Article(id=1243253929325216388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243253924128469739, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.07.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737648000000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774344435291, onlineDateStr=2026-03-24, pubDate=1752940800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774344435291, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774344435291, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774344435291, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243253924128469739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='7', pageStart='1013', pageEnd='1180', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774344434053, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774501521460, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243912796535107926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243253924128469739, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243912796535107927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243253924128469739, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1013, endPage=1022, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243253929576874639, articleId=1243253929325216388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Research on the tip clearance flow and hydrodynamic performance of pump-jet propulsor with large tip clearance, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Tip clearance flow is a complex phenomenon that occurs between the rotor blade tip and the inner surface of the duct of a pump-jet propulsor. The tip clearance size significantly influences both the tip clearance flow and the performance of the pump-jet propulsor. Previous studies on tip clearance flow primarily focused on cases with tip clearance sizes less than 4 mm on model scale. Tip clearance flow of pump-jet propulsors with tip clearance sizes of 1 mm and 16 mm were simulated based on large eddy simulation in this paper. The study focuses on the characteristics of tip clearance flow in the large tip clearance pump-jet propulsor and the effects on cavitation inception, hydrodynamic performance, and duct pressure fluctuation. The results indicate that, compared to smaller tip clearance, the starting position of tip-separation vortex of pump-jet propulsor with large tip clearance is closer to the leading edge of rotor, while the intersection position of tip-separation vortex and tip-leakage vortex is closer to the trailing edge of rotor. Furthermore, the propulsion efficiency of the pump-jet propulsor behind SUBOFF is reduced by approximately 10%. The vorticity and circulation of tip-leakage vortex are larger, and cavitation inception of tip-leakage vortex occurs earlier. The amplitude of fluctuating pressure on duct inner surface is significantly decreased by about 80%. Therefore, the design of the pump-jet propulsor should be made based on comprehensive balance of the above-mentioned performance characteristics to find the optimal tip clearance size.

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梢隙流动是存在于泵喷推进器转子叶梢与导管内壁之间的复杂流动,叶梢间隙尺寸对梢隙流动及泵喷推进器性能有显著影响,以往针对梢隙流动的研究,其模型尺度下的间隙尺寸大多都小于4 mm。本文基于大涡模拟方法对间隙大小为1 mm和16 mm的泵喷推进器梢隙流动进行了数值模拟,重点分析了大间隙泵喷推进器梢隙流动的特征,及其对空泡起始性能、水动力性能以及导管脉动压力的影响。结果表明:与小间隙相比,大间隙泵喷推进器梢部分离涡的产生位置更靠近转子叶片的导边,梢部的分离涡与梢泄涡交汇位置更靠近转子叶片的随边;艇后泵喷推进器效率下降明显,降低了约10%;梢泄涡涡量与环量更大,梢泄涡空泡起始更早;导管脉动压力显著降低,约为小间隙的20%。因此,泵喷推进器的设计应该综合权衡考虑以上性能,寻求最佳的间隙大小。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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戎智(2000-),男,硕士研究生,通讯作者,E-mail:

唐登海(1965-),男,研究员,E-mail:

刘登成(1982-),男,研究员。

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刘登成(1982-),男,研究员。

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ArticleFig(id=1243253944760254849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243253929325216388, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Size and number of different grid sets

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网格方案加密区网格尺寸/mm网格数目/万
静止域旋转域计算域
Grid 10.6392196588
Grid 20.5351743
Grid 30.4604996
Grid 40.39621354
), ArticleFig(id=1243253944852529541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243253929325216388, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

网格尺寸及网格数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格方案加密区网格尺寸/mm网格数目/万
静止域旋转域计算域
Grid 10.6392196588
Grid 20.5351743
Grid 30.4604996
Grid 40.39621354
), ArticleFig(id=1243253944923832713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243253929325216388, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Calculation results with each grid set

