Article(id=1242151084710506882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242151082701430843, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.06.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1702742400000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774081496646, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1718812800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774081496646, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774081496646, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081496646, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242151082701430843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='6', pageStart='803', pageEnd='966', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1774081496167, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081719798, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242152020732354696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242151082701430843, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242152020732354697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242151082701430843, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=877, endPage=886, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242151086501474705, articleId=1242151084710506882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Numerical simulation of water impact of complex body by a gradient-augmented level set method, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Free surface impact of complex structures, such as airdrop torpedo, the diving of unmanned underwater vehicles, and the water impact of high-speed ships, has always been a research hotspot in the field of ocean engineering. This paper presents the simulation of water impact of complex structures by combining the ghost cell method and the gradient augmented level set method (GALS). A time semi-implicit finite difference method was used to solve the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, the ghost cell method was used to enforce the no-slip boundary conditions by interface reconstruction, and the gradient augmented level set method was used to capture nonlinear free surfaces such as wave overturning and jet flows. The slamming of a two-dimensional cylinder at constant speed was simulated to validate the accuracy of this numerical method by comparing the present results with the experimental data. Upon simulation of the slamming of a two-dimensional hull section, the variation rules of the impulsive pressure, the motion response, the pressure distribution, and the free surface motion with respect to the relative impact angle were analyzed. Also, some typical impact phenomena were observed such as the flow separation, the jet flow, and the ventilation for a small impact angle.

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复杂结构物自由表面砰击问题,如空投鱼雷、水空无人航行器潜水和高速船出入水,一直是海洋工程领域的研究热点。本文采用梯度增量level-set和虚拟网格法数值模拟复杂结构物的入水砰击,采用时间半隐式有限差分法求解不可压缩Navier-Stokes方程,虚拟网格法可重构复杂结构物界面插值模块并施加无滑移边界条件,梯度增量level-set法可捕捉非线性自由表面翻卷、射流等物理现象。基于以上方法模拟二维圆柱的常速入水砰击,并与试验和数值结果对比,验证本文数值方法的正确性。最后,数值模拟二维船型剖面和飞机剖面的入水砰击,分析了冲击压力、运动响应、压力分布和自由表面运动随入水角度的变化规律。同时,通过模拟可观察到复杂结构浸入水中后的流体分离、射流和小角度空气腔等典型砰击物理现象。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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石伏龙(1987-),男,博士,讲师,通讯作者,E-mail:

李洪鑫(1998-),男,硕士研究生

辛建建(1990-),男,博士,副研究员。

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基于梯度增量level-set方法的复杂物体入水砰击数值模拟
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石伏龙 1 , 李洪鑫 1 , 辛建建 2 , 袁琪 1 , 季孟洁 1
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024,28(6): 877-886
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024, 28(6): 877-886
基于梯度增量level-set方法的复杂物体入水砰击数值模拟
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石伏龙1 , 李洪鑫1, 辛建建2, 袁琪1, 季孟洁1
作者信息
  • 1.重庆交通大学 航运与船舶工程学院,重庆 400074
  • 2.宁波大学 海运学院,浙江 宁波 315211
  • 石伏龙(1987-),男,博士,讲师,通讯作者,E-mail:

    李洪鑫(1998-),男,硕士研究生

    辛建建(1990-),男,博士,副研究员。

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Numerical simulation of water impact of complex body by a gradient-augmented level set method
Fu-long SHI1 , Hong-xin LI1, Jian-jian XIN2, Qi YUAN1, Meng-jie JI1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Shipping and Naval Architecture, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
  • 2.Institute of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
出版时间: 2024-06-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.06.007
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复杂结构物自由表面砰击问题,如空投鱼雷、水空无人航行器潜水和高速船出入水,一直是海洋工程领域的研究热点。本文采用梯度增量level-set和虚拟网格法数值模拟复杂结构物的入水砰击,采用时间半隐式有限差分法求解不可压缩Navier-Stokes方程,虚拟网格法可重构复杂结构物界面插值模块并施加无滑移边界条件,梯度增量level-set法可捕捉非线性自由表面翻卷、射流等物理现象。基于以上方法模拟二维圆柱的常速入水砰击,并与试验和数值结果对比,验证本文数值方法的正确性。最后,数值模拟二维船型剖面和飞机剖面的入水砰击,分析了冲击压力、运动响应、压力分布和自由表面运动随入水角度的变化规律。同时,通过模拟可观察到复杂结构浸入水中后的流体分离、射流和小角度空气腔等典型砰击物理现象。

