Article(id=1243253928754791032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243253924128469739, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.07.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736611200000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774344435155, onlineDateStr=2026-03-24, pubDate=1752940800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774344435155, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774344435155, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774344435155, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243253924128469739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='7', pageStart='1013', pageEnd='1180', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774344434053, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774501521460, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243912796535107926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243253924128469739, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243912796535107927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243253924128469739, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1100, endPage=1112, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243253929069363839, articleId=1243253928754791032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Experimental study on uniaxial compressive strength of granular sea ice, columnId=1242129251223274417, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Structural Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Uniaxial compressive strengths tests were carried out in the field and in the low-temperature laboratory to investigate the mechanical properties of granular sea ice, with a strain rates ranging from 10−5 s−1 to 10−2 s−1. The test temperatures were set at −3 ℃, −5 ℃, −7 ℃, −10 ℃, and −15 ℃, respectively. The loading direction was parallel to the ice surface. The test results show that the uniaxial compressive strength of sea ice increases with the strain rate in the ductile zone, decreases with the increase of the strain rate in the brittle zone, and reaches its peak in the ductile-brittle transition zone. Comparing the ice temperature-peak strength curve with historical data, it is found that the peak of compressive strength of granular sea ice in Bohai is relatively low, and increases with the decrease of ice temperature, but its upward trend gradually slows down, which reflects the influence of sea ice crystal structure on ice mechanical properties. The sea ice porosity was introduced to establish the statistical relationship between sea ice uniaxial compressive strength and strain rate, as well as porosity, across a wide strain-rate range. The feasibility of a unified mathematical description for mechanical properties of Bohai Sea ice and polar sea ice was discussed.

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为探究粒状海冰力学性质,本文进行粒状海冰平行冰面方向的单轴压缩强度测试,其中试验时的应变速率为10−5~10−2s−1,温度分别为−3 ℃、−5 ℃、−7 ℃、−10 ℃和−15 ℃。试验结果表明,在韧性区内,粒状海冰单轴压缩强度随应变速率的增加而增加;在脆性区内,则随应变速率的增加而降低;而在韧脆过渡区内,其强度达到峰值。将冰温-峰值强度曲线与历史数据作比较,发现渤海粒状海冰峰值压缩强度较低,粒状海冰峰值压缩强度随冰温降低而上升,且上升趋势逐渐变缓,反映出海冰晶体结构对其力学性质的影响。引入孔隙率的概念,并据此得到宽应变速率区间粒状海冰单轴压缩强度随应变速率和孔隙率变化的统计关系曲面,随后将这一结果与北极融冰期粒状海冰进行比较分析,最后讨论了渤海海冰与极地海冰力学性质统一数学描述的可行性。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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刘禹博(1997-),男,博士研究生

王庆凯(1991-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243253928754791032, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Uniaxial compression stress-strain curve of granular sea ice at Site C under temperature of −10 ℃, figureFileSmall=Et9pmAj70cBZ4cWuqMz62Q==, figureFileBig=9utsdmNXA7ovwYs7h2H/Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243253939810975883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243253928754791032, language=CN, label=图4, caption=C站点粒状海冰单轴压缩应力-应变曲线(−10 ℃), figureFileSmall=Et9pmAj70cBZ4cWuqMz62Q==, figureFileBig=9utsdmNXA7ovwYs7h2H/Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243253939924222095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243253928754791032, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Failure forms of granular sea ice at different strain rates, figureFileSmall=2nAws521KwgmK2K4767rmg==, figureFileBig=fV+SRj+MIIms9pnRv+YV4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243253940024885395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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articleId=1243253928754791032, language=CN, label=图8, caption=粒状海冰单轴压缩强度与孔隙率、应变速率关系曲面, figureFileSmall=tg/RE9YYC2QJ4UrhOvnMZA==, figureFileBig=bW730MnimpdmT2PMI5O8vQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243253940767277246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243253928754791032, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Comparison among laboratory, field and history test results, figureFileSmall=sxpv3yqIvcPGJKtkDAPzjg==, figureFileBig=L6GrMNv2IN+IZdmwJ3VL+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243253940863746245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243253928754791032, language=CN, label=图9, caption=实验室试验结果与现场试验、历史数据比较, figureFileSmall=sxpv3yqIvcPGJKtkDAPzjg==, figureFileBig=L6GrMNv2IN+IZdmwJ3VL+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243253940956020938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243253928754791032, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Relationship between the uniaxial compressive strength and porosity, figureFileSmall=iWgVnJEwqb0cQSUpNWzNww==, figureFileBig=wdo0/7e7WPXy60Y+i7H8rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243253941010546894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243253928754791032, language=CN, label=图10, caption=单轴压缩强度与孔隙率的关系, figureFileSmall=iWgVnJEwqb0cQSUpNWzNww==, figureFileBig=wdo0/7e7WPXy60Y+i7H8rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243253941107015891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243253928754791032, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Physical properties of sea ice at each site

