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Article(id=1242151086409195611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242151082701430843, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.06.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1703088000000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774081497050, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1718812800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774081497050, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774081497050, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081497050, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242151082701430843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='6', pageStart='803', pageEnd='966', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1774081496167, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081719798, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242152020732354696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242151082701430843, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242152020732354697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242151082701430843, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=907, endPage=916, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242151087109644412, articleId=1242151086409195611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Application and research on real time monitoring of fatigue damage of large pipe laying vessel stingers, columnId=1242129251223274417, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Structural Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Stingers bear the alternating load during operation, and the fatigue failure of the structure can not be ignored. Therefore, based on the wave spectrum and real-time monitoring data, the fatigue problem of a stinger was studied. The comparison and analysis of the calculation results suggest the fatigue damage calculation based on the wave spectrum is conservative due to the strong randomness of the wave load, so this method is suitable for the prediction and evaluation of the fatigue life of the structure in the design stage. However, the fatigue damage calculation based on the real-time monitoring data is relatively more accurate, so it is suitable for real-time assessment of the immediate fatigue damage of the structure. Finally, this paper puts forward appropriate repair and maintenance suggestions accordingly.

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托管架长期承受着交变载荷的作用，结构疲劳破坏问题不容忽视。为此，本文分别基于波浪谱和监测数据对托管架的疲劳问题进行研究。通过计算结果的对比分析，发现基于波浪谱的疲劳损伤计算，由于波浪荷载的随机性很强，导致计算结果偏于保守，适用于设计阶段结构的疲劳寿命预报评估；而基于实时监测数据的疲劳损伤计算，数据相对更加准确，适用于实时评估结构当前的疲劳损伤情况，并依此提出适当的维修和保养建议。

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通讯作者，E-mail：
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闫宏生（1973-），男，博士，副教授，通讯作者，E-mail：

陈森彪（2000-），男，硕士研究生。

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陈森彪（2000-），男，硕士研究生。

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陈森彪（2000-），男，硕士研究生。

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journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242151086409195611, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Hazard locations of fatigue assessment, figureFileSmall=XYUI6Zz8eNSEP1uPGGGnqQ==, figureFileBig=ELmf20mrrD5YA+OhjZylIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242151096374862325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242151086409195611, language=CN, label=图6, caption=疲劳评估危险位置, figureFileSmall=XYUI6Zz8eNSEP1uPGGGnqQ==, figureFileBig=ELmf20mrrD5YA+OhjZylIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242151096450359801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242151086409195611, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Spectrum image during three-day towing at Monitoring Point 18, figureFileSmall=xco/uVlJJKuH6K9ljsD4Tg==, figureFileBig=uCKWJkqRw4bLFKXPub6G9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242151096555217406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242151086409195611, language=CN, label=图7, caption=监测点18三天拖航的频谱图像, figureFileSmall=xco/uVlJJKuH6K9ljsD4Tg==, figureFileBig=uCKWJkqRw4bLFKXPub6G9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242151096639103493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242151086409195611, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Spectrum image during four-day operation at Monitoring Point 18, figureFileSmall=lcAgK9P0LHnaWr6XjHfwqQ==, figureFileBig=lPGDoHMxojLcBMtwu5TmZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242151096710406665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242151086409195611, language=CN, label=图8, caption=监测点18四天作业的频谱图像, figureFileSmall=lcAgK9P0LHnaWr6XjHfwqQ==, figureFileBig=lPGDoHMxojLcBMtwu5TmZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242151096815264269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242151086409195611, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Stress images of Monitoring Points 24 and 25 during the second day of operation, figureFileSmall=20a6Lwp9zuqoFc48JltUtw==, figureFileBig=d77NQVyGOVIEYyp3oIhLYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242151096899150355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242151086409195611, language=CN, label=图9, caption=监测点24和25作业第二天的应力图像, figureFileSmall=20a6Lwp9zuqoFc48JltUtw==, figureFileBig=d77NQVyGOVIEYyp3oIhLYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242151096999813653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242151086409195611, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Monitoring scheme of stinger

