Article(id=1242151087638131119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242151082701430843, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.06.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1702742400000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774081497343, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1718812800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774081497343, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774081497343, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081497343, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242151082701430843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='6', pageStart='803', pageEnd='966', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1774081496167, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081719798, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242152020732354696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242151082701430843, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242152020732354697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242151082701430843, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=896, endPage=906, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242151087885595062, articleId=1242151087638131119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Two-dimensional numerical simulation of two-degree-of-freedom flow-induced vibration of D-section prism, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Two-dimensional numerical simulation was conducted to investigate the characteristics of fluid-induced vibration of a D-section prism with two degrees of freedom at an attack angle of 90°and a mass ratio of 2.6. The RANS equations were solved with the SST k-ω turbulent model closure. Uniform acceleration of inlet velocity and Newmark-β method were incorporated. Firstly the sensitivity analysis of the grid and time step in the present numerical model was carried out, then the comparisons with published experimental results were made to validate the existing numerical model. Then, a systematic analysis of response amplitude, vibration frequency, hydrodynamic coefficient, wake vortex shedding mode and average position-offset was made. The D-section prism exhibits combined response of VIV and galloping modes at a reduced velocity range of Ur=8-14, with vortex shedding pattern alternating between 2S and S+2S. The response amplitude of the two-degree-of-freedom prism is often stronger than that of the one-degree-of-freedom one. The lift force is inclined to the straight side of the section, and more than one frequency multiplications were found for the lift force. The average position-offsets of both cross-flow and downstream direction have maximum values exceeding one characteristic length.

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本文研究了D形截面柱体在顺流向和横流向两个自由度下的流致振动特性,迎流角为90°,质量比为2.6,雷诺数为370~3685,应用RANS方程采用SST k-ω湍流模型和Newmark-β法求解水流运动和柱体运动,入口流速采用匀加速法,检验了数值模型的网格和时间步长敏感性,并与相关文献的实验结果进行对比,验证了数值模型的可靠性。基于计算结果,系统分析了D形截面柱体的振幅、振动频率、水动力系数、尾涡脱落模式,以及平均位置偏移情况。结果表明,双自由度D形截面柱体在约化速度为8~14的区间内表现为涡激振动-驰振模式,尾涡多为2S和S+2S交替脱落,双自由度振幅比单自由度有显著的增大。升力主要偏向截面的直线边一侧,且升力出现了多个倍频。横流向和顺流向平均偏移量最大都可达到一倍特征长度以上。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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宋吉宁(1982-),男,博士,讲师

蒋学炼(1975-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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宋吉宁(1982-),男,博士,讲师

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宋吉宁(1982-),男,博士,讲师

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Mesh independency study (Ur=5.0, m*=2.6, ξ=0.003 611)

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网格划分增长率第一层网格高度/m单元数 Ay/D fs/fn
Mesh11.0890.00004259980.112120.99712
Mesh21.0520.00004372240.112910.99641
Mesh31.0550.00003489630.118000.99668
Mesh41.0500.00003537100.117820.99668
Mesh51.0420.00003615760.117960.99668