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网格方案KT10KQKTDCP
Grid 10.24620.37260.0941-11.54
Grid 20.2221-9.79%0.3653-2.00%0.0939-0.22%-12.7010.05%
Grid 30.2191-1.35%0.3602-1.39%0.0937-0.21%-13.899.37%
Grid 40.22070.73%0.36150.36%0.09370.00%-14.000.79%
), ArticleFig(id=1243253945028690318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243253929325216388, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各套网格的计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格方案KT10KQKTDCP
Grid 10.24620.37260.0941-11.54
Grid 20.2221-9.79%0.3653-2.00%0.0939-0.22%-12.7010.05%
Grid 30.2191-1.35%0.3602-1.39%0.0937-0.21%-13.899.37%
Grid 40.22070.73%0.36150.36%0.09370.00%-14.000.79%
), ArticleFig(id=1243253945112576401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243253929325216388, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Vorticity magnitude/circulation/size of tip leakage vortex

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
δ/mmω/s-1Γ/(m2·s-1)梢泄涡尺寸/mm
143630.01472.38
1669840.02734.22
), ArticleFig(id=1243253945204851093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243253929325216388, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

梢泄涡涡量/环量/尺寸

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
δ/mmω/s-1Γ/(m2·s-1)梢泄涡尺寸/mm
143630.01472.38
1669840.02734.22
), ArticleFig(id=1243253945284542869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243253929325216388, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Hydrodynamic performance at self-propulsion point

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
δ/mmn/(r·s-1)KTRKTSKTD10KQηT
118.050.3663-0.02700.01670.743784.45%
1618.400.3931-0.0229-0.04220.761274.57%
), ArticleFig(id=1243253945351651737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243253929325216388, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

自航点水动力性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
δ/mmn/(r·s-1)KTRKTSKTD10KQηT
118.050.3663-0.02700.01670.743784.45%
1618.400.3931-0.0229-0.04220.761274.57%
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大间隙泵喷推进器梢隙流动及水动力性能研究
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戎智 , 唐登海 , 刘登成
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025,29(7): 1013-1022
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025, 29(7): 1013-1022
大间隙泵喷推进器梢隙流动及水动力性能研究
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戎智 , 唐登海 , 刘登成
作者信息
  • 中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 戎智(2000-),男,硕士研究生,通讯作者,E-mail:

    唐登海(1965-),男,研究员,E-mail:

    刘登成(1982-),男,研究员。

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Research on the tip clearance flow and hydrodynamic performance of pump-jet propulsor with large tip clearance
Zhi RONG , Deng-hai TANG , Deng-cheng LIU
Affiliations
  • China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, China
出版时间: 2025-07-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.07.001
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梢隙流动是存在于泵喷推进器转子叶梢与导管内壁之间的复杂流动,叶梢间隙尺寸对梢隙流动及泵喷推进器性能有显著影响,以往针对梢隙流动的研究,其模型尺度下的间隙尺寸大多都小于4 mm。本文基于大涡模拟方法对间隙大小为1 mm和16 mm的泵喷推进器梢隙流动进行了数值模拟,重点分析了大间隙泵喷推进器梢隙流动的特征,及其对空泡起始性能、水动力性能以及导管脉动压力的影响。结果表明:与小间隙相比,大间隙泵喷推进器梢部分离涡的产生位置更靠近转子叶片的导边,梢部的分离涡与梢泄涡交汇位置更靠近转子叶片的随边;艇后泵喷推进器效率下降明显,降低了约10%;梢泄涡涡量与环量更大,梢泄涡空泡起始更早;导管脉动压力显著降低,约为小间隙的20%。因此,泵喷推进器的设计应该综合权衡考虑以上性能,寻求最佳的间隙大小。

大涡模拟  /  梢隙流动  /  泵喷推进器  /  水动力性能

Tip clearance flow is a complex phenomenon that occurs between the rotor blade tip and the inner surface of the duct of a pump-jet propulsor. The tip clearance size significantly influences both the tip clearance flow and the performance of the pump-jet propulsor. Previous studies on tip clearance flow primarily focused on cases with tip clearance sizes less than 4 mm on model scale. Tip clearance flow of pump-jet propulsors with tip clearance sizes of 1 mm and 16 mm were simulated based on large eddy simulation in this paper. The study focuses on the characteristics of tip clearance flow in the large tip clearance pump-jet propulsor and the effects on cavitation inception, hydrodynamic performance, and duct pressure fluctuation. The results indicate that, compared to smaller tip clearance, the starting position of tip-separation vortex of pump-jet propulsor with large tip clearance is closer to the leading edge of rotor, while the intersection position of tip-separation vortex and tip-leakage vortex is closer to the trailing edge of rotor. Furthermore, the propulsion efficiency of the pump-jet propulsor behind SUBOFF is reduced by approximately 10%. The vorticity and circulation of tip-leakage vortex are larger, and cavitation inception of tip-leakage vortex occurs earlier. The amplitude of fluctuating pressure on duct inner surface is significantly decreased by about 80%. Therefore, the design of the pump-jet propulsor should be made based on comprehensive balance of the above-mentioned performance characteristics to find the optimal tip clearance size.