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监测设备监测位置监测目标
角度传感器托管架与船体连接处托管架与船体的相对角度
应力传感器弦杆/横杆危险点位危险点位应力
), ArticleFig(id=1242151097142419995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242151086409195611, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

托管架监测方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监测设备监测位置监测目标
角度传感器托管架与船体连接处托管架与船体的相对角度
应力传感器弦杆/横杆危险点位危险点位应力
), ArticleFig(id=1242151097238888990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242151086409195611, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Long-term sea state data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
波浪谱名称 Hs/m Tp/s出现概率
JS3x9393.66%
JS3x82.58.26.94%
JS2x727.320.00%
JS1x515.242.00%
JS1x40.53.727.40%
), ArticleFig(id=1242151097368912420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242151086409195611, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

长期海况数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
波浪谱名称 Hs/m Tp/s出现概率
JS3x9393.66%
JS3x82.58.26.94%
JS2x727.320.00%
JS1x515.242.00%
JS1x40.53.727.40%
), ArticleFig(id=1242151097473770024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242151086409195611, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Calculation results of fatigue life of dangerous nodes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
节点撑杆目标疲劳年限损伤度疲劳寿命/y
弦杆
JT_1190BM7152.390E-0183.68
M_13551.460E-01136.99
JT_1195M_13751.450E-01137.93
M_13802.380E-0184.03
JT_1361BM7036.450E-033100.78
M_13611.450E-01137.93
JT_1363BM7046.460E-033095.98
M_13651.450E-01137.93
JT_1160M_13103.170E-02630.91
M_13021.650E-021212.12
), ArticleFig(id=1242151097561850411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242151086409195611, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

危险节点疲劳寿命计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
节点撑杆目标疲劳年限损伤度疲劳寿命/y
弦杆
JT_1190BM7152.390E-0183.68
M_13551.460E-01136.99
JT_1195M_13751.450E-01137.93
M_13802.380E-0184.03
JT_1361BM7036.450E-033100.78
M_13611.450E-01137.93
JT_1363BM7046.460E-033095.98
M_13651.450E-01137.93
JT_1160M_13103.170E-02630.91
M_13021.650E-021212.12
), ArticleFig(id=1242151097654125106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242151086409195611, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Damage degree statistics of monitoring points

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监测点工况
起航作业返航
第一天第二天第一天第二天第三天第四天
横杆10.00E+000.00E+000.00E+002.84E-080.00E+008.11E-090.00E+00
110.00E+000.00E+004.84E-094.86E-095.81E-097.67E-090.00E+00
120.00E+000.00E+001.15E-081.35E-089.37E-091.64E-070.00E+00
150.00E+000.00E+000.00E+001.32E-080.00E+000.00E+000.00E+00
弦杆180.00E+000.00E+003.38E-094.39E-095.05E-091.34E-080.00E+00
190.00E+000.00E+007.78E-091.09E-089.37E-083.65E-073.70E-08
230.00E+000.00E+004.08E-077.26E-072.59E-099.19E-090.00E+00
241.62E-071.18E-082.29E-052.69E-032.54E-062.96E-062.70E-08
250.00E+000.00E+001.65E-052.53E-031.63E-062.39E-060.00E+00
290.00E+000.00E+002.62E-090.00E+000.00E+004.14E-080.00E+00
310.00E+000.00E+001.32E-081.26E-081.36E-082.86E-080.00E+00
330.00E+000.00E+005.63E-095.07E-095.82E-092.79E-080.00E+00
340.00E+000.00E+005.21E-095.25E-095.61E-091.47E-080.00E+00
360.00E+000.00E+004.97E-092.36E-070.00E+002.42E-081.23E-08
440.00E+000.00E+003.57E-095.50E-096.41E-092.25E-080.00E+00
450.00E+000.00E+009.66E-092.34E-060.00E+000.00E+000.00E+00
), ArticleFig(id=1242151097750594102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242151086409195611, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

