体动网格,网格随艇体运动,而水面保持固定,因此自由液面的网格加密需设置在艇体附近,如图4所示,在艇体浮至水面时,可实现对水面波动的精确模拟。
本计算模型的网格基本尺寸取0.05 m,网格总数为240.96万,棱柱层设为6层,棱柱层总厚度为0.02 m,对湍流模型做All y+处理,壁面y+值控制在120以内。
本文所研究问题的控制方程为不可压缩流体流动的连续性方程与RANS方程[10]
式中,为时均速率,为脉动速率,脉动速率相关项称作雷诺应力。
对流项采用二阶迎风差分,耗散项采用中心差分。压力速率耦合采用SIMPLE方法,时间步长为0.004 s。
采用SST k-ω湍流模型,其对空间运动的流场具有较好的模拟能力,详细的推导过程和参数选取可参考文献[11],其表达式如下:
式中,k表示湍动能,ω表示特殊湍动能耗散,ГkГω分别表示kω的有效扩散系数,GkGω分别为kω的产生项,YkYω分别为kω的耗散系数,SkSω则为自定义源项。
在相同的网格分区及加密处理的情况下,一定范围内,水动力数值计算的精度与网格密度呈某种正相关的关系。网格密度过小,计算精度不够;网格密度过大,会大大提高计算成本和时间成本。因此,在正式开展数值计算之前,需进行网格无关性分析[12],确定合理的网格尺寸及数量。
在确定网格分区和加密处理之后,以0.1 m为基准,按照ITTC推荐规程[13],网格在三个方向上的加细比选取为,分别设置5种网格基础尺寸,网格尺寸和数量如表2所示。
在3.34 m/s的相同航速下,艇体保持0°冲角,在深潜状态下保持定深航行,在水流的冲击下,艇体产生沿艇体方向的纵向阻力,简称纵向力。为方便进行对比分析,对纵向力进行无因次化:
式中,X'表示纵向力无因次系数;X为艇体受到的纵向力;LPP为艇体垂线间长,取4.261 m;U为来流速度3.34 m/s。
上述5种网格尺寸下纵向力无因次系数的计算结果如图5所示,随着网格数量的增加,计算得到的总阻力逐渐减小,而网格数量154.4万和570.8万的计算结果已相当接近试验值[14],相对误差分别为1.5%和0.5%。综合考虑计算资源和计算精度,本研究选择154.4万的网格数量,对应于网格基础尺寸0.05 m,开展后续计算。
为了验证构建的仿真模型的计算精度,开展相关水动力计算,并设计如下验证实验:来流速度U=3.34 m/s,艇体保持固定,冲角α在2°~18°范围内以2°间隔进行仿真计算,其余条件与上述预报潜艇应急上浮的仿真模型一致。
同样,为便于数据间对比分析,将相关物理量进行无因次化:
式中,Z'M'分别表示垂向力、纵倾力矩的无因次系数,ZM分别为艇体受到的垂向力、纵倾力矩。
图67所示,对比仿真计算值与试验值[14]可知,当冲角在2°~18°范围内时,采用上述仿真模型,垂向力系数计算结果的最大和最小相对误差分别为6.8%和1.4%,纵倾力矩系数计算结果的最大和最小相对误差分别为8.3%和2.0%,表明计算精度满足要求,可依托该计算模型开展后续应急上浮运动的仿真计算。
潜艇的应急上浮主要通过高压气吹除主压载水舱产生正浮力,使潜艇快速上浮。潜艇的主压载水舱通常为分组设置,可根据纵向布置位置分为首组、中组和尾组。高压气吹除主压载水舱需要一定的时间,水舱水量会随吹除时间逐渐减少,从而增加向上的正浮力。根据文献[15],基于简化的主压载水舱高压气吹除数学模型,在吹除的过程中水舱的水量线性变化,可等效于上浮力的线性变化。基于上述文献的研究结果,本研究在0 s时刻直接在首组、中组和尾组水舱同时施加上浮力,水舱布置和上浮力施加位置如图9所示,各组最大上浮力为400 N,共计1200 N,占艇体排水量的17%。高压气的压力则对应于上浮力的变化速率,上浮力增加得越快,则对应于越高的高压气压力。本研究通过改变上浮力施加的时长,来改变上浮力的变化速率,进而模拟不同的主压载水舱吹除速率,吹除时长分别设置为6 s、7 s、8 s、9 s、10 s,不同吹除时长下的上浮力变化如图10所示,吹除速率则分别对应于66.66 N/s、57.14 N/s、50 N/s、44.44 N/s、40 N/s、。为了避免在应急上浮过程中螺旋桨发生飞车,潜艇在应急上浮时通常会停车,因此,本研究主要探究在无推进力的情况下,初始航速为1 m/s时的应急上浮运动。
