Article(id=1243253924916998891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243253924128469739, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.07.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737043200000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774344434241, onlineDateStr=2026-03-24, pubDate=1752940800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774344434241, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774344434241, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774344434241, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1243253924128469739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2025', volume='29', issue='7', pageStart='1013', pageEnd='1180', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774344434053, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774501521460, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1243912796535107926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243253924128469739, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1243912796535107927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1243253924128469739, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1048, endPage=1060, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1243253925198017262, articleId=1243253924916998891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Simulation analysis on characteristics of flow field induced by submerged supersonic jets, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper investigates the characteristics of the flow field induced by a supersonic jet at the tail of an underwater axisymmetric vehicles under different pressure ratio conditions, based on the volume of fluid (VOF) multiphase flow model. The study analyzes the evolution of the flow field at the tail of the axisymmetric vehicles and explores the morphological distribution of the induced cavity at various time instances under different pressure ratios. The research findings indicate a close relationship between the jet’s tail cavity morphology and the nozzle pressure ratio. When the pressure ratio is relatively low, the tail cavity exhibits a conical shape similar to the supercavitation. As the pressure ratio increases, the influence of the tail vortex on the jet gradually diminishes, and the high-pressure ratio jet evolves into a pulsating jet under the action of shear entrainment driven by the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. Within the pulsating jet flow field, phenomena such as “back-attack” and pressure disturbances