虚拟网格  /  浸入边界法  /  level set  /  砰击  /  复杂结构

Free surface impact of complex structures, such as airdrop torpedo, the diving of unmanned underwater vehicles, and the water impact of high-speed ships, has always been a research hotspot in the field of ocean engineering. This paper presents the simulation of water impact of complex structures by combining the ghost cell method and the gradient augmented level set method (GALS). A time semi-implicit finite difference method was used to solve the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, the ghost cell method was used to enforce the no-slip boundary conditions by interface reconstruction, and the gradient augmented level set method was used to capture nonlinear free surfaces such as wave overturning and jet flows. The slamming of a two-dimensional cylinder at constant speed was simulated to validate the accuracy of this numerical method by comparing the present results with the experimental data. Upon simulation of the slamming of a two-dimensional hull section, the variation rules of the impulsive pressure, the motion response, the pressure distribution, and the free surface motion with respect to the relative impact angle were analyzed. Also, some typical impact phenomena were observed such as the flow separation, the jet flow, and the ventilation for a small impact angle.

ghost cell method  /  immersed boundary method  /  level set  /  water impact  /  complex body
石伏龙, 李洪鑫, 辛建建, 袁琪, 季孟洁. 基于梯度增量level-set方法的复杂物体入水砰击数值模拟. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (6) : 877 -886 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.06.007
Fu-long SHI, Hong-xin LI, Jian-jian XIN, Qi YUAN, Meng-jie JI. Numerical simulation of water impact of complex body by a gradient-augmented level set method[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (6) : 877 -886 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.06.007