为便于分析,可将应急上浮整体运动过程分为:水下上浮阶段、水面振荡阶段、水面稳定阶段,分别如图11~13所示。在整个过程中,潜艇受到吹除压载水舱获得的上浮力、自身静力与水动力的综合作用,表现出纵倾、横倾、偏航等不稳定的运动状态,属于典型的六自由度运动。
(1)吹除速率对潜艇应急上浮特性的影响
不同吹除速率的工况设置及计算结果如表3所示,吹除速率对深度变化、纵摇角、横摇角等的影响具体分析如下:
在深度变化上,如图14所示,5种工况均经历了由水下6 m浮至水面,在水面深度不断振荡,并逐渐恢复至深度不变的水面状态这三个过程。随着吹除速率的增加,潜艇应急上浮时出水变快,而且由于吹除速率越大,上浮速度越快,因此出水最高点随吹除速率增大略有增大。当上浮到水面状态时,由于潜艇在水面的横稳心高度相同,所以水面振荡阶段所经历的时间大致相同,水面稳定状态的深度也大致相同。
主压载水舱速率对运动稳定性的影响主要体现在不同工况下纵摇角和横摇角的变化上,对于纵摇而言,如图15所示,5种工况均为尾倾先逐渐增大,尾倾达到最大之后再逐渐减小,并以尾倾姿态出水,在出水之后由尾倾变为首倾,在惯性和扶正力矩的作用下,纵倾角不断振荡且幅值逐渐减小,最终保持一定的尾倾浮在水面。通过对比5种工况下的纵摇角变化情况,可以发现吹除速率越大,在上浮过程中纵摇角的幅值越小,由尾倾变首倾的时间点越早。
对于横摇来说,如图16所示,5种工况下的横摇角的变化情况为:在水下上浮阶段,在上浮力的作用下逐渐增大;在潜艇由水下跃升至水面的过程中,由于惯性作用,艇体露出水面部分比正常水面状态多,导致潜艇稳性降低,在此阶段横摇均有大幅度增加;上浮出水之后,在扶正力矩的作用下,横摇角振荡一段时间以后,逐渐呈现周期性减小的趋势。
通过对比5种工况下的横摇角变化情况,可以发现吹除越快,横摇的幅值越大,且峰值出现得越早。这是由于潜艇在水下受到横向力作用,尤其是指挥室围壳受到横向力作用,会产生横倾力矩,从而产生横摇。而吹除速率越大,潜艇上浮越快,受到的横向力也就越大,进而产生更大的横摇。
此外,各吹除速率下的横摇稳定角有所差别。这主要和潜艇的偏航角有关,通过对比图1617可以发现,水面稳定阶段的偏航角幅值越大,横摇稳定角的幅值越大。这是由于偏航角越大,横向力越大,产生的横倾力矩越大,越容易使潜艇产生更大的横摇。横倾稳定角的整体变化趋势亦受偏航的影响,偏航角越大,横倾稳定角整体越偏离0°,且偏离方向和偏航方向保持一致。然而偏航角本身的变化,并未呈现出明显的规律,这是由长水滴型潜艇的进车偏航存在随机性所决定的。
(2)吹除顺序对潜艇应急上浮特性的影响
上述研究的工况均是基于首、中、尾三组水舱同时吹除,实现应急上浮,然而在潜艇实际应急上浮的过程中,根据不同的操纵工况,可能会按照一定的顺序分组吹除水舱。为了探究分组吹除水舱的吹除顺序和时间间隔对上浮运动的影响,基于上述的研究结果,各组的吹除时长选为6 s,分别采取首、中、尾和中、首、尾两种吹除顺序,各组吹除的时间间隔分别为0.5 s、1 s、1.5 s,仿真得到不同工况下的出水时间点、稳定纵倾角及最大横摇角,工况设置及计算结果如表4所示,以工况一为例,在0 s开始吹除首组水舱,在0.5 s时开始吹除中组水舱,在1.0 s时开始吹除尾组水舱,各组吹除时长均为6 s,在7.0 s时,所有水舱吹除完毕。
纵摇角的变化如表4图18所示,所有工况在上浮阶段保持尾倾姿态,工况一至六的最大纵摇角均明显大于同时吹除的工况;在同一吹除顺序下,时间间隔越长,纵摇角幅值越大;在相同时间间隔下,按照首、中、尾组顺序吹除水舱造成的最大纵倾角大于中、首、尾组顺序吹除。
产生上述现象的原因在于,按照首、中、尾组和中、首、尾组顺序吹除水舱相比于同时吹除全部水舱,更利于形成尾倾力矩,从而容易造成更大的尾倾角;由于尾部的上浮力产生的是首倾力矩,不利于抬首上浮,因此,在同一吹除顺序下,时间间隔越长,尾部产生上浮力越晚,越容易形成更大的尾倾角;首部和中部水舱的上浮力产生的都是尾倾力矩,但由于首部距重心更远,力臂更长,同样的上浮力下,先吹除首部容易造成更大的尾倾角,因此,在相同的时间间隔下,按照首、中、尾组顺序吹除水舱的最大纵摇角更大。