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站点冰厚/cm冰温/℃盐度密度/(g·cm-3)
A35-1.02.4‰0.84
B25-1.43.3‰0.70
C30-1.02.4‰0.87
), ArticleFig(id=1243253941186707671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243253928754791032, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各站点海冰物理性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站点冰厚/cm冰温/℃盐度密度/(g·cm-3)
A35-1.02.4‰0.84
B25-1.43.3‰0.70
C30-1.02.4‰0.87
), ArticleFig(id=1243253941258010842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243253928754791032, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Formulas of relationship between porosity and uniaxial compressive strength of granular sea ice and its application scope

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
文献公式应变速率适用范围/s-1对应区间
[16]1×10-7~2×10-4韧性区
[29]10-6~10-3韧性区
[10]1×10-7~1×10-1宽应变速率区间
), ArticleFig(id=1243253941354479838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243253928754791032, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

孔隙率和粒状海冰单轴压缩强度关系公式及适用范围

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
文献公式应变速率适用范围/s-1对应区间
[16]1×10-7~2×10-4韧性区
[29]10-6~10-3韧性区
[10]1×10-7~1×10-1宽应变速率区间
), ArticleFig(id=1243253941463531747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243253928754791032, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Coefficient values and goodness of fit of the fitted surface for uniaxial compressive strength of granular sea ice at different site

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MNPR2
A和C站点韧性区319.020.18-0.700.66
脆性区13.44-0.39-0.790.52
B站点韧性区4153.500.17-1.170.71
脆性区1487.22-0.21-1.490.71
), ArticleFig(id=1243253941585166567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243253928754791032, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

粒状海冰单轴压缩强度拟合曲面系数取值和拟合优度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MNPR2
A和C站点韧性区319.020.18-0.700.66
脆性区13.44-0.39-0.790.52
B站点韧性区4153.500.17-1.170.71
脆性区1487.22-0.21-1.490.71
), ArticleFig(id=1243253941748744429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243253928754791032, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Comparison of physical properties between Bohai Sea ice and Arctic sea ice

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样点盐度密度/(g·cm-3)冰龄
A、C2.4‰0.85一年冰
B3.3‰0.70一年冰
北极1.85‰0.87一年冰、多年冰
), ArticleFig(id=1243253941891350771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243253928754791032, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

渤海海冰与北极海冰物理性质对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样点盐度密度/(g·cm-3)冰龄
A、C2.4‰0.85一年冰
B3.3‰0.70一年冰
北极1.85‰0.87一年冰、多年冰
), ArticleFig(id=1243253942017179896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243253928754791032, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Coefficients values and goodness of fit of uniaxial compressive strength curve of granular sea ice

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
mnR2
A、C站点韧性区-0.916.390.13
脆性区-2.2413.650.35
B站点韧性区-1.8511.540.56
脆性区-2.2013.630.63
文献[17]韧性区30.56-0.540.29
脆性区31.41-0.630.46
), ArticleFig(id=1243253942210117887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243253928754791032, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

粒状海冰单轴压缩强度曲线系数取值和拟合优度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
mnR2
A、C站点韧性区-0.916.390.13
脆性区-2.2413.650.35
B站点韧性区-1.8511.540.56
脆性区-2.2013.630.63
文献[17]韧性区30.56-0.540.29
脆性区31.41-0.630.46
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粒状海冰单轴压缩强度的试验研究
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刘禹博 1 , 王庆凯 1, 2 , 卢鹏 1 , 李志军 1 , 黎舸 3
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2025,29(7): 1100-1112
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船舶力学 | 结构力学 2025, 29(7): 1100-1112
粒状海冰单轴压缩强度的试验研究
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刘禹博1, 王庆凯1, 2 , 卢鹏1, 李志军1, 黎舸3
作者信息
  • 1.大连理工大学 海岸和海洋工程全国重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116024
  • 2.中国极地研究中心 破冰船研究院,上海 200136
  • 3.国家海洋局北海预报中心,山东 青岛 266061
  • 刘禹博(1997-),男,博士研究生

    王庆凯(1991-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Experimental study on uniaxial compressive strength of granular sea ice
Yu-bo LIU1, Qing-kai WANG1, 2 , Peng LU1, Zhi-jun LI1, Ge LI3
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
  • 2.Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China
  • 3.North China Sea Marine Forecasting Center of State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
出版时间: 2025-07-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.07.009
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为探究粒状海冰力学性质,本文进行粒状海冰平行冰面方向的单轴压缩强度测试,其中试验时的应变速率为10−5~10−2s−1,温度分别为−3 ℃、−5 ℃、−7 ℃、−10 ℃和−15 ℃。试验结果表明,在韧性区内,粒状海冰单轴压缩强度随应变速率的增加而增加;在脆性区内,则随应变速率的增加而降低;而在韧脆过渡区内,其强度达到峰值。将冰温-峰值强度曲线与历史数据作比较,发现渤海粒状海冰峰值压缩强度较低,粒状海冰峰值压缩强度随冰温降低而上升,且上升趋势逐渐变缓,反映出海冰晶体结构对其力学性质的影响。引入孔隙率的概念,并据此得到宽应变速率区间粒状海冰单轴压缩强度随应变速率和孔隙率变化的统计关系曲面,随后将这一结果与北极融冰期粒状海冰进行比较分析,最后讨论了渤海海冰与极地海冰力学性质统一数学描述的可行性。