监测点损伤度统计

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监测点工况
起航作业返航
第一天第二天第一天第二天第三天第四天
横杆10.00E+000.00E+000.00E+002.84E-080.00E+008.11E-090.00E+00
110.00E+000.00E+004.84E-094.86E-095.81E-097.67E-090.00E+00
120.00E+000.00E+001.15E-081.35E-089.37E-091.64E-070.00E+00
150.00E+000.00E+000.00E+001.32E-080.00E+000.00E+000.00E+00
弦杆180.00E+000.00E+003.38E-094.39E-095.05E-091.34E-080.00E+00
190.00E+000.00E+007.78E-091.09E-089.37E-083.65E-073.70E-08
230.00E+000.00E+004.08E-077.26E-072.59E-099.19E-090.00E+00
241.62E-071.18E-082.29E-052.69E-032.54E-062.96E-062.70E-08
250.00E+000.00E+001.65E-052.53E-031.63E-062.39E-060.00E+00
290.00E+000.00E+002.62E-090.00E+000.00E+004.14E-080.00E+00
310.00E+000.00E+001.32E-081.26E-081.36E-082.86E-080.00E+00
330.00E+000.00E+005.63E-095.07E-095.82E-092.79E-080.00E+00
340.00E+000.00E+005.21E-095.25E-095.61E-091.47E-080.00E+00
360.00E+000.00E+004.97E-092.36E-070.00E+002.42E-081.23E-08
440.00E+000.00E+003.57E-095.50E-096.41E-092.25E-080.00E+00
450.00E+000.00E+009.66E-092.34E-060.00E+000.00E+000.00E+00
), ArticleFig(id=1242151099256349239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242151086409195611, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Statistics of sea state parameters during monitoring period

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时间海况记录
第一天起航东南风2~3级，涌浪高度0.5~0.6 m
第二天拖航东南风3~4级，涌浪高度0.5~0.6 m
第一天铺管作业东南风3~4级，涌浪高度0.6~0.7 m
第二天铺管作业东南风3~4级，涌浪高度0.7~0.9 m
第三天铺管作业东南风4级，涌浪高度0.7~1.1 m
第四天铺管作业东南风4级，涌浪高度1.0~1.2 m
返航东南风4级，涌浪高度1.0~1.2 m
), ArticleFig(id=1242151099361206847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242151086409195611, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

监测期间海况参数统计

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时间海况记录
第一天起航东南风2~3级，涌浪高度0.5~0.6 m
第二天拖航东南风3~4级，涌浪高度0.5~0.6 m
第一天铺管作业东南风3~4级，涌浪高度0.6~0.7 m
第二天铺管作业东南风3~4级，涌浪高度0.7~0.9 m
第三天铺管作业东南风4级，涌浪高度0.7~1.1 m
第四天铺管作业东南风4级，涌浪高度1.0~1.2 m
返航东南风4级，涌浪高度1.0~1.2 m
), ArticleFig(id=1242151099449287232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242151086409195611, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Statistics of fatigue damage caused by one stress cycle of members with different thicknesses

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应力幅值/MPa构件厚度
16 mm25 mm32 mm38 mm50 mm
509.0363E-081.3716E-071.7276E-072.0288E-072.6223E-07
1001.2074E-061.8326E-062.3084E-062.7108E-063.5037E-06
2001.6132E-052.4486E-053.0843E-053.6219E-054.6815E-05
3007.3498E-051.1156E-041.4052E-041.6502E-042.1329E-04
), ArticleFig(id=1242151099533173316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242151086409195611, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同厚度构件一次应力循环形成的疲劳损伤统计

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应力幅值/MPa构件厚度
16 mm25 mm32 mm38 mm50 mm
509.0363E-081.3716E-071.7276E-072.0288E-072.6223E-07
1001.2074E-061.8326E-062.3084E-062.7108E-063.5037E-06
2001.6132E-052.4486E-053.0843E-053.6219E-054.6815E-05
3007.3498E-051.1156E-041.4052E-041.6502E-042.1329E-04
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大型铺管船托管架疲劳损伤实时监测应用与研究
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闫宏生 1 , 陈森彪 1 , 贾同宇 1 , 陈永訢 2 , 孟祥伟 2
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2024,28(6): 907-916
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船舶力学 | 结构力学 2024, 28(6): 907-916
大型铺管船托管架疲劳损伤实时监测应用与研究
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闫宏生1 , 陈森彪1, 贾同宇1, 陈永訢2, 孟祥伟2
作者信息
  • 1.天津大学　水利工程仿真与安全国家重点实验室，天津　300072
  • 2.海洋石油工程股份有限公司，天津　300461