从出水时间上看,如图19所示,工况一至六的出水最高点均高于同时吹除的工况,且出水最高时间点均早于同时吹除的工况。而且,工况一至三的出水时间均早于工况四至六。在同一吹除顺序下,间隔时间为1.0 s的出水时间早于另外两种工况。按照首、中、尾组顺序吹除水舱时间间隔为1.0 s的工况下出水最高点最早为7.08 s,相较于同时吹除提前了1.21 s。
出现上述现象的原因在于,出水时间受纵摇角的影响较大,纵摇角会影响上浮速度,进而影响出水时间。由于工况一至六的最大纵摇角均明显大于同时吹除的工况,因此,工况一至六的出水时间点均明显早于同时吹除的工况;由于工况二和三的最大纵摇角均大于工况四至六,工况一的最大纵摇角虽然略小于工况五和六,但由于其间隔时间更短,其最大纵摇角出现时刻明显早于工况五和六,所以工况一至三的出水时间均早于工况四至六。由表4可知,在同一吹除顺序下,时间间隔越长,造成的尾倾角越大,则越利于快速上浮,而时间间隔越长,尾倾角增加得越慢,则不利于快速上浮,二者在间隔为1.0 s时达到平衡,最大尾倾角不至于过大,尾倾角增加不至于过慢,因此按照首、中、尾组顺序吹除水舱、时间间隔为1.0 s的工况出现出水最高点最早,上浮最快。
基于上述结论,在对潜艇实际操纵过程中,可针对实际工况采用不同的吹除策略:对于首部水舱破损进水或卡舵故障造成的危险首纵倾下的应急上浮,应首先对首部水舱进行吹除,遏制首倾增大的趋势,然后吹除中部水舱,形成一定尾倾,使潜艇由下潜转为上浮,最后根据尾倾角的大小,视情选择是否吹除尾部水舱;对于海水密度急剧减小造成掉深的应急上浮,由于整体浮力减小,突然产生向下较大的力,可先对中部水舱进行吹除,抵消向下的力,遏制下潜速度,然后吹除首部水舱使潜艇产生一定的尾倾加速使潜艇由下潜转为上浮,为避免形成较大尾倾冲出水面,最后再吹除尾部水舱减少尾倾。
本文以Suboff为研究对象,基于RANS方程和整体动网格技术构建了潜艇应急上浮运动仿真计算模型,得到了初始航速1 m/s下不同吹除速率的潜艇应急上浮运动参数随时间的变化情况,并探究了不同水舱吹除顺序和时间间隔下的应急上浮特性,结果表明:
(1)主压载水舱吹除速率越快,艇体出水越快,纵摇角的幅值越小,横摇角的幅值越大;
(2)按照首、中、尾组和中、首、尾组顺序吹除水舱相较于同时吹除,纵倾角幅值更大,上浮更快;按照首、中、尾组相较于中、首、尾组顺序吹除水舱,出水更快;在同一吹除顺序下,时间间隔越长,纵摇角幅值越大,而间隔时间为1.0 s的出水时间早于另外两种工况;在所有工况中,按照首、中、尾组顺序吹除水舱时间间隔为1.0 s工况下出水最高点最早为7.08 s,相较于同时吹除提前了1.21 s。
上述结论对于潜艇高压气的压力设计及实艇应急上浮的吹除策略具有一定的指导意义。由于本研究对主压载水舱的吹除模型进行了线性假设,因此得到的结果具有一定的局限性。后续拟将潜艇的应急上浮与基于拉瓦尔喷管的高压气吹除数理模型相结合,构建联合仿真。另外,本研究的初始状态为保持一定的初速度定深直航,而实际潜艇只有在发生深度快速增加或首倾急剧增大的紧急情况下才会选择吹除水舱应急上浮,因此,本研究的初始状态较为理想化,后续研究中,拟根据实际应急操纵工况设置初始状态,并与升降舵故障下的操纵相结合,以期得到更加贴合实际的结论。
  • 武器装备预研项目(995-0204020404)
  • 海军工程大学自主研发项目(425317T012)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.01.005
  • 接收时间:2024-07-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-28
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武器装备预研项目(995-0204020404)
海军工程大学自主研发项目(425317T012)
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    海军工程大学 动力工程学院,武汉 430033

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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