large eddy simulation  /  tip clearance flow  /  pump-jet propulsor  /  hydrodynamic performance
戎智, 唐登海, 刘登成. 大间隙泵喷推进器梢隙流动及水动力性能研究. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (7) : 1013 -1022 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.07.001
Zhi RONG, Deng-hai TANG, Deng-cheng LIU. Research on the tip clearance flow and hydrodynamic performance of pump-jet propulsor with large tip clearance[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (7) : 1013 -1022 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.07.001
泵喷推进器由转子、定子和导管三个基本部件组成,是潜艇、鱼雷等水下航行器的常用推进装置,具有高效率、低噪声的特点[1]。不同于敞开式螺旋桨,泵喷推进器导管和转子之间存在间隙,由于转子叶片压力面和吸力面两侧存在压力差,导致转子叶片梢部附近流体会形成典型的梢隙流动,以涡旋流动为其主要特征。梢隙尺寸对梢隙流动的产生与演化有显著影响,进而影响泵喷推进器的水动力、空化和噪声等综合性能。因此,研究不同大小间隙的泵喷推进器梢隙流动与水动力性能有重要的学术意义。
许多学者采用试验和数值模拟两种方法对泵喷推进器梢隙流动开展了大量的研究工作。梢隙流动中涡的种类包括梢泄涡(tip-leakage vortex, TLV)、梢部分离涡(tip-separation vortex, TSV)和诱导涡(induced vortex, IV)[2]。在试验方面,Dreyer等[3]采用立体粒子图像测速技术(SPIV)对剖面为NACA0009的三维水翼梢泄涡进行研究,同时以空泡的形态将梢泄涡可视化,研究了不同间隙下梢泄涡的运动轨迹,试验结果表明,涡流的轨迹和强度都受到壁面间隙的强烈影响,随着间隙的减小,梢泄涡也越远离水翼壁面。韩蕊林等[4]以间隙大小为1 mm的前置定子式泵喷推进器为对象,采用环状柔性密封结构与转子端环配合的方式抑制转子的梢隙流动,发现有间隙泵喷推进器的空化首先发生在梢泄涡的涡心最低压力处,形成一条圆柱状空泡向下游脱落,而无间隙泵喷推进器的空化首先发生在叶背近导边区域,无梢泄涡空泡产生。刘玉文等[5-6]采用剖面为NACA0024的三维水翼,开展了叶顶间隙流动涡结构PIV测量和空泡形态观测实验研究,发现间隙大小对间隙内涡结构的形成以及梢部分离涡和泄出涡的强度都有较大的影响。
在数值计算方面,Decaix等[7]基于大涡模拟方法对梢隙大小为2%弦长和10%弦长的NACA0009水翼的梢隙流动进行了数值模拟,得到了不同间隙大小的梢隙涡结构,发现梢部分离涡包裹梢泄涡向下游发展,在随边附近两种涡结构合为一体。在较小间隙方案中观察到了诱导涡,未观察到梢部分离涡;而在较大间隙方案中,观察到了梢泄涡和梢部分离涡,未观察到诱导涡。秦登辉等[8]对梢隙大小为1 mm的9叶定子、7叶转子泵喷推进器进行了数值模拟,与只包含相同转子的单桨、包含相同导管和转子的导管桨相比,泵喷推进器的敞水效率有明显提高。鹿麟等[9]分析了叶梢间隙大小为1 mm、的2 mm、3 mm的三种泵喷推进器的梢隙流动与水动力性能,发现间隙尺寸越大,梢隙涡尺寸也会增大,泵喷推进器的效率则越低。