结构物自由表面砰击问题的研究一直是海洋工程领域的前沿热点和难点,其常见工程场景包括如水陆两栖飞机降落、船舶甲板砰击、结构物穿梭于水面等。当结构物入水时,会遭受巨大的瞬时冲击载荷,影响结构物的安全性,甚至会破坏结构导致人员财产损失。因此,研究入水砰击的水动力特性和预报结构物的砰击载荷,对水上结构物的结构设计和安全具有重要意义。
入水砰击是涉及气、液、固相互耦合作用的瞬态非线性水动力现象,数值模拟结构物入水砰击一直是计算流体力学(CFD)领域的研究重点和难点。在早期,理论分析方法[1]和势流理论[2-3]是常用的结构物入水砰击响应预报方法,理论分析方法仅适用于简单形状物体,势流理论对于粘性流和强非线性自由液面的精细化捕捉存在一定局限。为了捕捉砰击时刻复杂自由表面的非线性拓扑变化,采用粘性Navier-Stokes方程理论的方法具有广阔前景。例如,郑金伟等[4]基于ANSYS/LS-Dyna软件模拟了椭圆结构的入水砰击问题;杨强等[5]采用商业软件结合重叠网格法模拟了船艏分段的入水砰击响应;上官子柠[6]基于Riemann求解器的SPH-ALE方法模拟二维楔形体入水问题;Gong等[7]采用SPH(Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics)方法模拟了楔形体的入水砰击问题。以上研究结果表明,虽然ALE(Arbitrary Euler Lagrange)的贴体网格方法对于单体运动或小变形能得到较好的结果,然而对于多体相对运动或大变形等非线性问题,ALE方法的局限性就很明显。SPH等无网格方法虽然能较好地处理结构大变形问题,但无网格法计算量庞大、数值算法复杂等缺点限制了其应用范围。
近些年发展起来的浸入边界法[8]受到极大关注,固定笛卡尔网格被浸入边界以贴体物面边界形状,适用于模拟复杂几何形状或大变形流动问题。Wang等[9]模拟了圆柱和楔形体的入水砰击问题;Hu等[10]采用三维笛卡尔切割网格法模拟了楔形体和浮子装置的三维入水砰击问题;Bhalla[11]在同一多相流算法框架下,采用两种流固耦合策略模拟了自由下落楔形体(直的和倾斜的)和圆柱的例子,验证了其构建的方法可以很好地解决实际海洋工程问题中复杂的砰击飞溅动力学问题。类似的还包括虚拟网格法[12]和直接力浸入边界法[13]的入水砰击研究。
当前基于直角网格法的入水砰击研究多数针对的是简单几何形状物体,本文采用背景直角网格虚拟网格法计算方法模拟复杂几何形状结构物入水砰击现象。对于复杂界面追踪,采用多项式的径向基函数(PRBF)以有限样品点描述任意几何形状物体[14],并结合虚拟网格浸入边界法,通过重构界面附近背景网格的插值模板施加任意复杂物面的边界条件[15],对于非线性自由表面采用梯度增量level-set方法进行捕捉[16]。基于Fortran 90语言编写的计算平台,模拟复杂物体入水砰击问题,再现结构物入水砰击的水动力相互作用过程,研究结果可为船舶与海洋工程水上结构物设计提供理论参考。
二维非定常粘性不可压缩流体的控制方程如下:
式中,速度向量u =(uv),其中直角网格x-、y-方向的速度分量分别用uv表示,p是压力,ρ是密度,t是时间,υ表示流体运动粘性系数。
本文基于背景直角网格,采用有限差分法离散N-S方程。速度在网格面中心定义,标量(如压力、密度、粘度和距离函数)在网格体中心定义。在该求解器中,采用分步法解耦速度和压力。时间推进格式采用三阶龙格库塔(RK3)格式,对流项显式处理,粘性项以Crank-Nicolson格式半隐式处理。对于空间离散格式,对流项采用一种高阶TVD MUSCL(Total Variation Diminishing Monotonic Upstream-centered Scheme for Conservation Laws)[17]格式离散,粘性项以中心差分格式离散。
在GALS方法中,基于速度场uxt)演化出距离函数ϕ和梯度ψ,其控制方程[15]
式中,ϕ0x)为初始时刻level-set值,∇u为速度变形矩阵,x表示直角网格坐标,∇ϕ为距离函数的梯度向量,梯度变量ψ = ∇ϕ,∇ψ为梯度变形矩阵。在两相流模式中,运动粘性系数υ及各控制体中心的密度ρ的计算公式分别为