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网格无关性验证(Ur=5.0,m*=2.6,ξ=0.003 611)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格划分增长率第一层网格高度/m单元数 Ay/D fs/fn
Mesh11.0890.00004259980.112120.99712
Mesh21.0520.00004372240.112910.99641
Mesh31.0550.00003489630.118000.99668
Mesh41.0500.00003537100.117820.99668
Mesh51.0420.00003615760.117960.99668
), ArticleFig(id=1242151106592190502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242151087638131119, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Time step independence verification (Ur=5.0, m*=2.6, ξ=0.003 611)

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时长划分时间步长Δt/s Ay/D fs/fn
C10.0020.1171181.00101
C20.0030.1175961.00902
C30.0040.1178950.99998
C40.0050.1180010.99668
C50.0060.1181470.98201
), ArticleFig(id=1242151106676076584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242151087638131119, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

时间步长无关性验证(Ur=5.0,m*=2.6,ξ=0.003 611)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时长划分时间步长Δt/s Ay/D fs/fn
C10.0020.1171181.00101
C20.0030.1175961.00902
C30.0040.1178950.99998
C40.0050.1180010.99668
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双自由度D形截面柱体流致振动的二维数值模拟
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宋吉宁 1 , 李壮 1 , 蒋学炼 1 , 金瑞佳 2 , 刘宇航 1 , 邓钰瑶 1
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024,28(6): 896-906
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024, 28(6): 896-906
双自由度D形截面柱体流致振动的二维数值模拟
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宋吉宁1, 李壮1, 蒋学炼1 , 金瑞佳2, 刘宇航1, 邓钰瑶1
作者信息
  • 1.天津城建大学 天津市软土特性与工程环境重点实验室,天津 300384
  • 2.交通运输部天津水运工程科学研究所 港口水工建筑技术国家工程研究中心,天津 300456
  • 宋吉宁(1982-),男,博士,讲师

    蒋学炼(1975-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Two-dimensional numerical simulation of two-degree-of-freedom flow-induced vibration of D-section prism
Ji-ning SONG1, Zhuang LI1, Xue-lian JIANG1 , Rui-jia JIN2, Yu-hang LIU1, Yu-yao DENG1
Affiliations
  • 1.Tianjin Key Lab. of Soft Soil Characteristics & Eng. Environment, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
  • 2.National Engineering Research Center of Port Hydraulic Construction Technology, Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, Tianjin 300456, China
出版时间: 2024-06-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.06.009
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本文研究了D形截面柱体在顺流向和横流向两个自由度下的流致振动特性,迎流角为90°,质量比为2.6,雷诺数为370~3685,应用RANS方程采用SST k-ω湍流模型和Newmark-β法求解水流运动和柱体运动,入口流速采用匀加速法,检验了数值模型的网格和时间步长敏感性,并与相关文献的实验结果进行对比,验证了数值模型的可靠性。基于计算结果,系统分析了D形截面柱体的振幅、振动频率、水动力系数、尾涡脱落模式,以及平均位置偏移情况。结果表明,双自由度D形截面柱体在约化速度为8~14的区间内表现为涡激振动-驰振模式,尾涡多为2S和S+2S交替脱落,双自由度振幅比单自由度有显著的增大。升力主要偏向截面的直线边一侧,且升力出现了多个倍频。横流向和顺流向平均偏移量最大都可达到一倍特征长度以上。

D形截面  /  不对称迎流  /  流致振动  /  双自由度

Two-dimensional numerical simulation was conducted to investigate the characteristics of fluid-induced vibration of a D-section prism with two degrees of freedom at an attack angle of 90°and a mass ratio of 2.6. The RANS equations were solved with the SST k-ω turbulent model closure. Uniform acceleration of inlet velocity and Newmark-β method were incorporated. Firstly the sensitivity analysis of the grid and time step in the present numerical model was carried out, then the comparisons with published experimental results were made to validate the existing numerical model. Then, a systematic analysis of response amplitude, vibration frequency, hydrodynamic coefficient, wake vortex shedding mode and average position-offset was made. The D-section prism exhibits combined response of VIV and galloping modes at a reduced velocity range of Ur=8-14, with vortex shedding pattern alternating between 2S and S+2S. The response amplitude of the two-degree-of-freedom prism is often stronger than that of the one-degree-of-freedom one. The lift force is inclined to the straight side of the section, and more than one frequency multiplications were found for the lift force. The average position-offsets of both cross-flow and downstream direction have maximum values exceeding one characteristic length.