海冰  /  粒状晶体  /  单轴压缩强度  /  冰温  /  应变速率  /  孔隙率

Uniaxial compressive strengths tests were carried out in the field and in the low-temperature laboratory to investigate the mechanical properties of granular sea ice, with a strain rates ranging from 10−5 s−1 to 10−2 s−1. The test temperatures were set at −3 ℃, −5 ℃, −7 ℃, −10 ℃, and −15 ℃, respectively. The loading direction was parallel to the ice surface. The test results show that the uniaxial compressive strength of sea ice increases with the strain rate in the ductile zone, decreases with the increase of the strain rate in the brittle zone, and reaches its peak in the ductile-brittle transition zone. Comparing the ice temperature-peak strength curve with historical data, it is found that the peak of compressive strength of granular sea ice in Bohai is relatively low, and increases with the decrease of ice temperature, but its upward trend gradually slows down, which reflects the influence of sea ice crystal structure on ice mechanical properties. The sea ice porosity was introduced to establish the statistical relationship between sea ice uniaxial compressive strength and strain rate, as well as porosity, across a wide strain-rate range. The feasibility of a unified mathematical description for mechanical properties of Bohai Sea ice and polar sea ice was discussed.

sea ice  /  granular structure  /  uniaxial compressive strength  /  ice temperatures  /  strain rate  /  porosity
刘禹博, 王庆凯, 卢鹏, 李志军, 黎舸. 粒状海冰单轴压缩强度的试验研究. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (7) : 1100 -1112 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.07.009
Yu-bo LIU, Qing-kai WANG, Peng LU, Zhi-jun LI, Ge LI. Experimental study on uniaxial compressive strength of granular sea ice[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (7) : 1100 -1112 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.07.009
随着近年来北极航道以及极地地区铁镍、油气等矿产资源开发的日趋频繁,船舶航行于极地海域的频率逐渐增加[1-2]。在冰区航行中,船体结构将经受恶劣的海冰荷载考验,海冰的存在显然是影响船舶在极地海域航行安全的主要因素,所以海冰的工程力学特性对冰区船舶的设计十分重要。