式中,Hεϕ)为光滑Heaviside函数,下标W和A分别表示水和空气。为保持密度(或粘性)介质的跳跃在两相界面的一致性,同时满足过渡层内物性参数光滑变化,抑制界面数值振荡,方程(4)~(5)采用CIR(Courant,Isaacson,Reese)方法求解,相关求解细节见文献[18]。
梯度增量Level-set方法(GALS法)引入梯度有关的控制方程,并以全耦合的方式演化距离函数和梯度信息。其在每个计算网格上采用Hermite三次插值方法计算level-set和其梯度值,具有全局三阶精度。相比传统的Level-set方法,引入梯度方程以增强对多相界面的捕捉。
虚拟网格计算模型设置的过程中,首先,通过构建浸入边界和相邻流体网格变量的插值模型计算虚拟网格变量值;其次,表面边界条件利用法向镜像投影法可直接满足,从而保证了数值稳定性;最后,通过定位和识别背景网格(流体网格(FC)、虚拟网格(GC)和固体网格(SC))的阶段状态(如图1所示)以描述物面边界。对于每个虚拟网格(GC),沿着物体表面的外法向从虚拟网格单元中心延伸到流体域以确定唯一的一个镜像点(MP)。从虚拟网格到镜像点延伸会与物体表面相交,形成一个边界投影点(BI),投影点BI在虚拟网格中心点(GC)和镜像点(MP)中间。为了确保数值稳定性,投影点和镜像点需要唯一确定,其通过搜索所有的物体表面单元以确定离当前虚拟网格最近的单元中心(EC)。进而根据如下公式确定投影点和镜像点:
式中,ΔL是投影点(BI)到虚拟网格(GC)的距离,n =(nxnynz)是物体表面的外法向向量,(nxnynz)分别是沿着直角坐标系x-、y-和z-方向的法向向量分量,下标如MP、EC、GC和BI分别表示镜像点、物面单元中心、虚拟网格节点和投影点的位置(如图2所示)。
然后,采用多项式径向基函数(PRBF)构造物面等值面函数重构任意复杂结构物边界,其计算流程为:(1)定义流体域镜像点IP;(2)插值计算镜像点流体变量;(3)计算虚拟网格值GC。
虚拟网格变量φGC根据镜像点变量通过满足如下镜像条件得到:
当考虑刚性边界流动时,对于施加关于速度的Dirichlet边界条件,根据沿着浸入边界的法向流体变量呈线性变化趋势的假设,得到ξ1 = -1和ξ2 = 2φBIφBI是投影点的x-、y-或z-速度分量。对于施加关于压力变量的Neumann边界条件(∂p/∂nΓ = -nΓaBI),系数计算为ξ1 = 1和ξ2 = ΔdGMnΓaBIaBI是物体表面的加速度向量,nΓ是边界法向量,ΔdGM是从虚拟网格点到镜像点间的距离,在每一个时间步长内通过式(4)更新梯度函数,以重构复杂界面。以上相关的技术细节见文献[14]。图1图2为虚拟网格设置示意图。
虚拟网格法属于典型尖锐界面法,通过在浸入物体内部布置有限数量的虚拟网格以表示静止或运动边界的存在,易于模拟高雷诺数流动问题,同时面对复杂结构物可避免切割网格法中的小网格和不规则网格分类问题,避免了传统动网格方法中描述动物体时所产生的网格变形及重构、编制程序,以及算法实现过程中容易扩展到三维动边界等问题。
本文提出一种径向基函数虚拟网格浸入边界法,并采用这种方法解决物体浸入边界流动问题。计算方法的相关验证工作及计算过程中网格依赖性分析可从文献[14-15]查阅,本文不再详细阐述。
为验证本文计算方法的可靠性模拟了圆柱常速入水算例。在[-1 m,1 m]×[-1 m,0.5 m]的计算区域采用400×360的均匀网格进行离散。圆柱表面与水面初始距离为0.1 m,圆柱半径R=0.1 m,以常速V=-1 m/s入水,并设置Neumann速度和压力边界条件。
将本文砰击系数结果与其他的数值和试验结果进行对比,如图3所示。砰击系数公式为Cs = Fs/ρRV2,式中Fs为垂直方向的水动力载荷。当前的砰击系数曲线与Hu等[10]、Zhang等[13]的数值结果较接近,确切地说,与Zhang等[19]的结果吻合度较高,尽管三条曲线在峰值处有偏差。其曲线变化可分为剧增和缓慢下降两阶段,前一阶段历时较短。而相对于Campbell[20]和Von Karman[21]的试验结果,本试验结果存在明显的时间滞后现象。其原因可能是在砰击初始阶段,水体与圆柱表面之间的空气受挤压,从而压迫水体变形,导致圆柱接触水表面的时间延迟。