Yu等[10]分析了叶梢间隙大小为1 mm、2 mm、4 mm的三种泵喷推进器转子的非定常力,研究表明间隙的变化对推力和转矩脉动的主频没有影响,而高阶叶频的脉动量幅值会随着间隙的增大而增大。李聪等[11]分析了叶梢间隙大小为0.5 mm、1 mm、1.5 mm的三种泵喷推进器的噪声特性,发现流噪声总声级随间隙的增大先减小后增加。季雪芹等[12]对叶梢间隙大小为0.8 mm的泵喷推进器的梢隙流动进行了数值模拟,在转子梢部上方的导管内壁布置了一系列监测点,计算发现叶梢前半部分导管脉动压力显著,随着梢涡沿弦向发展逐渐减弱,梢部分离涡是导致导管脉动压力增加的主要涡结构。
综上所述,关于叶梢间隙对泵喷推进器模型梢隙流动及水动力性能的影响,国内外已开展了大量研究,其模型尺度下的叶梢间隙尺寸大多都小于4 mm(约为2%的转子直径),未发现关于更大间隙尺寸的泵喷推进器梢隙流动及水动力性能的研究工作。加大泵喷推进器叶梢间隙,可以减小泵喷推进器的脉动压力,但对大间隙下泵喷推进器梢隙流动特征和空泡起始性能等认识不足。本文将基于大涡模拟方法,对模型尺度间隙大小为1 mm和16 mm(约为0.05%D和8%DD为螺旋桨直径)的泵喷推进器进行数值模拟,重点分析大间隙泵喷推进器梢隙流动特征,及其对空泡起始性能、水动力性能以及导管脉动压力的影响。
本文选用大涡模拟方法开展数值计算。大涡模拟方法通过滤波函数将大尺度的涡与小尺度的涡分离开,对大尺度涡直接进行数值模拟,对小尺度涡通过模型进行简化处理。对不可压缩流体的N-S方程进行空间滤波,可得到大涡模拟的控制方程:
式中,τij为亚格子应力,该项用于替代小尺度涡在流场中的影响,表达式如下:
假定用各向同性滤波器过滤掉的小尺度脉动是局部平衡的[13],则涡粘形式的亚格子应力模型如下:
式中,μt为涡粘度,为应变率张量,τkk为亚格子应力各向同性的部分。
由于Wale亚格子应力模型对模型系数的灵敏度更低,且不需要在粘性底层中设置近壁面阻尼函数,会自动在壁面处提供精确的比例缩放[14],本文使用Wale模型得到涡粘度μt,对大涡模拟的控制方程进行封闭。在此模型中,涡粘度μt表达式如下:
式中,Lm为长度尺度,d为与壁面的最短距离,V为单元网格体积,κ为von Kármán常数,取值为0.417,Cs为Wale常数,取值为0.324。
梢隙流动区域内的网格分辨率直接对梢隙流动的模拟精度产生影响,而较低的网格分辨率无法捕捉梢隙区域内精细流动的涡结构。为了研究上述网格分辨率对梢隙流动数值模拟结果的影响,本文选用由19A导管与Ka4-70螺旋桨[15]构成的导管桨,开展梢隙流动区域网格依赖性分析,验证数值方法的有效性,同时确定精细模拟梢隙流动所需的梢隙区域网格尺寸。
取直径为8D的圆柱体作为计算域,上游进口与桨盘面距离为5D,下游出口与桨盘面距离为11D。计算域分为旋转域和静止域,如图1所示,其中包裹螺旋桨的圆柱区域为旋转域,旋转域与静止域的周向交界面位于桨叶梢部和导管内壁之间,其余流域为静止域。采用切割体网格对计算域进行划分,静止域网格总数为392万。对梢隙流动区域进行了局部加密,加密区如图2所示。改变加密区网格尺寸生成了四套计算网格,各套网格的网格尺寸及网格数见表1。流场计算中,上游进口给定均匀来流速度ν,其值由进速系数和螺旋桨转速求得;下游出口设为压力出口边界,指定参考压力为0;圆柱体外围圆柱面设为对称平面;桨轴、导管、桨叶表面均设置为不可滑移壁面条件;静止域和旋转域之间通过交界面进行数据传输,应用滑移网格技术处理螺旋桨旋转。针对进速系数J=0.3、0.4、0.5的工况进行了数值计算,螺旋桨转速n取20 r/s,时间步长取螺旋桨旋转2°所对应的时间。为了加快计算收敛速度,先进行定常计算,再开展非定常计算。