海冰与船舶相互作用时,主要破坏形式有压缩破坏和弯曲破坏[3],其中,海冰的单轴压缩强度是极地船舶设计中一个典型的冰力学参数。以往针对海冰的单轴压缩强度进行了大量试验研究,以探究其影响因子[4-10]。海冰的内部影响因子包括冰温、孔隙率和晶体结构等,外部影响因子包括应变速率和加载方向等。Sinha等[5]对冰温与单轴压缩强度的关系进行了研究,发现单轴压缩强度随冰温的降低而增加。王安良等[6]对渤海海冰进行单轴压缩试验,并用幂函数描述峰值压缩强度与冰温的关系。除此之外,应变速率也同样影响海冰的破坏机制,许多学者进行了不同应变速率下的单轴压缩试验以了解海冰的韧性和脆性行为[7-10],发现冰的单轴压缩强度在韧-脆转变范围内达到最大值[8]。陈晓东等[9]对不同应变速率下单轴压缩试验的海冰破坏机理进行研究,并总结出了海冰受压常见的破坏模式。卤水体积是温度和盐度的函数,在一段时间内曾被用作评价海冰单轴压缩强度的主要内部因子[6],然而卤水体积评价体系仅适用于低温海冰,对于高温海冰,由于冰内气泡含量较高,卤水评价体系不再适用[11]。孔隙率是海冰中卤水体积分数和空气体积分数之和,它是海冰温度、盐度和密度的函数。李志军等[10]提出用孔隙率评价海冰单轴压缩强度,并拟合出渤海海冰在宽应变速率范围内的单轴压缩强度随应变速率和孔隙率变化的关系曲面。
上述研究结果所针对的对象以柱状海冰为主,但随着全球气候变暖,近年来,研究者们观测发现北极海冰内部的粒状冰比例明显增多。Perovich等[12]在北极考察期间,对北极冰层的物理特性进行了调查,并对14个冰站的冰层晶体结构进行了观测,发现其中有6个冰站的粒状冰含量超过50%,14个冰站粒状冰平均含量为41.5%。与北极海冰相似,我国渤海海冰初冰日推迟[13],初冰期持续时间也有所增加,油脂状的初生冰存在时间也较多,这些初生冰在波浪的作用下发生破碎、堆积、再冻结,导致在形成的海冰中粒状晶体含量增加。以往的研究中,受加工试样尺寸等条件限制,关于粒状冰力学性质的研究报道较少。陈晓东等[14]基于巴西盘试验对渤海海冰的拉伸强度进行研究,探究不同影响因素对粒状海冰拉伸强度的影响。Xiu等[15]对渤海粒状海冰进行三点弯曲试验,探究弯曲强度、有效弹性模量与孔隙率之间的关系。针对粒状海冰的压缩力学行为,Shculson[8]研究了粒状海冰单轴压缩强度与晶体粒径间的关系,发现粒状海冰脆性强度与晶粒直径的平方根成正比。Timco等[16]在进行大量单轴压缩试验探究后,建立了不同晶体结构海冰单轴压缩强度与应变速率及孔隙率的关系模型,但其仅适用韧性破坏情形。王庆凯等[17]对融冰期北极海冰进行单轴压缩试验,在宽应变速率范围下比较了孔隙率变化对两种晶体结构海冰单轴压缩强度的影响,但并未进一步对粒状海冰的破坏机理进行分析。可见相比于柱状海冰,人们对于粒状海冰压缩力学行为的了解还不够,需要进行更深入的研究。
为探究粒状海冰力学性质,我们选择在取冰以及试验环境更易控制的渤海进行海冰采集,并开展了粒状海冰单轴压缩试验研究。2020~2021年冬季在渤海莱州湾海域采集冰坯开展现场试验和实验室试验,探究温度、应变速率和孔隙率对粒状海冰单轴压缩强度的影响,并在宽应变速率范围内建立了粒状海冰单轴压缩强度与孔隙率的关系曲面。这一研究不仅丰富了渤海粒状海冰力学试验数据,也为将渤海海冰的研究经验移植到极地海冰的研究中打下了基础。
2021年1月13日开始进行现场冰坯采集工作,采样地点为莱州湾海域沿岸3个站点,由西向东依次为飞雁滩(A站点)、168人工岛(B站点)和桩西106(C站点)(如图1所示)。各站点冰情的踏勘结果如下:
A站点(38.14°N,118.69°E):飞雁滩附近水域海冰密集度为10成,为破碎的搁浅冰,厚度约20 cm,受潮汐作用已经越过防波堤护面块体,防波堤外围浮冰流速几乎为零。
B站点(38.17°N,118.74°E):该处附近水域海冰密集度为10成,远处海域冰面平整,护面块体处冰面被推起,形成碎冰,但未越过防波堤,海冰厚度约10 cm,浮冰流速几乎为零。
C站点(38.14°N,118.80°E):该处海域海冰密集度约9成。远处海域为破碎浮冰,厚度约20 cm,临近防波堤处浮冰间隙有水域,但水面有冻结的冰屑。浮冰流动性较强,在潮汐作用下,浮冰越过低处护面块石,但未爬上高处防波堤。
在踏勘工作结束后,进行了冰坯采集。由于海冰厚度较薄,无法在冰面上安全有效地切取冰坯,因此在堆积冰中选择大小合适且表面平整的冰块,用冰镩翘动,再用电链锯将其加工成规则的形状。3个站点共获得冰坯30块,用塑料膜包裹密实防止升华,在现场实验室(C站点附近)背阴处妥善放置,用于后续海冰物理和力学性质试验。
海冰冻结环境受气候和水流的干扰,导致不同位置冰层中的冰晶体结构差异明显。在结冰的初始阶段,水面上的冰针相互联结,逐渐形成脂状冰,在风、波浪和潮汐等外力作用下,脂状冰经历反复的冻结-破碎-再冻结的过程,直到形成足够厚度的板冰。此时冰下往往还堆积着大量的絮状冰花,这是在碎冰相互剪切过程中形成的。絮状冰花继续冻结则会形成颗粒结构的海冰[18]。相比于湖冰,海冰生长过程中的动力作用更加显著,冰层内部的粒状冰含量更高[19-20]