in the water medium lead to a “positive feedback” effect on the pulsation characteristics of the jet. After the high-pressure ratio jet transforms into a pulsating jet, the degree of jet necking fluctuates significantly with time, and the initial bubble breakup results in a random distribution of the jet necking location with time. With a further increase in pressure ratio, the morphology of the pulsating tail cavity tends to stabilize, and the pressure fluctuation amplitude at the bottom of the axisymmetric vehicles decreases.

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为研究喷管进出口不同压比条件下水下回转体尾部喷流流场特征,本文基于VOF多相流模型对超声速射流诱导流场特性展开研究,分析了不同压比下回转体尾部流场形成演化规律和诱导空泡形态分布。研究结果表明:射流尾空泡形态与喷管压比密切相关,低压比射流(喷管未过膨胀)诱导尾空泡呈现出类似超空泡的锥形形态;高压比条件下(压比为11.36,喷管过膨胀)射流受尾涡影响减弱,高压比射流在Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性驱动的剪切夹带作用下会演化为脉动射流;脉动射流流场内的“回击”现象和水介质压力扰动会对射流的脉动特性产生“正反馈”;高压比射流转为脉动射流后流道颈缩程度随时间剧烈波动,初始空泡的破碎会使颈缩位置随时间随机分布;高压比射流在压比为21、喷管欠膨胀时,流场脉动特性发生转变,尾空泡形态趋于稳定,回转体底部压力波动幅度降低。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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王旭刚(1981-),男,博士,研究员,E-mail:

俞建阳(1987-),男,副教授,博士生导师,通讯作者,E-mail:

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Parameters of Laval nozzle under different working conditions

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工况P0/MPa压比射流状态
10.1041.04喉部为声速,其余为亚声速
20.1821.82正激波位于喷管内
30.2292.29正激波位于喷管出口
41.13611.36过膨胀
51.5815.80完全膨胀
62.121.00欠膨胀
), ArticleFig(id=1243253939605451027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1243253924916998891, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

拉法尔喷管不同工况下的参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况P0/MPa压比射流状态
10.1041.04喉部为声速,其余为亚声速
20.1821.82正激波位于喷管内
30.2292.29正激波位于喷管出口
41.13611.36过膨胀
51.5815.80完全膨胀
62.121.00欠膨胀
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水下超声速射流诱导流场特性三维数值分析
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王旭刚 1, 2 , 曹越 3 , 徐嘉 2 , 王凡瑜 2 , 俞建阳 3
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025,29(7): 1048-1060
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2025, 29(7): 1048-1060
水下超声速射流诱导流场特性三维数值分析
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王旭刚1, 2 , 曹越3, 徐嘉2, 王凡瑜2, 俞建阳3
作者信息
  • 1.哈尔滨工程大学 船舶工程学院,哈尔滨 150009
  • 2.北京宇航系统工程研究所,北京 100076
  • 3.哈尔滨工业大学 能源科学与工程学院,哈尔滨 150001
  • 王旭刚(1981-),男,博士,研究员,E-mail:

    俞建阳(1987-),男,副教授,博士生导师,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Simulation analysis on characteristics of flow field induced by submerged supersonic jets
Xu-gang WANG1, 2 , Yue CAO3, Jia XU2, Fan-yu WANG2, Jian-yang YU3