    • 闫宏生（1973-），男，博士，副教授，通讯作者，E-mail：

    陈森彪（2000-），男，硕士研究生。

通讯作者:

通讯作者，E-mail：
Application and research on real time monitoring of fatigue damage of large pipe laying vessel stingers
Hong-sheng YAN1 , Sen-biao CHEN1, Tong-yu JIA1, Yong-xin CHEN2, Xiang-wei MENG2
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
  • 2.Offshore Oil Engineering Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300461, China
出版时间: 2024-06-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.06.010
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摘要
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托管架长期承受着交变载荷的作用，结构疲劳破坏问题不容忽视。为此，本文分别基于波浪谱和监测数据对托管架的疲劳问题进行研究。通过计算结果的对比分析，发现基于波浪谱的疲劳损伤计算，由于波浪荷载的随机性很强，导致计算结果偏于保守，适用于设计阶段结构的疲劳寿命预报评估；而基于实时监测数据的疲劳损伤计算，数据相对更加准确，适用于实时评估结构当前的疲劳损伤情况，并依此提出适当的维修和保养建议。

托管架  /  疲劳谱分析  /  实时监测  /  对比分析

Stingers bear the alternating load during operation, and the fatigue failure of the structure can not be ignored. Therefore, based on the wave spectrum and real-time monitoring data, the fatigue problem of a stinger was studied. The comparison and analysis of the calculation results suggest the fatigue damage calculation based on the wave spectrum is conservative due to the strong randomness of the wave load, so this method is suitable for the prediction and evaluation of the fatigue life of the structure in the design stage. However, the fatigue damage calculation based on the real-time monitoring data is relatively more accurate, so it is suitable for real-time assessment of the immediate fatigue damage of the structure. Finally, this paper puts forward appropriate repair and maintenance suggestions accordingly.