海冰晶体结构观测在低温实验室进行。用锯骨机对标记方向的冰坯分别按垂直和平行于冰面的方向进行切割,加工出厚度为2 cm、长为10 cm的冰片。由于堆积冰暴露在空气中,上下表面有不同程度的破坏,故根据冰坯厚度,选择冰表面以下5~10 cm处至冰底部,进行垂直冰面方向冰切片的加工;选择冰表面以下5 cm相对平整处至冰底部,进行平行冰面方向冰切片的加工。之后,将冰片的一面修正平整,贴在玻璃上;再将冰片厚度削到0.2~0.5 mm,在正交偏振光下观测冰的晶体类型。根据Eicken[18]提出的海冰晶体结构划分标准,A、C站点中多边形颗粒结构含量>80%,为粒状冰;B站点中多边形颗粒结构含量在60%~80%,判断为以多边形颗粒结构为主的粒状冰而非混合结构冰(多边形颗粒结构含量为40%~60%)。这意味着在冻结过程中初生冰存在时间较长,且冰层可能在生长早期经历了长期湍动的状态[21]。其中A和C站点海冰晶体在垂直冰面方向无不连续现象(图2(a)),海冰为气温降低导致表层海水快速冻结形成;而B站点海冰在垂直冰面方向晶体出现倾斜不连续现象(图2(b)),为重叠冰冻融导致。在平行冰面方向,A和C站点海冰晶体粒径较为均匀,而B站点海冰晶体粒径大小不一(图3)。虽然B站点海冰并不属于典型的粒状冰结构,但在气候变暖的大环境下,此种因重叠冻融而形成的海冰同样是工程应用中较为重要的研究对象之一。
在单轴压缩试验前,首先测试3个站点海冰的物理性质(温度、盐度、密度)。海冰温度测量是将冰坯沿厚度方向分为上下两层,然后在冰面上快速钻孔,插入探针式温度计,并用冰屑埋实,示数稳定后读数,取两层冰温的平均值作为该冰坯的温度。海冰盐度观测是将冰坯沿厚度方向分为上下两层,装入干净的自封袋内,融化后用精度为±0.1‰的盐度计测量,取两层盐度的平均值作为该冰坯的盐度。海冰密度测量采用质量-体积法。将冰坯沿厚度方向分为上下两层,将每层加工成尺寸为10 cm×10 cm×5 cm的长方体,使用精度为±0.1 g的电子天平测量其质量,使用精度为±0.02 mm的游标卡尺测量边长,计算密度时取两层密度的平均值作为该冰坯的密度。表1给出了海冰物理性质观测结果,其中观测到的盐度值低于以往相近地点的平均盐度3.53‰[22],其原因是本次采集冰坯为暴露在空气中的堆积冰,卤水流失导致其盐度较低。
海冰现场单轴压缩试验采用小型液压油泵压力机进行,该压力机使用拉压力传感器(量程50 kN,精度± 25 N)测量荷载,采用激光位移传感器(量程为25 mm,线性度为± 0.05%)测量压盘的下降位移。拉压力传感器和激光位移传感器的信号通过采集卡同步采集,采集频率均为200 Hz。压力机压盘移动速度通过调节液压油泵的节流阀改变。
由于工程应用中更重视加载方向平行于自然冰表面的冰单轴压缩强度,且粒状海冰物理力学性质体现各向同性[23-24],所以试验只进行平行冰面方向的加载单轴压缩试验。试样尺寸为5 cm×5 cm×12.5 cm,长轴方向平行于冰面,试验应变速率为10−3~10−2 s−1。A、B和C三个站点各进行19组现场单轴压缩试验。现场测量工作结束后,将其余冰坯运回大连理工大学低温实验室,在−15 ℃的低温环境下保存。
实验室海冰单轴压缩试验使用电子万能试验机进行,该试验机在横梁和底座台板之间安装有低温恒温试验箱(恒温精度±0.1 ℃,分辨率为0.01 ℃),用于提供低温试验环境。单轴压缩试样尺寸为5 cm×5 cm×12.5 cm,且长轴方向平行于冰面。为改变试样的孔隙率设置了不同温度的试验,试验选取的温度分别为−3 ℃、−5 ℃、−7 ℃、−10 ℃和−15 ℃,同时记录试样在冷冻再回温过程中的物理性质变化,发现不同温度下海冰试样的密度盐度变化并无明显规律。试验加载方向为平行于冰面方向。海冰的单轴压缩强度随应变速率变化而发生变化,参考“雪龙”号,其最大破冰航速为1.5 kn,舰宽为22.6 m,“雪龙”号在船冰相互作用过程中冰层的应变速率最大值为1.7×10−2 s−1。根据已有的计算流冰与直立柱状结构物作用时的应变速率经验公式[25],本次试验设计应变速率为10−5~10−2 s−1,与“雪龙”号的船-冰作用特征基本吻合。试验前将试样放入低温恒温箱,在待测温度下恒温24 h以上,使其达到热平衡。加载前,用精度为± 0.02 mm的游标卡尺测量试样边长,用精度为± 0.1 g的电子天平测量其质量,通过质量/体积法计算其表观密度。试验结束后,将破坏试样收集起来融化,使用精度为± 0.001‰的实验室盐度计测量盐度。分别对A、B、C三个站点取样的海冰进行实验室单轴压缩试验,分别获得104组、104组和83组的有效数据。
与现场试验相比,实验室试验可以更好地控制试验变量,从而探究各因素对粒状海冰单轴压缩强度的影响,因此本章详细分析实验室海冰单轴压缩强度。实验室试验结果与现场试验结果的对比分析将在后文进行。