D-section prism  /  asymmetric incoming current  /  flow induced vibration  /  two-degree-of-freedom
宋吉宁, 李壮, 蒋学炼, 金瑞佳, 刘宇航, 邓钰瑶. 双自由度D形截面柱体流致振动的二维数值模拟. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (6) : 896 -906 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.06.009
Ji-ning SONG, Zhuang LI, Xue-lian JIANG, Rui-jia JIN, Yu-hang LIU, Yu-yao DENG. Two-dimensional numerical simulation of two-degree-of-freedom flow-induced vibration of D-section prism[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (6) : 896 -906 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.06.009
当流体以一定的速度绕过钝体时,钝体两侧会产生交替脱落的漩涡,漩涡脱落所产生的周期性变化升力会激励钝体发生振动,钝体的振动又反过来影响尾流的脱落模式,这样的现象称为流致振动(flow-induced vibration,简称FIV)。流致振动是一个复杂的流固耦合过程,主要形式有涡激振动(vortex-induced vibration,简称VIV)和驰振(galloping)两种。涡激振动是脱落的尾涡与柱体(属于钝体的一种)相互作用引起的,柱体振动的频率与尾涡脱落的频率相近,柱体进入锁定(lock-in)区间,柱体的振幅大幅增加,超出锁定区间后,振幅显著减小,表现出明显的自限性。不同于涡激振动,驰振是由于流动分离和旋涡脱落而产生的流体动力负阻尼分量引起的振动[1],是一种高振幅、低频率的振动现象。驰振不具有自限性,其振动响应随流速的增加而增强,其破坏性比涡激振动更强。另外,钝体的流致振动对截面的形状比较敏感,根据流体动力学和边界层流动分离特征,可将钝体截面分为三种类型:连续和有限曲率形状、无限大曲率的锐边形状以及两者的结合,典型截面如圆形、方形和D形等。
圆柱体的流致振动,已得到比较广泛和深入的研究[2~5]。在响应分支方面,Jauvtis等[6]通过模型实验研究了不同约化速度(Ur = U/fnD)下圆柱的涡激振动特性,表明圆柱横向振动(cross-flow,简写为CF)响应存在初始、上端、下端三个分支,且横向最大振幅仅与整个系统的质量阻尼比有关。此外,他们还发现了质量比m*=2.6时,圆柱振动出现了一个新分支——超上端分支(supper upper branch),其无量纲振幅约为1.5倍柱径,尾涡脱落表现为“2T”形态。孙丽萍等[7]通过OpenFoam数值模拟捕捉到超上端分支及特有的“2T”尾涡,其柱体的最大振幅为1.4倍柱径,并发现流场的加速度对数值模拟能否捕获到超上端分支有重要的影响。及春宁等[8]分析了柱体发生涡激振动时不同的尾涡模式及其对应的响应分支,探究了质量比、阻尼比和雷诺数对圆柱涡激振动响应的影响,给出了最大响应振幅的曲线拟合公式,且指出拟合公式适用的雷诺数范围较窄,对于实际工程遇到的高雷诺数情况适用性较差。
对于方柱和三角形柱,易出现多种流致不稳定现象。毛心茹[9]通过物理模型实验分析了不同阻尼比的方柱对振幅响应的影响,在低阻尼比下方柱的振幅曲线表现为经典的三分支(初始分支-上端分支-下端分支),高阻尼比下则无法观察到明显的涡激振动分支,且来流攻角的存在会抑制和推迟驰振的发生,驰振现象仅出现在低攻角区域,随着来流攻角的增大,方柱的振动始终处于涡激振动的主导区域。张军等[10]开展了正三棱柱在不同约化速度下的流致振动实验,发现随着约化速度的增加,柱体分别处于涡激振动分支、涡振-驰振转变分支和驰振分支,且正三棱柱在实验过程中并未出现自限性,具有较大的振幅和能量转化效率,作为涡激振动俘能装置(VIV for Aquatic Clean Energy Converter,简称VIVACE)的振子比圆柱更有优势。