stinger  /  fatigue spectrum analysis  /  real-time monitoring  /  comparative analysis
闫宏生, 陈森彪, 贾同宇, 陈永訢, 孟祥伟. 大型铺管船托管架疲劳损伤实时监测应用与研究. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (6) : 907 -916 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.06.010
Hong-sheng YAN, Sen-biao CHEN, Tong-yu JIA, Yong-xin CHEN, Xiang-wei MENG. Application and research on real time monitoring of fatigue damage of large pipe laying vessel stingers[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (6) : 907 -916 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.06.010
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0　引言
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托管架是深海油气田开发的关键性装备之一，在铺管作业过程中要承受波浪力、张紧力、船舶运动等众多载荷。在这些荷载的长期作用下，托管架结构容易发生疲劳破坏，因此有必要对其疲劳状态进行计算分析。国内外工程界对于海洋结构的疲劳分析由来已久，主要集中在对海洋平台、船舶、立管上，其中Roger[1]、Tasdemir[2]和Ying[3]分别运用疲劳谱分析方法和线性累积损伤理论对导管架平台进行疲劳分析，研究了其结构动力对结构疲劳损伤的影响作用；嵇春艳等[4]和刘小燕[5]基于SESAM软件分别对张力腿平台和自升式平台进行了疲劳强度分析，并对计算中的关键参数进行了敏感性分析，总结了有限元模型划分经验。随着监测技术在海洋工程上的应用，很多研究将疲劳损伤与结构监测有机结合，提出了基于监测数据的疲劳损伤分析方法，大大提高了计算精度。其中，Koichi等[6]对135 000 m3 MOSS型LNG运输船的局部船体结构和货油舱系统进行了疲劳监测，通过三年的实际监测数据做了实际应力与船舶设计条件的比较研究，为LNG运输船的终身维护提出了合理化建议。Mukundan等[7]根据实测数据重建立管的VIV响应，估算立管由弯曲造成的动态轴向力和疲劳寿命。中国船舶科学研究中心在船舶结构安全监测领域开展了深入的研究，取得了较多成果。汪雪良等[8]提出应用数字孪生技术提升监测系统的智能化水平，为海上结构监测系统的智能化设计提供了参考。韦朋余等[9]提出了适用于船舶结构的光纤光栅传感器安装方法，并开展了相关应用试验研究。郑庆新等[10]研制了适用于船舶与海洋工程结构安全监测的应变传感器并提出标定方法。
本文以我国HYSY201大型铺管船托管架为研究对象，研制托管架结构健康实时监测系统。以一次海上作业为例，分别基于波浪谱和监测数据对托管架进行疲劳损伤分析，对比两种计算方法的基本流程、理论基础以及计算结果，可为托管架结构的疲劳寿命评估提供事实依据和合理化建议。
1　疲劳分析理论
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1.1　疲劳损伤计算流程
海洋结构物长期承受波浪力等动态载荷作用，除结构屈服或屈曲等破坏形式外，长时间积累下也会造成结构的疲劳失效。目前，S-N曲线方法和断裂力学方法普遍用于海上结构物的疲劳损伤及寿命评估[11-12]。由于托管架结构复杂、节点众多，从可行性角度出发，本文选择了在工程上应用成熟的S-N曲线方法。
对于疲劳损伤分析，载荷谱的选取是至关重要的，关系到计算的精准度。目前，常用的计算分析方法主要是采用波浪谱作为初始条件，通过结构分析计算得到应力谱，进而进行疲劳损伤计算。由于该方法采用了波浪谱作为初始条件，且对海洋结构进行了一定的简化，得到的应力谱不可避免会产生一定的误差。为了提高计算分析精度，本文提出以实测数据为基础，结合理论分析的计算方法，通过实时测量托管架关键部位的应力应变数据，形成应力谱，进而进行疲劳损伤计算；通过海上实际监测作业，证实该方法的有效性。计算分析流程如图1所示。