粒状海冰在压缩作用下发生形变,其应力随着形变量的增加而增加,当压缩应力数值达到单轴压缩强度σc后,海冰发生屈服或破坏。海冰的单轴压缩强度σc由试验中海冰能承受的最大荷载决定,为最大荷载与海冰试样横截面面积的比值。将海冰试样在加载过程中的应变速率定义为加载速率与海冰试样初始高度的比值。每一试样在加载过程中均可获得一组应力-应变曲线,相同试验温度、不同加载速率下得到的应力-应变曲线不同,这是冰特有的力学行为。应力-应变曲线可以反映冰的脆性破坏特征和韧性破坏特征。以C站点温度为−10 ℃条件下的单轴压缩加载试验为例,将8条均匀分布于宽应变速率区间内(10−5~10−2 s−1)的典型应力-应变曲线绘制于图4中,将图中应力-应变曲线与对应试验结束后的试样照片(图5)结合进行讨论。
粒状海冰的破坏形式主要分为脆性破坏与韧性破坏。当试样处于较高应变速率情况时,冰晶之间的位错滑移无法充分发展,试样表现出更强的脆性,应力在达到海冰单轴压缩强度后瞬间消失,应力-应变曲线呈断崖式下落,试样体现脆性破坏特征。以图5(a)为例(对应图4中曲线),由于加载速率较高,试样靠近边缘处的裂纹由于约束较低而更早发展,且初始裂纹方向与加载方向角度较大[9]。初始裂纹从试样端部斜向发展至试样中部的两边,当试样发生局部碎裂后曲线产生第一个应力极值,此时试样剩余部分仍能够承载压力,随着应变的增加,产生第二道宏观裂缝并发生二次碎裂,该过程多次反复直至试样完全碎裂不再具有承载能力,此种破坏模式即为粒状海冰的碎裂破坏(图5(a))。图4中当时,初始裂纹方向与加载方向角度随应变速率的降低而减小,随着荷载的增加,裂纹得以完全扩展并形成一条贯穿试样上下两端的主裂纹,试样劈裂为两半从而丧失承载能力,此种破坏模式即为粒状海冰的劈裂破坏(图5(b))。在脆性区,随着加载速率的降低,粒状海冰破坏模式由多次破坏逐步过渡为单次破坏。
在试样处于较低应变速率情况时,晶粒沿晶界间发生滑移位错,使海冰呈现出较强的塑性,应力在达到海冰单轴压缩强度值后缓慢下降,应力-应变曲线较为平滑。试样在压力作用下沿长轴方向有一定缩短,但无明显形变。以图5(c)为例(对应图4中曲线),在压缩作用下,海冰内部的细小裂纹成为初始裂纹,并在裂纹尖端形成应力集中。随着加载力的逐渐增加,试样不断发生变形,但由于加载速率较慢,裂纹尖端的应力集中在蠕变松弛作用下释放而停止生长,试样不发生脆性破坏,此种破坏模式即为粒状海冰的韧性破坏。
将同一温度、不同应变速率的单轴压缩强度进行整理,根据应力-应变曲线形状的线型判断试样的破坏方式,将应力-应变曲线断崖式下降的试样破坏方式统一定义为脆性破坏,缓慢下降的则定义为韧性破坏,分别拟合出脆性区和韧性区的单轴压缩强度和应变速率的关系,最后将二者结合为宽应变速率内的单轴压缩强度-应变速率关系。由于A、C站点的海冰晶体结构类似,且两站点在各个温度试验下得到的单轴压缩强度均较为接近,故将两站点数据合并处理。图6以A、C站点试验温度为−15 ℃下的试验为例,给出粒状海冰单轴压缩强度随应变速率的变化趋势。图中低应变率()对应韧性区,高应变率()对应脆性区。在韧性区内,单轴压缩强度随应变速率的增加而增加,整个韧性区内试样均发生韧性破坏;在脆性区内,单轴压缩强度随应变速率的增加而减小,试样的破坏形式也随着应变速率的增加,由劈裂破坏和碎裂破坏逐渐转变为碎裂破坏为主。单轴压缩强度-应变速率曲线在韧脆转变区拐点处达到峰值,并将此处的单轴压缩强度定义为该温度下海冰的峰值压缩强度。
在工程界中,海冰的峰值压缩强度是抗冰结构物设计的依据之一,而温度是海冰峰值压缩强度的重要影响因素。为探究温度与粒状海冰峰值压缩强度的关系,本文将A、C站点和B站点在−3 ℃、−5 ℃、−7 ℃、−10 ℃、−15 ℃条件下的试验数据分别按图6中的处理方式进行曲线拟合,从而计算出不同温度下粒状海冰峰值压缩强度,由此可获得A、C站点和B站点粒状海冰峰值压缩强度随温度的变化规律,如图7所示。由图可以看出,粒状海冰峰值压缩强度随温度下降而升高,而且峰值压缩强度的升高速率随着温度的下降而减小。这是因为海冰中的卤水随温度的降低会转化为冰晶,而随着卤水冻结,海冰内部起承载作用的冰晶数量增加,冰晶之间起润滑作用的卤水减少,从而提高了海冰的承载能力,提升了其峰值压缩强度;但随着温度的降低,海冰内部卤水体积随着水的冻结而减小[26],卤水浓度升高,越发难以冻结,此时温度降低对于冰内卤水的继续冻结以及海冰峰值压缩强度的提升效果减弱。随着温度的进一步降低,海冰峰值压缩强度将趋近于一个理论值,此理论值应小于相同条件下纯冰的峰值压缩强度。
式(1)~(2)采用非线性关系来拟合各站点粒状海冰的峰值压缩强度随温度的变化关系,与以往的线性拟合相比,非线性拟合既可以使拟合效果满足数学上的要求,又可以在冰温接近零点时使强度也趋近于零,而且在冰温趋于负无穷时强度也仍在合理范围内,符合物理事实。