D形截面柱体,主要是由一个平面和一个半圆曲面组成(如图1所示),其流致振动响应与圆柱或方柱有些不同。较早的研究多在风洞中开展,如Brooks[11]对柱体在Re =4×103~7×104的区间内进行了风洞实验,发现D形截面柱体的平面向上转动时,柱体发生VIV,在此状态下,施加初始扰动会激发出驰振现象,而柱体向下转动时振动消失,他给出的分析是因缺少后体(即流动分离点下游钝体的结构部分)导致的。Weaver等[12]在进行风洞试验时发现,D形截面发生涡激振动时的区间很窄,在VIV状态下只有施加显著扰动时才能发生驰振。马文勇等[13]对覆冰导线中常出现的D形截面柱体进行了风洞试验,发现D形截面柱体在来流与其直线侧夹角为40°左右时易发生横风向大幅振动,并在实验中验证了使用静态平均气动力来描述动态驰振气动力的理论可行性。
D形截面柱体在水中的质量比,相比于在空气中要小很多,风洞实验的柱体振动响应结果可能会出现较大差异。于是,Zhao等[14]通过水槽实验研究了低质量比和低阻尼比D形截面柱体在不同来流攻角下的流致振动响应特征,发现无论约化速度增大还是减小,柱体可在静止状态下激发驰振(即不需要一个较大的初始振幅);另外,D形截面柱体的平面向下转动时,VIV响应与圆柱相似,即不需要后体钝体也可以发生涡激振动。Chen等[15]通过数值模拟研究了雷诺数Re = 100时D形截面柱体在不同迎流角度(α)下的横流向流致振动,给出了六种类型的响应,典型的VIV区间在α = 0°~35°,典型驰振现象区间在α = 165°~180°,在VIV区间中由于α的不同,柱体振动响应又有两个或三个分支,在VIV和驰振结合的状态下,驰振区间的振幅随着约化速度Ur的增加而显著增加。卫昱含[16]基于高斯过程回归方法对雷诺数Re = 100下迎流攻角α = 0°和180°时的D形截面双柱体横流向的振动进行数值模拟,发现α = 0°时振动模式为涡振-驰振组合,两柱体的相对角度是影响下游圆柱振幅大小的关键因素,而α = 180°时均为驰振,约化速度则是振幅的主要影响因素。这些研究大多限制了顺流向(in-line,简写为IL)的振动,只关注柱体在横流向上的振动。
综上所述,已有的关于D形截面柱体在水流作用下流致振动的研究较少,且多数只限定在横流向单一自由度的振动分析,而对于横流向和顺流向两个自由度下的流致振动特性尚未展开广泛研究。为此,本文采用数值方法计算了双自由度和单自由度两种情况下D形截面柱体的流致振动响应特征,对应雷诺数(Re)范围是370~3685,重点分析了不同约化速度下D形截面柱体在顺流向和横流向两个自由度下的振动响应幅值、振动频率、平均位置偏移、锁定区间以及尾涡的脱落形态等特性,以及与单自由度情况的异同对比。
在流场中放置一个D形截面柱体,如图1所示,圆弧面向下,直边与水流方向(x方向)平行,直边长度DL为0.0381 m,相对于y轴的角度α = 90°。D形截面柱体的质量比m*=2.6,质量阻尼比(m* + Caξ=0.013,其中附加质量系数Ca取1.0,柱体在静水中固有频率fn=0.4 Hz,特征长度DeDe = 0.5(1 +|cosα|)DL)取迎流面的最大宽度为0.019 05 m。计算域的设置如图2所示,坐标原点位于截面直边的中点处,x轴正方向为顺流方向,y轴垂直于来流方向。流场计算域的总长度(顺流向)为36DL,总宽度为24DL,柱体直边中心距离上下两侧边界及入口边界均设置为12DL,阻塞率De/(24DL)= 2.08%,阻塞率小于5%时可以忽略流场的宽度对D形截面柱体的影响[17]
本文模拟的雷诺数Re = 370~3685,处于亚雷诺数区间,约化速度范围是2~20。计算域入口流速(U)采用匀加速方法[718],匀加速时的速度从Ur =2开始,以0.5个约化速度递增至所需目标速度后保持匀速,继续模拟至少40个固有周期(固有周期为2.5 s)或达到基本平稳的状态。无量纲加速度a*a* = Ur/t*)设为0.025,无量纲时间t*t* = Ut/De),加速时间t为100 s,出口采用压力出口边界,上下两侧边界为对称边界,柱体表面为无滑移壁面。