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150009, China
  • 2.Beijing Institute of Aerospace Systems Engineering, Beijing 100076, China
  • 3.School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
出版时间: 2025-07-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.07.004
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为研究喷管进出口不同压比条件下水下回转体尾部喷流流场特征,本文基于VOF多相流模型对超声速射流诱导流场特性展开研究,分析了不同压比下回转体尾部流场形成演化规律和诱导空泡形态分布。研究结果表明:射流尾空泡形态与喷管压比密切相关,低压比射流(喷管未过膨胀)诱导尾空泡呈现出类似超空泡的锥形形态;高压比条件下(压比为11.36,喷管过膨胀)射流受尾涡影响减弱,高压比射流在Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性驱动的剪切夹带作用下会演化为脉动射流;脉动射流流场内的“回击”现象和水介质压力扰动会对射流的脉动特性产生“正反馈”;高压比射流转为脉动射流后流道颈缩程度随时间剧烈波动,初始空泡的破碎会使颈缩位置随时间随机分布;高压比射流在压比为21、喷管欠膨胀时,流场脉动特性发生转变,尾空泡形态趋于稳定,回转体底部压力波动幅度降低。

水下超声速气体射流  /  气液两相流  /  尾空泡  /  数值模拟

This paper investigates the characteristics of the flow field induced by a supersonic jet at the tail of an underwater axisymmetric vehicles under different pressure ratio conditions, based on the volume of fluid (VOF) multiphase flow model. The study analyzes the evolution of the flow field at the tail of the axisymmetric vehicles and explores the morphological distribution of the induced cavity at various time instances under different pressure ratios. The research findings indicate a close relationship between the jet’s tail cavity morphology and the nozzle pressure ratio. When the pressure ratio is relatively low, the tail cavity exhibits a conical shape similar to the supercavitation. As the pressure ratio increases, the influence of the tail vortex on the jet gradually diminishes, and the high-pressure ratio jet evolves into a pulsating jet under the action of shear entrainment driven by the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. Within the pulsating jet flow field, phenomena such as “back-attack” and pressure disturbances in the water medium lead to a “positive feedback” effect on the pulsation characteristics of the jet. After the high-pressure ratio jet transforms into a pulsating jet, the degree of jet necking fluctuates significantly with time, and the initial bubble breakup results in a random distribution of the jet necking location with time. With a further increase in pressure ratio, the morphology of the pulsating tail cavity tends to stabilize, and the pressure fluctuation amplitude at the bottom of the axisymmetric vehicles decreases.

submerged supersonic gas jet  /  multiphase  /  tail cavity  /  numerical simulation
王旭刚, 曹越, 徐嘉, 王凡瑜, 俞建阳. 水下超声速射流诱导流场特性三维数值分析. 船舶力学, 2025 , 29 (7) : 1048 -1060 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.07.004