式中,σc,max为峰值压缩强度,T为冰温,R2为为拟合优度,p为显著性系数。
海冰孔隙率定义为冰内卤水体积分数和气体体积分数之和。Cox等[27]利用海冰温度、盐度和密度推导出低温海冰(−22.9~−2 ℃)孔隙率的计算公式;Leppäranta等[28]在此基础上,通过调整系数取值,进一步推导出高温海冰(−2~0 ℃)的孔隙率公式。过去一段时间内,国内外均有学者[1629]对于韧性区内孔隙率和海冰单轴压缩强度的关系进行研究,并逐步将应变速率适用范围发展至整个宽应变速率区间[10](见表2)。前文中针对应变速率对粒状海冰单轴压缩强度的影响已经进行了阐述,现将二者结合起来,建立一个包括韧性区和脆性区的宽应变速率范围内粒状海冰的单轴压缩强度参数化方程。
为保证公式适用区间为宽应变速率区间且孔隙率为零时公式仍具有物理意义,将A、C和B站点的海冰单轴压缩试验数据分别按文献[10]中公式进行汇总,对系数重新拟合并绘制成针对粒状冰的曲面,所得拟合系数和p=0.01下的拟合优度R2表3
A、C站点与B站点的海冰单轴压缩强度随孔隙率和应变速率的变化规律大体相同但有所差异。由图8可以看出,在应变速率相同的情况下,海冰单轴压缩强度均随孔隙率的增加而减小;在孔隙率相同的情况下,海冰单轴压缩强度在韧性区内随应变速率增加而增加,在脆性区内随应变速率减小而减小,在韧脆转变处达到峰值。A、C站点的海冰韧脆转变应变速率为1.5×10−3~2.0×10−3 s−1,孔隙率对韧脆转变区间应变速率影响很小;B站点的海冰韧脆转变应变速率为6.0×10−4~1.5×10−3 s−1,且随孔隙率增加向低应变速率方向移动。两者韧脆转变应变速率远大于文献[17]中融冰期北极海冰的韧脆转变应变速率(1.9×10−5~2.2×10−5 s−1),这归因于文献[17]中融冰期北极海冰孔隙率较低、脆性较强,从而使其脆性区范围较大,韧脆转变应变速率较小。但与此同时,同一类型的冰内孔隙率与韧脆转变应变速率之间的规律却不明显,还需对粒状海冰进行大量试验以深入研究其机理。
在现场试验过程中,我们进行了室外环境温度下的脆性区试验。现场试验得到A、C站点和B站点的单轴压缩强度均值分别为0.82±0.40 MPa和0.28±0.23 MPa。其中A、C站点试验温度为−1 ℃,B站点试验温度为−1.4 ℃。B站点现场试验海冰单轴压缩强度低于A、C站点,一方面由于该处海冰为重叠冰,反复冻融使得海冰内部裂纹较多,导致海冰强度较低;另一方面,在加工冰样以及试验过程中发现B站点海冰内部的孔洞较多,密度较小导致其强度较低;此外,将各站点现场测试海冰压缩强度平均值与冰温-峰值压缩强度关系曲线进行对比,如图9所示,发现现场试验得到的海冰强度均低于冰温-峰值压缩强度公式曲线上的对应值。这是由于现场试验应变速率处于脆性区,得到的单轴压缩强度小于峰值强度,这符合2.2节中得到的规律。
王庆凯等[30]于2013~2014年冬季对渤海柱状海冰进行单轴压缩试验,对水平加载方式下柱状冰的温度和峰值强度采用非线性关系进行拟合得到式(3)如下:
国家海洋环境监测中心曾在黄河口海域进行海冰单轴压缩强度测试[31],试样晶体结构为粒状柱状混合结构,给出单轴压缩强度设计值与冰温的关系为
其中,−2≤T≤−15 ℃。
国家海洋局发布的《工程海冰技术规范》[32]和中海油发布的《中国海冰条件应用规定》[33]中均规定,在没有实测资料时,海冰单轴压缩强度峰值按下式计算:
将A、C站点和B站点海冰峰值压缩强度与冰温的关系曲线与上述三式进行对比,如图9所示。可以看出,渤海柱状海冰历史规律式(3)、黄河口海区柱状粒状混合海冰历史规律式(4)和规范给出的公式(5)的强度估值均高于实验室得到的渤海粒状冰峰值强度和冰温关系。相比于历史数据公式(3)~(4),规范公式(5)更接近于2020~2021冬季的实测数据。式(3)采样点为辽河口,晶体结构为柱状冰,式(4)采样点更接近黄河口,海冰盐度低,为粒状海冰与柱状海冰的结合,海冰晶体结构较为复杂,两者强度均高于各站点冰温-海冰压缩峰值曲线,可见海冰内部晶体结构对海冰力学性质有一定影响。在冰温−4 ℃至−10 ℃区间内,式(5)与A、C站点海冰峰值压缩强度-冰温曲线相差不大,在工程中可以近似采用规范公式进行设计;而B站点海冰峰值压缩强度-冰温曲线低于式(5),若采用规范公式进行设计,则会高估海冰强度值。
将北极和渤海试验试样的物理性质进行对比(如表4所示)。由于本文以讨论实验室数据为主,冰温均由恒温箱来控制,并没有进行对比。北极海冰盐度低于渤海海冰,密度大于渤海海冰。其中渤海海冰试样均为一年冰,而北极海冰试样既包括一年冰也包括多年冰。冰龄是海冰内部结构的重要影响因素。多年冰内部晶体结构分布较为复杂多样,然而当内部结构已经确定为粒状冰的情况下,冰样的冰龄并不会对海冰单轴压缩强度产生影响。