1.2　疲劳载荷谱
S-N曲线方法计算的疲劳损伤结果的可靠性是基于载荷谱的准确性，所以疲劳载荷谱占有非常重要的地位。计算海上结构物疲劳载荷的方法有很多，如谱分析方法、时域计算方法和设计波法等[13]。在海洋工程领域，谱分析方法是指根据现有的海浪谱作为系统输入，通过结构系统传递函数来输出作用在结构上的波浪力谱，以此得到不同累积概率波浪力分析方法。
对于平稳线性系统，谱分析法的基本过程可用式（1）表示[14]：
式中：Sη（ω）是系统输入的谱密度，即海浪谱；SY（ω）为系统输出的谱密度，即反应谱；|T（ω）|2为系统的传递函数，表征了两个谱之间的传递关系，即响应幅值算子（RAO）。
两种计算流程最大的区别是疲劳载荷谱的不同，虽然实时监测得到载荷谱耗时耗力，但却是最真实的结构受力数据。监测得到各监测点的随机载荷时间历程，通过雨流计数法得到疲劳载荷谱，与传统疲劳谱分析方法相比，实测载荷谱进行疲劳分析有以下优点：
（1）实际结构作为研究对象，没有线性简化过程；
（2）结构所受波浪力不是理论上的波浪谱，不存在统计概念和理论简化；
（3）反映真实海洋环境下的结构响应，除了波浪力，还可以同时记录其他动态载荷对结构的作用。
1.3　 S-N曲线
使用不同标准对结构进行疲劳寿命评估产生的预估结果不同[15]。本文选用了API RP 2A-WSD规范[14]中的S-N曲线API-X’，它适用于承受多种环境和工作载荷的管状结构，曲线如图2所示。
本文采用的两种计算方法都选用了该S-N曲线，但在利用SESAM软件对托管架进行疲劳谱分析时并未考虑构件厚度对其疲劳损伤的影响，而利用实测数据计算损伤度时则进行了厚度修正。该S-N曲线适用于描述小于等于16 mm厚的标准试件的应力与疲劳寿命之间的关系，对于大于16 mm厚的构件需要对其进行厚度修正，修正公式[14]如下：
式中，Sa为修正后的许用应力，S0表示S-N曲线中的许用应力，t表示实际构件的厚度，t0表示试件的厚度限定。
1.4　疲劳累积损伤理论
疲劳累积损伤理论是指杆件自身所承受应力高于疲劳极限时，每循环一次都会造成杆件的疲劳损伤，并且这种损伤是可以累积的，累积到疲劳损伤临界值时杆件产生疲劳破坏，最终影响杆件疲劳寿命。
采用SESAM进行疲劳谱分析时，波浪力为随机疲劳载荷，短期海况作用下疲劳累积损伤度如式（3）所示[15]：
式中：N为结构达到破坏时，单一循环载荷在应力范围内的循环次数；S为应力范围；f（S）是在应力范围下的连续分布概率密度函数；NL为计算时间段内应力范围下的循环总次数；dn为应力范围区间[S，S+dS]内的应力范围循环次数。
部分损伤dij与所有短期海况和主要浪向的权重之积累加即可得到累积损伤度。总的疲劳累积损伤度计算公式[15]如下：
式中，ps，i为第i个海况发生的概率，pd，j为第j个主要浪向出现的概率，dij为单一海况下的部分损伤。
实测应力载荷下，Miner线性累积损伤理论形式简单，采用当量应力法[15]，利用下面公式结合S-N曲线进行疲劳损伤度的计算：
式中，ni为实际应力对应的频次，Ni为S-N曲线中应力S下的循环次数
2　铺管船托管架和监测位置
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2.1　托管架概况
本文的研究对象为我国某大型深水铺管船的托管架。该铺管船采用S型管道铺设方法，最大铺管作业水深可达3000 m。船体主尺度为：船长204 m、型宽39.2 m、型深14 m、吃水7~18 m。作业管径为6~60英寸，铺管速度为5公里/天，船主甲板纵向中心线设有铺管作业线。托管架是三节铰接式、截面为三角形的空间桁架结构，空间位置从船尾沿纵向方向延伸至船体外侧，节与节之间通过连杆连接，并在第一节的末端用A型支架悬吊[16]。托管架在铺管船航行时悬吊在船尾部的水面之上并随船运动；托管架在作业期间下放入水，曲率半径和入水角度则根据具体铺管作业工况进行确定。图3为托管架结构示意图[17]。
2.2　监测位置