Xu-gang WANG, Yue CAO, Jia XU, Fan-yu WANG, Jian-yang YU. Simulation analysis on characteristics of flow field induced by submerged supersonic jets[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2025 , 29 (7) : 1048 -1060 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.07.004
水下气体射流在水下航行体推进、水下切割、流量控制和减阻等工程领域有着广泛的应用[1],水下气体射流问题是一个复杂的非定常流体力学难题,流场中涉及到湍流现象、转捩过程、旋涡生成、激波传播以及气体、液体两相间强相互影响,气体射流的发展过程可分为前期和中后期两个阶段[2]。射流初期是初始空泡形成和发展的过程,许多学者对该过程展开了研究,鲁传敬等[3]采用简化的等压气泡模型,实现了气、水流动与物体运动的数值耦合求解;贺小艳等[4]应用位标函数方法对水下气体射流两相交界面进行捕捉;张春等[5]采用雷诺时均Navier-Stokes方法和流体体积模型,对两相耦合流场展开数值求解,这些研究揭示了射流发展初期的基本流场。王乐勤等[6]利用VOF两相流模型,发现了射流初期气泡内部的逆向涡流,喷管管口附近的压力峰值区以及复杂的压缩和膨胀波,进一步细化了初始空泡内部的流动结构,补充了射流初期的流场细节。
射流发展进入中后期开始呈现脉动特性,并出现颈缩、鼓胀、回击的特有现象,大量学者对此展开研究。Aoik等[7]最早在冶炼炉内的射流研究中观察到回击现象;王柏懿等[8]通过水下超声速气体射流动力学行为实验,揭示了回击现象的力学机制和规律;Dai等[9]对拉法尔喷管进行了水下射流实验,发现了流场中的激波结构会增强流场压力脉动的现象;施红辉等[10]使用水下超声速气体射流实验系统对射流的力学机制进行了探究,揭示了压力脉动与流场内激波反馈的关系;Shi等[11]对静水中的水下超声速气体射流进行了详细的研究,并总结了超声速射流流场的颈缩、鼓胀、回击现象;王超等[12]对水下超声速气体射流的形态及发展过程进行了可视化观察分析,解释了射流颈缩现象是由气液界面不稳定造成的。
基于以上研究,单一压比条件下的水下超声速气体射流的发展过程、流动特征已经得到详细的解释,近年来许多学者又开始展开多压比超声速射流流场的特征研究和分析。许昊等[13]使用水洞进行实验,探讨了不同压比下射流诱导尾空泡的形态,其结果表明,由不同压比诱导的空泡形态主要有四种,分别是泡沫状空泡、完整形态空泡、部分破碎空泡和脉动泡沫状空泡。为进一步揭示射流诱导尾空泡的流场特征,Yang等[14]通过实验探究了尾空泡空化数与压比的关系,对不同空泡形态下空化数随压比的变化规律进行了总结。Qu等[15]通过尾空泡在低表面张力条件下的实验,发现了高压比条件下的射流尾空泡夹带能力更强。
综上所述,尽管多压比射流诱导尾空泡的相关实验对揭示尾空泡流场特征有所帮助,但其无法得到空泡内部详细的流场形态分布。因此,为了刻画水下回转体尾部喷流的流场细节,并进一步探究变压比条件下尾空泡流场形成、演化的规律,本文在水下回转体尾部超声速射流诱导流场数值模拟的基础上,对水下超声速气体射流这一复杂非定常流体力学问题加以综合分析,以揭示射流在不同压比下的演化规律和流场特征以及脉动射流形成机理。
本文的水下超声速射流诱导流场计算模型所用拉法尔喷管几何尺寸如图1所示,喷管总长L为10 mm,喉部直径d为1.35 mm,扩张比为2.54,收缩段型面采用移轴维托辛斯基公式计算得到,扩张段型面曲线由基于特征线法的短化喷管设计方法[16]给出。喷管出口背压Pb等于工作压力(100 kPa),由拉法尔喷管等熵流动中的连续性方程、等熵关系式和正激波关系式,可求得不同工况下喷管的入口总压,进而求得喷管入口压力与出口压力之比(下文简称压比),具体参数如表1所示。
水下超声速气体射流涉及复杂的多相流动,本文对计算模型进行一定的简化,射流气体的密度根据理想气体状态方程给定,来流水的密度为固定值998.2 kg/m3,壁面采用无滑移标准壁面边界条件,整个射流过程忽略重力的影响并不考虑相变,以VOF多相流模型对两相界面进行捕捉,流体运动控制方程选用雷诺时均N-S方程组,相关的质量方程、动量方程、能量方程、液相体积分数输运方程分别如下:
式中,txu分别表示时间、坐标和速度,下标ij为自由下标;μm为混合相粘性系数,ρm表示混合相密度,Fi是重力分量;E为两相流总能,Tp分别表示流体的温度和压力,有效热传导率用keff表示,awρw分别代表水的体积分数和密度。
数值计算模型如图2所示,喷管入口为压力入口,总压由表1给出,由来流弗劳德数Fr=0.65,将来流速度设为4.071 m/s,工作压力为100 kPa。回转体直径D=4L。为探究脉动射流状态下流场中心线不同位置压力随时间的变化,在图2(a)中设置M1至M5若干监测点,其中,M2与M5之间各监测点相距2L,M2与喷管出口中心点即M1相距L,此外,M6和M7为设置在回转体底部的监测点,与回转体外围相距D/4,目的是监测流场下游压力扰动对上游的影响。为保证模拟的精确性,计算域网格采用结构化网格,并将喷管出口附近和下游区域进行网格加密,划分好的网格如图2(b)所示,总数约为450万。
为了表明数值仿真模型的有效性,本文根据参考文献[17]中二维非轴对称拉法尔喷管的实验结果和文献[13]中水洞实验的实验结果对数值方法展开验证。文献[17]中喷管几何尺寸如图3(a)所示,选用Standard k-ε湍流模型,喷管近壁面采用标准壁面函数进行处理,对该二维非轴对称拉法尔喷管展开数值模拟。