基于二维非定常不可压缩流体RANS方程,应用FLUENT流体力学软件,采用SST k-ω湍流模型、SIMPLEC法求解压力速度耦合,空间离散中压力项采用PRESTO方法,动量项采用QUICK方法,湍流动能项采用二阶迎风格式,湍流耗散率采用一阶迎风格式,时间项离散格式采用二阶隐式方法,各个参数的收敛残差设为1E-5,最大迭代步数设为30步。
流致振动的柱体系统可以看作是一个双自由度的弹簧-质量-阻尼模型(图2),其在顺流向和横流向的结构动力学方程分别为
式中,xy分别为D形截面柱体在顺流向和横流向的坐标位置,mck分别是系统的质量、阻尼和弹簧刚度,弹簧刚度ω0为系统的圆频率,阻尼ξ为系统的阻尼比,ma为附加质量(一般取结构排开同体积流体的质量的1.0倍)。Fxt)、Fyt)分别为柱体在顺流向和横流向的阻力和升力,Fxt)= 0.5ρU2DeCdFyt)= 0.5ρU2DeCl,其中,CdCl分别为阻力系数和升力系数。
柱体运动方程求解采用Newmark-β法,计算出每一个时间步后柱体新的位移、速度及加速度。需要注意的是,应用FLUENT软件对柱体边界上的网格节点进行更新时,UDF(用户自定义函数)设置中不能将柱体新时刻的速度直接传递给柱体边界网格,即。否则,将会使新时刻柱体边界网格的位置与柱体位置出现偏差[19]。以下仅以x向(顺流向IL)为例说明,根据Newmark-β法已知t时刻柱体的位置,则tt时刻柱体的位置为
式中,xt + Δttt时刻柱体位置,xtt时刻柱体位置,Δt为时间步长。根据Newmark-β法无条件稳定的假设,β一般取0.25,则式(3)中t + Δt时刻柱体的位置为
通过DEFINE_CG_MOTION宏,可将UDF中计算出柱体在t + Δt时刻的速度,传回FLUENT对柱体位置进行更新。但是,根据软件手册,FLUENT使用下式对网格节点位置进行更新:
式中,t + Δt时刻网格节点的速度。如果采用的方法对柱体位置进行更新,即代入式(5),则t + Δt时刻的柱体在FLUENT中的位置为
比较式(6)和式(4),发现柱体边界上网格位置与柱体位置的二阶项存在差异,这会导致两者位移不同步。因此,需要在UDF中对新时刻柱体边界网格节点速度采用下式进行修正:
β = 0.25,将上式代入式(5),得到柱体边界网格节点在新时刻t + Δt时的位置为
比较式(8)与式(4),每次时间步更新后,柱体边界网格节点的位移与柱体是一致的。这表明采用式(7)更新柱体边界网格节点的新时刻速度,可以保证柱体边界网格与柱体位移同步。
为了捕捉D形截面柱体周围及尾部的流动特征,采用结构化网格划分计算域(图3),将流体域划分9个部分,D形截面柱体附近6倍直径DL的范围采用“O形切分”,近壁面局部加密。设置,其中,y是从第一层网格中心到柱体壁面的距离,τw是柱体壁面的剪切应力,μ是动力粘性系数,ρ是流体的密度。
为了检验网格无关性,对比了5组不同疏密的网格设置,计算了D形截面柱体在约化速度Ur=5,m*=2.6,fn = 0.4 Hz,ξ=0.003 611时的横流向响应振幅和频率。Mesh1~Mesh5的主要区别是,逐次减小柱体周围6DL范围内的圆形加密区的网格增长率(数值见表1),这使得圆形加密区内的网格数量逐次增大,而离柱体较远区域的网格数量仅随之略有增多,于是,总网格数量从2.6万增多到6.1万。表1给出了5种网格的计算结果,其中,Ay/De为柱体无量纲横流向的均方根振幅(Ay = yrms),fs/fn为柱体振动频率与固有频率的比值。通过对比表1的数据,在网格数量足够多的情况下,Mesh3、Mesh4与网格Mesh5相比,柱体的均方根振幅与振动频率的变化幅度均在1%以下。兼顾计算精度和效率,本文选择Mesh3作为后续计算的网格划分方案。
为了验证时间步长的无关性,对比了5个不同的时间步长,如表2所示的C1~C5。从表2可见,与最小的步长C1相比,C4的振幅偏差为0.75%,频率偏差为0.43%,相对偏差幅度都在1%以下,能够满足计算精度要求,兼顾计算效率考虑,本文确定时间步长为0.005 s。