通过监测螺旋桨推力系数KT和扭矩系数KQ的时历曲线,发现计算3圈后计算结果趋于平稳,取第4圈计算结果进行平均处理,获取螺旋桨推力系数KT、扭矩系数KQ及导管推力系数KTD,同时提取了叶梢弦长中部截面内梢泄涡涡心压力系数Cp,在进速系数为0.4工况下的计算结果如表2所示。导管桨水动力性能系数JKTKQKTD以及Cp的计算公式如下:
式中,ρvnDTQTDp分别为流体密度、入口速度、螺旋桨转速、直径、推力、扭矩、导管推力和场点静压力。表2中四个参量均列出了相邻两套网格之间的变化量。由计算结果可知,梢隙区域计算网格尺寸对导管推力影响较小,这主要是因为在导管壁面生成了较好的边界层网格;梢隙区域计算网格尺寸对螺旋桨推力系数、扭矩系数和涡心压力有明显影响,随着梢隙区域网格尺寸的减小,计算结果趋于稳定,Grid 3和Grid 4两套网格的计算结果相差在1%以内。
在网格方案Grid 3中,叶梢弦长中部截面处梢泄涡内约有12个网格,可较为精确地捕捉到梢隙流动中的涡结构,如图3所示。将网格方案Grid 3计算得到的螺旋桨推力系数、扭矩系数和导管推力系数与试验结果进行了对比,如图4所示。整体而言,数值计算结果与试验值较为吻合,验证了数值方法的有效性。综合考虑计算精度和计算时效等因素,选取网格方案Grid 3所采用的计算网格尺寸即可较好地模拟梢隙流动及水动力性能。
为了研究大间隙对泵喷推进器梢隙流动及水动力性能的影响,本文以SUBOFF艇后泵喷推进器为研究对象,该推进器为13叶前置定子和7叶转子,转子直径D=197 mm,0.7半径处的螺距比P/D=1.2,改变导管直径,保持转子、定子几何不变,配置了间隙δ为1 mm和16 mm的两个泵喷推进器方案,如图5所示。SUBOFF模型总长L为4355 mm,艇体最大半径为253.9 mm,转子盘面位置距艇艏4239 mm,模型配备指挥台围壳、尾水平翼和垂直翼,模型如图6所示。
计算域为圆柱体,上游进口距艇艏距离为2L,圆柱体直径为4L,下游出口距艇艉距离为4L,如图7所示。计算域分为旋转域和静止域,包裹转子的部分为旋转域,其余为静止域,旋转域与静止域的周向交界面位于转子梢部和导管内壁之间。为了更精确地模拟梢隙流动,对泵喷推进器及其梢隙区域的网格进行了加密,根据本文第二章网格依赖性研究结果,取梢隙加密区域网格尺寸为0.4 mm,加密位置如图8中红色环状区域。计算域中,在转子、导管等部件的壁面均生成了12层边界层网格。此时,小间隙泵喷方案的网格总数为2948万,大间隙泵喷方案的网格总数为3077万,各部件壁面y+ < 1。历史上对SUBOFF潜艇的流场和水动力性能的数值计算较多,根据以往经验[16],本文的SUBOFF潜艇模型周围区域网格数取为428万(不含泵喷推进器区域网格),如图9所示。
速度入口处的进流速度设置为3.94 m/s,通过改变转子转速,获取推力与阻力平衡的自航点,该来流水速下,小间隙泵喷推进器方案自航点所对应的转速为18.05 r/s,大间隙泵喷推进器方案自航点所对应的转速为18.40 r/s。为了加快计算收敛速度,先进行定常计算,然后再开展非定常计算,时间步长取转子旋转2°所对应的时间。计算结果稳定后,取第4圈计算结果,分析自航点下不同大小间隙对泵喷推进器梢隙流动、水动力性能和导管脉动压力的影响。