图3(b)为壁面压力仿真结果与实验结果的对比,图4图5为工况1、3和4的仿真结果与文献[13]中水洞实验的实验结果的对比。在工况1和3下,仿真结果能很好地刻画出尾空泡的完整形态和部分破碎形态;在工况4下,实验中空泡的形态为脉动空泡,仿真结果可以很好地捕捉到这一形态下射流的颈缩鼓胀现象,体现出流场脉动特性。根据实验记录的对比可见,本文数值仿真的结果能够较为准确地模拟水下超声速射流诱导尾空泡的形态、空泡发展变化的规律,仿真模型可以较好地模拟水下回转体尾部超声速射流诱导流场的发展过程。
图6为拉法尔喷管六种工况下的空泡形态图。在压比为1.04时,空泡形态为类似超空泡后半部的锥形空泡(图6(a)),该形态下空泡内部存在双涡结构和回射现象(图7(a));压比为1.82和2.29时,空泡边界处气水两相剪切脱落的气泡,不断向空泡尾部聚集并由此影响空泡尾部闭合处的稳定性,且射流流量相较于压比1.04时增大,从空泡尾部泄露的气体增多,二者共同导致空泡尾部闭合处破碎,空泡此时呈部分破碎形态(图6(b)~(c))。空泡处于完整空泡和部分破碎空泡形态时(低压比射流,其压比为1.04、1.82和2.29,喷管射流未达过膨胀),由于射流所具有的动能较低,气体射流从喷管扩张段射出后,受回转体尾部因水流过而形成的尾涡的影响,被不断卷吸入尾涡中,随着射流气体的不断流入,最终完成空泡的闭合或部分破碎空泡的形成(图7(b))。
喷管压比为11.36时(高压比射流,喷管处于过膨胀状态),射流动能较大,高速射流冲击尾涡,使得尾涡向下游移动(图7(b))。高速气流离开喷管扩张段后,一方面受到水的阻滞作用,另一方面受到尾涡回射流的冲击,在回转体尾部形成初始空泡。由于射流气体的不断充入,初始空泡体积不断膨胀并向下游移动,随着初始空泡逐渐脱离回转体尾部,射流界面失稳,气体射流逐渐演化为不断鼓胀、收缩的脉动射流,在压比为11.36、15.80和21.00时空泡形态转变为脉动空泡。
高压比射流(压比为11.36、15.80和21.00)在发展初期的流场特征基本相似,都会经历一个初始空泡的形成与鼓胀过程。以工况5为例,高速射流离开喷管后一方面受到水介质的阻碍,另一方面还受到回转体尾部尾涡回射流的冲击,由于高压比射流具有很大的动能,射流气体并未被卷入尾涡而是冲击着尾涡不断向下游移动,在这个过程中初始空泡不断生长,并主要沿径向发展,如图8(a)所示,其中,T0时刻为流场的特征时刻,此时空泡径向长度与回转体底部直径一致,流场在T0+3ΔT时刻由径向发展转为轴向发展,由此定义出ΔT,其大小等于52L/vv=340 m/s。
空泡壁面的移动速度远小于射流,高速射流不断冲击着空泡尾部,在空泡末端减速翻卷,并产生局部高压(图9T0时刻),随着射流气体的不断充入,初始空泡的压力在短时间内迅速升高并形成压力峰值(图9T0T时刻),空泡在径向不断扩张,因为水介质的流动具有惯性,所以初始空泡的扩张会达到过膨胀状态,此后空泡压力持续降低,并开始向下游移动(图9T0+3ΔTT0+4ΔT时刻),高速射流与空泡之间逐渐形成充气通道,空泡由径向发展转为轴向发展(图8(b)),在充气通道的推动下,空泡加速向下游移动。
初始空泡向下游移动的过程中,不断有高速气体从充气通道进入初始空泡,由于气水两相之间存在很大的速度和密度梯度,两相流体在交界面会不断剪切。在这种强烈的剪切作用下,交界面处不断有气团脱落(图8(b)T0+8ΔT时刻),脱落的气团会聚集在回转体的尾部,在回转体下游形成液体和气体以及碎泡相掺混的两相流混合区。由Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性驱动的界面剪切夹带,使得两相在分界面剧烈掺混,不断促发旋涡并演化为湍流,同时也导致射流界面失稳,如图10所示,充气通道流通面积收缩,而亚声速气流在流经该收缩通道时会增速降压,低压收缩通道在周围水压的作用下会进一步收缩,对射流的界面失稳产生“正反馈”,射流开始出现颈缩现象,颈缩位置的上游气体流动受阻,压力升高,从而导致上游出现射流的膨胀,此后高压比射流转变为脉动射流。
“回击”现象和水介质压力扰动向上游的传递,是脉动射流流场具有的特征现象。脉动射流在流动过程中,会不断出现颈缩、鼓胀、回击现象,如图11中四个典型时刻所示。在t1时刻射流出现颈缩现象,空泡在4L位置处(图12所示,X/L=1位置为喷管出口处)颈缩通道内气流降压增速,而颈缩通道上游气体运动受到阻碍,压力升高,部分气体反向移动,射流开始鼓胀,随着上游气体体积的增大,射流压力开始回降,当颈缩位置出现在喷管出口附近时,包裹着喷管出口的上游射流压力增大(图12t3时刻X/L=1~2位置),喷管出口处受到冲击,管口出现高压(图11(c)t3时刻)即喷管出口发生了“回击”现象,“回击”发生后管口附近射流体积膨胀,压力迅速回落(图11(c)图13t4时刻,图13d为喷管喉部直径)。“回击”现象发生时喷管出口下游激波结构会受到破坏,同时由于背压的升高和降低,管内激波的位置在“回击”现象发生时和发生后也会出现移动,这会对喷管推力产生影响。脉动射流在发展过程中,气流通道的膨胀、收缩以及气水两相间的强相互作用,不仅会引发空泡内部压力沿轴线的不均衡分布(图11(a)),同时也会对周围水介质的压力产生影响,引起水介质压力的扰动(图11(b)),这种扰动会向上游传递,对回转体尾部产生影响。
图14所示为脉动射流状态下回转体底部监测点压力随时间的变化,监测点压力随时间的脉动变化,与射流空泡不间断的鼓胀、收缩有关,射流内气流通道流通面积的变化引发周围水介质压力的升高和降低,在这种高低压的交替影响下,回转体底部所受压力随时间脉动变化,同时这种高低压向上游扰动还会对喷管出口及附近的射流产生影响,加剧射流界面的不稳定性,对射流的脉动特性产生“正反馈”。图15反映了流场中心线监测点压力随时间的变化,随着监测点远离喷管出口,监测位置压力随时间波动的幅度逐渐减弱,M1为喷管扩张段内监测点,因为下游的压力扰动无法传递至激波上游,所以该点压力随时间几乎没有变化。