为了验证本文数值模型的合理性与可靠性,采用Jauvtis等[6]的物理模型实验数据验证上述数值模型,其实验主要参数为:光滑圆柱直径Dp = 0.0381 m,m* = 2.6,Ca = 1.0,ξ = 0.003 611,fn = 0.4 Hz。Ay是横流向的振动幅值图4图5分别比较了无量纲振幅(Ay/Dp)和无量纲频率(f* = fs/fn)的结果。可以看出,本文数值模拟得出的振幅也呈现出初始分支、上端分支、下端分支与解锁分支4个区间,超上端分支所对应的最大无量纲振幅约为1.40Dp,虽略低于实验值,但整体上与实验结果吻合较好。另外,通过对振动的时程曲线做快速傅里叶变换,提取主频可得到柱体的主导振动频率,结果如图5所示,频率响应展示了数值模拟的4个频率分支。在锁定区间,圆柱的振动频率与水中固有频率之比在1.0附近,此时圆柱进入锁定状态,在下端分支中,圆柱的振动频率与水中的固有频率之比在1.3附近。在解锁区间,圆柱的振动频率接近固定圆柱的漩涡脱落频率。可见,本文的数值模型与Jauvtis等的实验结果吻合良好,这表明本文数值模型具有较好的准确性和可靠性。
涡激振动锁定的判断采用文献[20-21]的方法,即满足以下条件时可认为柱体发生了锁定:(1)振幅大于整个区间里最大振幅的一半;(2)结构的振动频率及旋涡泄放频率与结构在静水中的固有频率接近;(3)结构的振动响应轨迹呈现规则的形状。
图6给出了双自由度(DDOF)与单自由度(SDOF)两种情况下D形截面柱体横流向振幅随约化速度的变化情况,图7给出了双自由度D形截面柱体的横流向主导振动频率与涡脱落频率随约化速度变化的情况,图中ymax为横流向的最大振幅,fs/fn表示频率的无量纲化。结合图6图7可见,在2.5< Ur <6区间,随着约化速度的增大,双自由度与单自由度的振幅都是先增大后减小,振动频率与涡脱落频率接近且在St=0.2附近,柱体处于涡激振动模式;当Ur = 4.5时,柱体振幅最大,且双自由度比单自由度更大。在6 ≤ Ur ≤ 14区间,双自由度和单自由度柱体的振幅整体均呈增长趋势,柱体进入涡激振动-驰振模式,涡振与驰振相互变换致使振幅随约化速度变化出现忽高忽低。在14≤ Ur ≤20区间,单自由度柱体的振幅逐渐降低,处于涡激振动-驰振模式,但涡激振动更占优势,柱体的振动频率与涡脱落频率接近,数值约在St=0.18;然而,双自由度情况在这个模式下对应的约化速度区间较窄,为16≤ Ur ≤20。需要注意的是,当Ur = 8以及14 < Ur < 16时,双自由度振幅比单自由度有显著的增大,这表明由于双自由度增加顺流向自由度产生了顺流向的振动,可能导致柱体在横流向的振动也随之发生变化,存在不可忽视的相互影响。因此,从已有的单自由度D形截面柱体研究得到的横流向振动规律推测双自由度情况下横流向振动特性时,需要谨慎对待。
图8给出了单自由度和双自由度两种情况下柱体的无量纲主导振动频率(fs/fn)随约化速度的变化情况,图9为D形截面柱体在4个不同约化速度下的无量纲振动频谱。首先,从图8中可以看到,单自由度柱体的振动频率在所模拟的约化速度范围内是逐渐增大的,而双自由度柱体的振动频率仅在Ur = 2~7和14~20区间随约化速度不断增大。而且,从图9可见,单自由度柱体在低约化速度下倍频并不明显,在高约化速度下有两个明显的倍频,而双自由度下的倍频特征相比单自由度更为显著。具体来看图8,双自由度情况下,当Ur = 2~7.5时振动频率在St=0.2线上,柱体振动是单倍频;当Ur = 14~20时,振动频率接近St=0.18。从图9可见,柱体的振动频率由单倍频和双倍频组成;在8≤ Ur ≤14涡激振动-驰振区间,主导振动频率在固有频率附近,但这并不意味着柱体出现“锁定”现象,因为从图9可以看到,约化速度为9.5和12.5时的振动频率都呈现出多个倍频谱峰。至于多个倍频的影响,对比图10约化速度5.0(单倍频)和9.5(多倍频)的振动时历曲线,可以看到单倍频时振动曲线比较平顺,而多倍频时振动幅度存在周期性的交错起伏变化而不平稳。另外,从图10可以看到,顺流向振幅比横流向小,振动频率呈现2倍关系,这与双自由度圆柱体振动特性[24]相似。