托管架长期在海洋风浪下工作，所受载荷形式复杂，潜在损伤位置众多，但从经济和实用角度出发，都需要提高监测效率，寻找最有效的监测位置来评估结构安全。通过SESAM建模，对托管架进行结构静态分析[18]、在波浪载荷作用下铺管船与托管架铺管作业工况结构动态响应分析[19]、托辊非均匀接触力分析和作业工况下结构疲劳分析，再结合现场调研，最终确定了13个危险点位进行监测，具体情况见图4和表1，其中：弦杆上布设5个监测点位，每个点位上设6个应变片，分别测量不同位置的应力，共计30个应变片；上表面4根水平撑杆布设8个监测点位，考虑到杆件的对称性，在每个点位布设2个应变片，共计16个应变片。另外，监测系统还设有1个角度测量装置，通过托管架与船体的相对角度确定其工作状态。共计47个信号通道。
3　计算结果对比分析
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3.1　基于波浪谱的疲劳寿命预报
基于波浪谱的疲劳寿命分析是利用SESAM软件完成，托管架有限元模型见图5，采用热点应力法计算托管架处于深水作业状态的疲劳损伤。结构疲劳分析所使用的海况数据（波浪谱和波浪散布图）均来自公开可用的波浪数据。波浪谱采用Jonswap双参数谱，短期海况由对应的波浪谱参数确定，长期海况数据如表2所示，三个浪向分别为0°、90°、270°（以X轴为基准），出现概率分别为50%、25%和25%[20]。
对整个托管架结构进行疲劳评估，目标疲劳年限为20年，表3列举了最危险的五个节点的疲劳寿命计算结果，危险节点位置见图6。取安全系数为3.0，疲劳寿命预报托管架结构满足设计要求。从结果可以看出：结构疲劳点位出现在水面附近，因为水面处波高最大，随着水深增大，水质点运动幅值呈指数化衰减，衰减迅速。托管架结构为小尺度截面构件，水动力载荷由Morison公式求得，水质点运动的剧烈程度直接关系到杆件所受水动力载荷大小。托管架中下部（第二段及第三段）的杆件所受水动力载荷较小，以至于大部分节点的应力幅值始终未突破S-N曲线的无限循环应力界限，不参与疲劳计数，即使超过，也因为响应频率较低而未超过疲劳界限。此外，托管架上表面存在的托辊及托辊支架、斜撑杆是结构中典型的薄弱约束，在波浪的作用下，极易产生局部的剧烈摇摆，成为水面附近疲劳点位产生的主要原因。
3.2　基于实测数据的损伤度计算结果
本文以南海某次7天期作业为例，对监测数据进行分析。在本次监测作业中，通过电阻检测和应力图像筛选，共统计出28个有效监测点的疲劳损伤度。要注意的是，由于所选S-N曲线规定了结构的疲劳极限（23 MPa），低于疲劳极限的应力循环不被计入疲劳损伤，计算结果显示损伤度为0。表4为部分有效监测点的损伤度统计结果（略去7天均无疲劳损伤计入的监测点统计）。
表4的统计结果说明：除少数监测点位在某天工作中产生了较大的疲劳损伤外，其他损伤度都很小。从疲劳角度出发，该托管架结构很安全，不易产生疲劳失效；监测点在作业状态下比拖航状态下产生的疲劳损伤大，拖航状态下托管架基本不会产生疲劳损伤；表中略去了7天损伤度全部为0的监测点，其中9个位于横杆位置、4个位于弦杆位置，从横杆与弦杆的损伤度结果对比可以看出，横杆的损伤度很小，作业状态下主要对弦杆产生疲劳损伤；第一段下弦杆接近第二段位置（监测点23~28）在五个弦杆监测点位中疲劳损伤相对较大，说明除了波、浪、流等海洋环境影响，下段结构也会对上段结构产生交变应力。
3.3　方法对比与结果分析
两个计算结果都得出了托管架结构十分安全和不易产生疲劳失效的结论，但对结构的疲劳分析却产生了很大差异，具体如下：
（1）基于波浪谱计算得到的托管架的疲劳损伤较为保守，损伤度较大；
（2）基于波浪谱的疲劳分析发现，托管架结构的疲劳损伤随水深递减，危险位置出现在横杆上，结构中下部基本不会产生疲劳；而基于实测数据的疲劳计算结果则表明，弦杆比横杆更容易发生疲劳损伤，而且第一段下弦杆接近第二段位置（监测点23~28），在五个弦杆监测点位中疲劳损伤相对较大。
通过分析，发现结论产生差异有以下原因：
（1）托管架所要求的工作环境十分严格，监测期间的海洋环境良好，所以产生疲劳损伤小，而基于波浪谱的疲劳分析计算的是目标疲劳年限的疲劳损伤，波浪谱是各个短期海况的权重叠加，造成两者计算结果差距的增大。表5统计了监测期间海况的相关参数。
（2）在基于波浪谱的疲劳分析时，并未考虑构件的尺寸效应，基于实测数据的疲劳损伤计算则进行了厚度修正。
本文托管架的横杆厚度为25 mm或32 mm，弦杆厚度为38 mm或50 mm。为说明构件厚度对其疲劳损伤的影响，表6列举了构件各个厚度在几个应力幅值下循环一次造成的疲劳损伤，可以发现构件的尺度效应是不容忽视的，相同应力幅值下，结构杆件产生的疲劳损伤与标准试件的疲劳损伤甚至产生了量级的差别，而弦杆厚度更大，误差也更大。