进入脉动射流状态后,脉动射流流场内的“回击”现象和水介质压力扰动向上游的反馈,会不断促发射流界面的失稳,导致气流通道的收缩和膨胀,使流场的脉动特性持续下去,高压比射流向脉动射流转变、演化的机理如图16所示。
图17所示,脉动射流状态下,压比的变化对射流的形态分布有着明显的影响,压比为21.00时,喷管处于欠膨胀状态,射流的流量相较于压比为11.36时有所增加,射流整体的体积增大,空泡的鼓胀、收缩较为规律,核心区空泡不断重复着轴向生长和脱落的过程,且空泡的径向长度沿X方向近乎线性增长(图17(d))。图18(a)为脉动射流不同压比下监测点M7的压力随时间变化的规律(0.04 s时高压比射流已转为脉动射流)。压比为21.00时,虽然射流有了更大的动能,但是由射流鼓胀、收缩引发的对上游回转体底部压力扰动的幅度却有所下降,这是因为该压比下空泡鼓胀的尺度沿轴向近乎线性增长,流道面积变化相对稳定,由此引发的对上游的压力扰动相对减弱。
图18(b)为不同压比下监测点M7的压力傅里叶变换处理后的结果,在压比为11.36时脉动压力频谱的峰值出现在113 Hz,射流的机械能量主要集中在100~1800 Hz;压比变为21.00后,脉动压力频谱的峰值受压比变化的影响不大,而射流能量的分布带宽发生变化,向低频转移为100~1300 Hz,并且在高频区2500~3000 Hz内也出现了能量的集中分布。
脉动射流在发展过程中,流道面积不断鼓胀、收缩。本文基于VOF多相流模型,利用气相体积分数将任意时刻下不同位置处的流道面积计算出来,用Sair,x,t表示,其中x表示沿X轴方向不同位置,t表示任意时刻,流道面积计算方法由公式(5)给出,式中node表示网格总数,αair为气相体积分数,ds表示单个网格面积。如图19所示,将同一时刻下计算出的所有射流通道面积进行对比,取最小射流通道面积记为β,其出现的位置即为射流最大化颈缩的位置,本文将其定义为该时刻下射流的颈缩位置(针对高压比射流转变为脉动射流后),对不同时刻下的β及其出现的位置进行统计,不同时刻下射流的颈缩程度以β/s进行量化,β/s的值越小代表颈缩越剧烈,其中s为喷管喉部面积。
高压比射流未向脉动射流转换前,射流空泡界面稳定,β/s随时间变化幅度不大(图20,0~0.03 s),但射流通道最小面积出现的位置随时间近乎匀速向下游推移(图21,0~0.03 s),这期间初始空泡由径向转为轴向发展,充气通道逐渐形成。在0.032 s后充气通道在两相间强剪切作用下失稳,流道收缩,射流向脉动射流转变,射流进入脉动状态后,气流通道不断收缩、鼓胀,在水介质压力扰动和“回击”现象的不断反馈下,β/s随时间开始剧烈波动,但变化的峰值逐渐减小,幅度随时间逐渐降低(图20,0.04~0.08 s),这可能与初始空泡逐渐远离射流核心区,因而空泡充气过程体积变化引发的对上游压力的扰动逐渐减弱有关。
在0.04~0.06 s时间段内,初始空泡在充气过程中逐渐破碎,导致剧烈的压力扰动,对射流颈缩的位置和颈缩程度产生明显影响,该时间段内β/s在峰值处产生震荡,颈缩位置随时间分布的随机性增大。图22展示了不同位置出现颈缩的程度,图23展示了不同位置出现颈缩现象的概率。分析对比发现,脉动射流颈缩主要出现在X/L=4位置附近,且较弱程度的颈缩(β/s比值较大)位置的分布,在空间上是不连续的,具有随机性。
本文基于VOF模型对水下回转体尾部超声速射流诱导的流场特性展开研究,分析了不同形态下射流诱导尾空泡的流场结构,对脉动射流的形成机理和特征现象展开讨论与总结,并得出如下结论:
(1)射流尾空泡形态与喷管压比密切相关,低压比射流(喷管未过膨胀)在尾涡的卷吸下,诱导回转体尾部形成完整空泡和部分破碎空泡,完整空泡尾部闭合处的破碎漏气导致其向部分破碎空泡转变;高压比射流受尾涡影响减小,在中后期向脉动射流转变,空泡形态演化为脉动空泡。
(2)两相界面射流剪切夹带作用导致了高压比射流向脉动射流的转变,射流边界处由于速度和密度梯度较大,在Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性影响下,边界处气水剧烈掺混,射流界面失稳,高压比射流出现脉动特性,“回击”现象与水介质压力的扰动,使射流脉动特性持续稳定地存在。
(3)脉动射流状态下,压比改变会使流场压力脉动特性发生改变,压比变为21.00后,喷管处于欠膨胀状态,管口空泡开始沿轴向稳定膨胀,由射流流道面积变化诱发的水介质压力扰动向上游的传递减弱,回转体底部压力波动幅度降低,射流能量的分布带宽向低频转移为100~1300 Hz。
(4)脉动射流颈缩流道的分布特征,受初始空泡位置变化及其破碎的影响发生明显变化,初始空泡体积变化引发的对上游压力的扰动,随着空泡向下游移动而减弱,使得射流颈缩程度随时间波动的幅度逐渐降低,而初始空泡的破碎则会导致射流颈缩位置分布的不确定性增加。
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2025.07.004
  • 接收时间:2025-01-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-24
  • 出版时间:2025-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-17
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装备重大基础研究项目(90XXX08)
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    1.哈尔滨工程大学 船舶工程学院,哈尔滨 150009
    2.北京宇航系统工程研究所,北京 100076
    3.哈尔滨工业大学 能源科学与工程学院,哈尔滨 150001

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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