图11展示了双自由度下D形截面柱体的阻力均值、阻力均方根值、升力均值和升力均方根值随约化速度的变化情况。从图中可以看到,阻力系数随约化速度在Ur = 2~8区间出现较大幅度的振荡,在这之后区域比较平稳,升力系数Ur = 8~14区间出现了一定幅度的振荡。值得注意的是,升力系数均值偏移零线较远,这与圆形截面柱体升力均值在零线附近有明显的区别,这是因为本文研究90°迎流角时D形截面柱体在横流向上是不对称的,升力的方向不再是交替变化,在截面上仅有圆弧面指向平面方向,即与图2Y轴正向一致。而且,从图12的升力历程曲线可以明确看到升力只有正值而没有负值,说明升力方向总是指向一侧。另外,从图11可见,在约化速度Ur = 4~8区间升力系数数值比阻力系数明显要小,这与圆形截面柱体的水动力系数特性[8]是相似的,然而其余的约化速度下升力与阻力的数值相当甚至略高一些,与圆形截面柱体的特性有明显差异。
图13给出了不同约化速度下两种自由度D形截面柱体的尾涡脱落模式的分类汇总,在一个振动周期内,按照柱体向下振动脱涡个数(n)和向上振动脱涡个数(m)的组合方式(nS+mS)来命名尾涡脱落模式[22]。在本文研究范围内,D形截面柱体出现了涡振、驰振、弱驰振几种响应类型,相应地出现了多种尾涡脱落形态(见图14)。在涡振区间,D形截面柱体的尾涡脱落形态为2S模式,与低雷诺数下固定圆柱绕流的尾涡形态类似。在驰振区间,一个振动周期内可能存在两种尾涡脱落模式,即2S模式和S+2S模式,且这两种形态会交替出现。如图15,在约化速度Ur=13时,D形截面柱体的尾涡脱落模式为2S和S+2S交替出现。
图16给出了柱体在不同约化速度下平均位置的偏移量,左图是双自由度时顺流向的平均偏移量,右图是两种自由度条件下横流向的平均偏移量。从图16可以看到,在顺流方向上,与圆形截面柱体的流致振动特性[24]相似,也是随着约化速度的增加而逐渐增大;在横流向上,双自由度与单自由度相似,都是随着约化速度的增加而逐渐增大,且平均偏移量的数值比较接近。而且,两个方向上的平均偏移量最大可以达到1.0倍特征长度以上。值得注意的是,由于D形截面柱体在90°迎流角下升力和阻力在截面上分布都不对称,因此,柱体在两个方向都产生平均位置的偏移,而这与圆柱体仅有顺流向偏移不同。
本文针对双自由度D形截面柱体的流致振动问题,在雷诺数Re=370~3685范围进行了数值模拟,对约化速度2~20区间的D形截面柱体的流致振动模式、频率组分、升阻力、尾涡脱落形态和平均位置偏移量变化等进行了分析。在本文的研究范围内,得到以下结论:
(1)在水流作用下,D形截面柱体出现了涡激振动、涡激振动-驰振、弱驰振等振动模式,双自由度比单自由度出现驰振模式的约化速度区间更宽,且双自由度下的倍频特征相比单自由度更为显著。
(2)由于D形截面柱体在横流向上的结构不对称,致使升力总是偏向截面的直线边一侧,导致柱体在横流向上也出现了平均位置偏移,且两个方向最大的平均偏移量都可达到一倍特征长度以上。
(3)随着约化速度的变化,D形截面柱体出现了多种类型的尾涡脱落形态,且在同一约化速度下,尾涡脱落形态也会发生改变。
限于篇幅,本文只研究了质量比为2.6、在90°迎流角下D形截面柱体的流致振动,而不同的质量比和迎流角以及更高雷诺数下的流致振动特性,还有待进一步的探究。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51509178; 51779172)
  • 天津市软土特性与工程环境重点实验室开放基金资助项目(12030136)
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2024年第28卷第6期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.06.009
  • 接收时间:2023-12-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-17
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(51509178; 51779172)
天津市软土特性与工程环境重点实验室开放基金资助项目(12030136)
作者信息
    1.天津城建大学 天津市软土特性与工程环境重点实验室,天津 300384
    2.交通运输部天津水运工程科学研究所 港口水工建筑技术国家工程研究中心,天津 300456

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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