将不同站点粒状海冰在脆性区和韧性区单轴压缩强度随孔隙率的变化绘制于图10,并与文献[17]中融冰期渤海粒状冰所得规律进行比较可知,粒状海冰单轴压缩强度在脆性区和韧性区内均随孔隙率的增加而降低。考虑到渤海海冰孔隙率(100‰~450‰)整体大于文献[17]中融冰期北极海冰孔隙率(0~250‰),若沿用文献[17]中的公式(式(6))进行拟合,则当孔隙率为零时强度过大不符合纯冰属性,本文以对数函数方式分别对脆性区和韧性区粒状海冰单轴压缩强度与孔隙率之间的关系进行拟合(见式(7)),表5给出了各站点和文献[17]中融冰期北极粒状海冰单轴压缩强度与孔隙率关系拟合公式的系数取值及拟合优度,拟合曲线如图10中虚线所示。在脆性区中,A、C和B站点单轴压缩强度随孔隙率变化规律较为接近。当(1+ν)<300‰时,相同孔隙率情况下渤海粒状海冰强度大于北极粒状海冰,当(1+ν)>300‰时,结果相反,但在此孔隙率区间内文献[17]实测点覆盖较少,无法判断拟合公式的可靠性。在韧性区中,三者单轴压缩强度随孔隙率变化规律虽有差异但相差不大,可以近似将渤海粒状海冰试验作为融冰期北极粒状海冰在高孔隙率情况下的补充,以对高孔隙率情况下北极海冰力学性质进行推算,但这仍需要大量粒状海冰力学试验的积累来作为支撑。
文献[17]和本文用于海冰强度-孔隙率关系的拟合公式依次如下:
为了理解渤海粒状海冰的压缩力学特性,我们在2020~2021年冬季于莱州湾现场采集冰坯,进行了实验室粒状海冰的物理性质测量以及单轴压缩试验,总结了粒状海冰在不同应变速率下的破坏模式,并分析了应变速率、冰温和孔隙率对粒状海冰压缩强度的影响。具体结论如下:
(1)粒状海冰在脆性区内的破坏形式分为碎裂破坏和劈裂破坏,随应变速率的降低从多次破坏过渡为单次破坏;在韧性区内均表现为韧性破坏。
(2)粒状海冰单轴压缩强度随应变速率的降低,先逐步上升至峰值而后下降;峰值压缩强度随冰温的降低而上升,强度上升速率随冰温的降低而降低。将A、C和B站点粒状海冰的温度-海冰峰值压缩强度关系曲线与以往在渤海进行的不同晶体结构海冰的单轴压缩试验以及规范公式进行比较,发现本次试验压缩强度均较小,体现出海冰内部晶体结构对力学性质的影响。
(3)在宽应变速率范围内建立A、C和B站点粒状海冰单轴压缩强度与孔隙率的关系曲面。A、C站点粒状海冰韧脆转变的应变速率为1.5×10−3~2.0×10−3 s−1,韧脆转变的应变速率基本不随孔隙率改变而变化;B站点粒状海冰韧脆转变的应变速率为6.0×10−4~1.5×10−3 s−1,韧脆转变的应变速率随孔隙率的增加向低应变速率方向移动。
(4)建立脆性、韧性区内渤海粒状海冰单轴压缩强度与孔隙率关系曲线。在相同孔隙率情况下,脆性区内渤海粒状海冰强度大于北极融冰期海冰单轴压缩强度,在韧性区内两者强度相差不大且拟合趋势相近,证明了将我国渤海海冰力学经验移植到极地海冰力学这一思路的可行性。
(5)相比于柱状海冰而言,学者们对粒状海冰力学性质的了解还不全面。下一步工作应着力于粒状海冰力学试验的积累,建立粒状海冰与柱状海冰力学参数之间的联系,将我国渤海的海冰力学经验移植到极地海冰力学,实现二者统一的数学描述。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(42276242; 52192692; 52192690)
  • 辽宁省兴辽英才计划项目(XLYC2007033)
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2025年第29卷第7期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.07.009
  • 接收时间:2025-01-12
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-12
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(42276242; 52192692; 52192690)
辽宁省兴辽英才计划项目(XLYC2007033)
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    1.大连理工大学 海岸和海洋工程全国重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116024
    2.中国极地研究中心 破冰船研究院,上海 200136
    3.国家海洋局北海预报中心,山东 青岛 266061

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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