利用Q识别准则对涡结构进行可视化,取Q=3×106s−2,两种间隙大小的泵喷推进器梢隙涡结构如图10所示。间隙为1 mm和16 mm时,均存在明显的梢泄涡和梢部分离涡,且梢泄涡是梢隙涡结构中最主要的成分;梢泄涡从转子叶片梢部近导边处脱落,并沿主流向下游随边发展,在向转子随边发展的过程中,不断有梢部分离涡从转子叶片梢部泄出,并汇入梢泄涡主涡。通过梢泄涡切向速度的峰谷值之间的距离来获取梢隙涡尺寸,同时提取并计算了转子叶片随边处梢泄涡的涡量ω和环量Γ(提取位置位于图10中圆圈处),结果列于表3。两种间隙下,泵喷推进器梢隙涡的形态与演化基本类似,所不同的是,间隙为16 mm的泵喷推进器梢泄涡尺寸更大。与小间隙方案相比,大间隙下梢泄涡的涡量和环量均增大,这是由于间隙增大,梢泄涡结构得到充分发展所致。
为了详细分析梢泄涡和梢部分离涡的发展与演化过程,垂直于梢泄涡轴线等间距布置了15个监测面,绘制出各平面的二维流线图,使用压力系数对监测面进行着色处理,对梢泄涡与梢部分离涡的涡心进行捕捉,绘制出梢泄涡(TLV)与梢部分离涡(TSV)的运动轨迹,如图11所示。观察发现,二者的梢部分离涡都先于梢泄涡产生,梢部分离涡在上游产生时更靠近转子叶片梢部压力面(PS),在向下游发展过程中,逐渐向转子叶片梢部吸力面(SS)运动,最后在转子叶片近随边某位置处消失,结合图10可知,梢部分离涡在近随边处脱落后汇入梢泄涡主涡。间隙为1 mm时,梢部分离涡产生于7.7%弦长附近,于77%弦长附近消失;间隙为16 mm时,梢部分离涡在转子叶片梢部端面近导边处产生,于84.7%弦长附近消失;与间隙为1 mm方案相比,大间隙下梢部分离涡产生更早、消失更晚。间隙尺寸对梢泄涡产生位置几乎没有影响,均产生于15.4%弦长处;与小间隙方案相比,大间隙下梢泄涡离叶片的法向距离更近,这是由于间隙变大,间隙处的横向射流速度变小的缘故。小间隙下,在图11中虚线框处观察到了明显的诱导涡(IV),而大间隙下没有诱导涡产生。取临近转子叶片随边附近的监测面观察梢泄涡的形态,如图12所示,由图可知,小间隙下受导管壁面影响,径向上的空间尺寸受限,梢泄涡在径向上的发展也受限,其形态近似为椭圆,而大间隙下梢泄涡发展较为充分,形态近似为圆。图12中则可以清晰地看到小间隙下产生的诱导涡。
通过提取梢泄涡内的切向速度和压力分布,对梢隙涡结构中主要的梢泄涡特征进行分析,包括梢泄涡尺寸、涡心径向位置(涡心到旋转轴的距离r)和涡心压力。图13给出了梢泄涡尺寸沿叶梢弦向距离的变化,其中横坐标为涡心在叶梢弦线方向投影的弦向位置与转子梢部弦长的比值,导边和随边位置分别为0和1。两种间隙方案下,随着梢泄涡的发展,梢泄涡尺寸逐渐增大,在梢部随边附近(约x/C=1)趋于稳定,这是由于在梢泄涡沿转子叶片梢部向下游发展的过程中,转子叶片壁面生成的涡量被卷吸入梢泄涡,当到达转子叶片梢部随边之后便没有新的涡量被卷入,故此处梢涡尺寸达到最大值;与小间隙方案相比,大间隙泵喷推进器梢泄涡尺寸明显大于小间隙情形下的梢泄涡,约为小间隙下梢泄涡尺寸的2倍,这与4.1节通过Q准则识别得到的结论一致。
图14给出了涡心径向位置沿叶梢弦向距离的变化,梢泄涡在梢部弦长x/C为0.8以内时,间隙大小对涡心径向位置几乎没有影响;当梢泄涡发展到转子叶片随边附近时,大间隙泵喷推进器的涡心径向位置明显要小。
为了分析泵喷推进器梢涡空泡起始性能,提取了梢泄涡涡心压力,如图15所示。随着梢泄涡的发展,不同间隙泵喷推进器梢泄涡的涡心压力都呈现先减小再增大的趋势,靠近转子叶片梢部随边附近存在压力最低点,此即为梢泄涡空泡起始位置。与小间隙泵喷推进器相比,大间隙泵喷推进器梢泄涡的最低涡心压力更低,意味着梢泄涡的空泡起始更早,起始位置更靠近转子叶片随边,小间隙泵喷推进器梢泄涡空泡起始位置约在80%弦长处,大间隙梢泄涡空泡起始位置约在90%弦长处,如图16所示。
表4给出了自航点下,不同间隙尺寸的泵喷推进器水动力计算结果,包含转子推力系数KTR、扭矩系数KQ、定子推力系数KTS、导管推力系数KTD以及艇后推进效率ηT。艇后推进器效率ηT的计算公式如下:
表4可知,当间隙增大,相同来流水速下,自航点泵喷推进器转速增加,转子推力系数、扭矩系数也均增加,定子阻力系数略有减小,导管推力系数也减小,且由推力变为阻力,艇后推进效率大幅减小,当间隙尺寸由1 mm增大到16 mm时,艇后推进效率减小约10%。观察导管剖面压力分布可知,导管内表面压力随间隙的增大而增大,而外表面压力基本不变,这导致了大间隙泵喷推进器的导管内外壁的压差减小,从而使得导管推力降低,如图17所示。从能量角度看,增大间隙使得梢泄涡发展受壁面影响更小,梢泄涡能够得到充分发展,涡的强度(环量)更大(如表3所示),梢泄涡将消耗更多能量,导致艇后推进效率更低。
为了分析泵喷推进器导管脉动压力性能,在转子梢部附近的导管内壁等间距布置了五个脉动压力监测点P1~P5,如图18所示,其中P3监测点位于转子盘面处。为了便于对比,将导管脉动压力系数KP扣除各自平均值得到其脉动值,绘制于图19。脉动压力系数KP表达式如下:
由于转子均为7叶,导管脉动压力均呈现出明显的周期特性。为了定量对比,对计算结果进行傅里叶分析,其一阶叶频脉动压力幅值如图20所示。脉动压力基本上随距离的平方衰减,故与小间隙方案相比,大间隙泵喷推进器导管脉动压力幅值明显降低,约为小间隙的20%。
本文基于大涡模拟方法在自航状态下针对模型尺度间隙大小为1 mm与16 mm的泵喷推进器进行了数值模拟,重点分析了大间隙泵喷推进器梢隙流动的特征及其对空泡起始性能、水动力性能以及导管脉动压力的影响,得到以下结论:
(1)随着间隙增大,梢泄涡在空间上得到充分发展,故大间隙泵喷推进器梢泄涡的涡量与环量均大于小间隙梢泄涡;与小间隙泵喷推进器的梢隙流动相比,大间隙泵喷推进器梢部分离涡的产生位置更靠近叶梢导边,脱离转子叶片端面与梢泄涡交汇的位置更靠近叶梢随边。
(2)随着梢泄涡的发展,梢泄涡尺寸逐渐增大直至梢部随边附近趋于稳定;与小间隙方案相比,大间隙泵喷推进器的梢泄涡尺寸明显大于小间隙梢泄涡,约为小间隙梢泄涡尺寸的2倍。
(3)与小间隙泵喷推进器相比,大间隙泵喷推进器梢泄涡的涡心压力更低,梢泄涡空泡起始更早,起始位置更靠近转子叶片梢部随边。
(4)随着间隙增大,由于导管受力由推力变为阻力,使得艇后泵喷推进器效率降低,降低幅度达10%。
(5)与小间隙方案相比,大间隙泵喷推进器导管脉动压力幅值明显降低,约为小间隙的20%。
本文通过改变间隙大小研究了泵喷推进器的梢隙流动与水动力性能,后续将针对转子不同梢部负荷的情况,开展不同间隙大小对泵喷推进器梢隙流动与水动力性能的影响研究,以确定研究结论的普适性。
  • 深远海船舶6000 kW级全回转推进器抗疲劳设计制造关键技术与装备(2022YFB3404800)
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2025年第29卷第7期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.07.001
  • 接收时间:2025-01-24
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-24
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深远海船舶6000 kW级全回转推进器抗疲劳设计制造关键技术与装备(2022YFB3404800)
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    中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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