（3）基于波浪谱的疲劳分析只考虑了波浪力这一动态载荷对结构产生的疲劳影响，而托管架在真实作业情况下，除了波浪力，动态载荷还有张力、船舶运动对托管架的激励作用和托辊非均匀接触力，还会有突变力的存在。图7为监测点18在三天拖航工况的频谱分析图像；图8为监测点18在四天作业工况的频谱分析图像，其横坐标为频率Hz；图9为监测点24、25作业第二天的应力图像，其横坐标为时间。
托管架所有监测点位在航行和作业状态下的有效频带范围大致为0.117~1.875 Hz。航行状态下的频谱图像大多呈三峰谱或者双峰谱分布，谱峰值对应频率集中为0.117 Hz、0.918 Hz和1.289 Hz；作业状态下频谱图像大多呈单峰谱或者双峰谱分布，谱峰值对应频率多为0.117 Hz和0.508 Hz。结合对托管架结构的静力分析和联合水动力分析，航行与作业状态下托管架所受动态力频率范围划分结果为：频率0.117 Hz范围附近动态力的成分主要是铺设张力变化；频率0.508 Hz范围附近动态力的成分可认为是船体运动对托管架的激励作用；频率0.918 Hz范围附近动态力的成分可认为是波浪载荷。由频谱图像可以发现，张力作用和船舶运动对托管架的激励作用对其的疲劳损伤影响很大，不能忽视。
由基于监测数据的疲劳损伤度结果统计（表5）发现，监测点24、25在第二天作业时损伤度很大，从所有监测点的应力图像和疲劳损伤结果来看，造成这种结果的原因是应力突变。图9为监测点24、25当天的应力图像，可以看到数量较多、幅值较大的应力毛刺出现，而这在理论分析阶段是无法预知的。这是对结构进行监测的一大优势，便于结构的实时安全评估。
多种动态载荷的耦合作用以及监测期间的平静海况造成波浪力对托管架的影响特点不再明显，而且疲劳谱分析无法考虑应力突变的问题，从而使基于海浪谱的疲劳分析结论与实际监测得到的结论产生了差异。另外，在实时监测分析中，纵观每个监测点每天的损伤度，很容易发现各监测点每天的计算结果都不相同，很多还存在量级的差别，有的甚至可以相差三个量级。这说明结构的疲劳损伤具有非定常性，适用于记录结构已产生的疲劳事实，而用假定损伤度与时间的反比关系来预测结构的疲劳寿命则会产生较大的误差。
4　结论
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托管架作为铺管作业的重要装备，长期处在复杂的海洋环境下工作，疲劳损伤分析是对其结构安全评估的重要内容之一，通过对比基于波浪谱和基于监测数据的疲劳分析可以得到以下结论：
（1）基于波浪谱的疲劳分析能一定程度地对结构安全进行评估，计算相对保守，但却无法考虑更多影响结构疲劳的因素，所以其适用于设计阶段确保结构在目标年限内的安全；
（2）除了波浪力外，托管架还要受到张力作用和船舶运动对托管架的激励作用以及托辊非均匀接触力影响，仅设计阶段的疲劳谱分析无法说明实际服役期的疲劳问题，基于监测数据的疲劳分析更适用于服役期间结构的实时安全评估以及维护保养；
（3）结构的疲劳损伤具有非定常性的特点，适用于记录结构已产生的疲劳事实，而预测结构的疲劳寿命可能会产生较大的误差，所以非常有必要对长期承受动态载荷的结构进行实时监测；
（4）在环境载荷和作业载荷联合作用下，结构性能会不断退化，因此针对老旧结构开展应力实时监测、进行疲劳损伤分析存在一定的局限性，该方法更适合于新建结构首次使用同步展开监测分析。
基金
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  • 水利工程仿真与安全国家重点实验室资助项目
文献
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2024年第28卷第6期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.06.010
  • 接收时间：2023-12-21
  • 首发时间：2026-03-21
  • 出版时间：2024-06-20
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  • 收稿日期：2023-12-21
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    1.天津大学　水利工程仿真与安全国家重点实验室，天津　300072
    2.海洋石油工程股份有限公司，天津　300461

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