随后,进一步分析了该算例的局部流场变化。圆柱初始入水时,如图4(a)所示,水面与圆柱之间的空气受排挤而聚拢在圆柱周边,随着圆柱进入水中,水体向上逐渐吞没圆柱,同时圆柱两边产生两股射流,其浪向向外,如图4(b)和(c)所示。随着圆柱进一步入水,自由表面逐渐与圆柱表面分离,直到完全将其浸没,如图4(d)所示。最后,水面将圆柱完全覆盖,由于水体与圆柱发生碰撞,导致其水面线不再水平,并产生一股向上的射流,如图4(e)和(f)所示。
本研究模拟了二维船型剖面自由入水算例(如图5所示),计算域为2 m×1.5 m(长×高),网格为480×480;模型参数取自文献[22],船剖面模型总重为261 kg,其中水深为1 m,水面以上距离为0.02 m;水与空气的密度比为1000:1,粘性比为1137:17.8;初始时刻(t=0 s)选定为船型剖面底部顶点接触初始平静自由液面瞬间,并以初始速度-0.61 m/s自由入水,同时受到重力和浮力作用自由下落。
算例1:船型剖面垂直入水(倾斜角度θ=0°),如图5所示。
图6给出了二维船型剖面入水时自由表面形状和不同时刻的瞬时流场,图(a)、(b)、(c)、(d)分别对应t=0.05 s、t=0.1 s、t=0.15 s、t=0.2 s时刻的瞬时流场。船型剖面垂直入水θ=0°时,以速度0.61 m/s整体自由下落,当t=0.05 s时,船型剖面局部浸入水中,左右两侧自由液面受其干扰,液面微微隆起并逐渐爬升向上,如图6(a)所示;当t=0.1 s时,船型剖面逐渐穿过自由液面,液面运动趋势受其剖面影响越来越剧烈,如图6(b)所示;当t=0.15 s时,船型剖面整体即将穿越自由液面,液面受剖面影响形成涌浪,随着船型剖面穿越自由液面向下运动,两侧涌浪迅速向上爬升并向两侧传播,如图6(c)、(d)所示。
图7中,黑色曲线(Present result)为本文计算结果,蓝色曲线为Sun等[22]的边界元计算结果,红色曲线为Aarsnes[23]的模型实验结果,绿色的为Wang[24]用商业软件LS-DYNA计算的结果。对于垂向砰击载荷(Fz),从图7中的Fz可知,本文计算的垂向砰击载荷与Sun的边界元结果虽有着相同的趋势,但Fz峰值在时间上存在一定滞后。由于本文计算方法计及粘性影响,与Aarsnes实验结果则表现出了良好的一致性,仅在t=0.15 s后实验数值下降迅速,边界元和本文粘性数值结果保持稳定趋势。对于水平砰击载荷(Fx),从图7中的Fx可知,本文计算的水平砰击载荷与Sun的边界元结果虽有着相同的趋势,仅在t=0.12 s时本文数值结果有微小振荡,但Aarsnes实验结果由于存在壁面干扰和反射波影响,其水平砰击载荷表现出了强烈的振荡。其中,商业软件LS-DYNA的计算结果和本文粘性数值结果保持稳定一致趋势,结果十分吻合,说明本文粘性数值结果具有同商业软件相当的可靠性和准确性。
图8为船型剖面自由下落速度时历曲线图,其中船剖面下降速度变化趋势平缓,而图7中的压力有峰值。这是由于自由入水过程中,存在物理惯性影响,压力峰值的改变并不影响速度趋势的剧烈变化;另一方面,模型在初始速度下成线性趋势下降,当t>0.1 s时模型开始入水,直至完全浸入,由于受到冲击载荷影响,入水速度不再呈现线性下降趋势。所以文中计算结果与数值结果及实验结果吻合,验证了本文方法的正确性。
算例2:船型剖面的斜入水(倾斜角度θ= 28.3°),计算结果如图9所示。
图9给出了二维船型剖面斜入水(θ=28.3°)时,自由表面形状和不同时刻的瞬时流场,图9(a)、(b)、(c)、(d)分别对应t=0.05 s、t=0.1 s、t=0.15 s、t=0.2 s时刻的瞬时流场,对比算例1,此时船型剖面与自由液面运动趋势与θ=0°时保持一致,最大的不同之处在于:当t=0.15 s时,船型剖面左侧处空气迅速灌入,形成一定规模空气腔;当t=0.2 s时,由于船型剖面入水角变大,入水之后左侧剖面空气腔将持续存在,并同船体一起运动。值得注意的是,空气腔的存在一定程度上影响着入水砰击载荷。
图10Fz可知,在船型剖面角度θ=28.3°,t=0~0.12 s时,计算的垂直砰击载荷也与Sun等的边界元结果、Wan用商业软件LS-DYNA计算结果、Aarsnes等实验结果表现出与算例1一致的趋势,但边界元结果最大峰值高于本文结果、商业软件LS-DYNA计算结果和实验结果,这是由于边界元在计算此处时,对右侧飞溅的射流进行了简化切割处理,对整个垂向压力载荷有一定影响。
算例2入水过程中,左侧面还可能会出现一定规模的空气腔(如图9(c)、(d)所示),由于模型快速入水砰击过程中左侧形成空气腔,有少量空气灌入其中,这时空气腔内外界空气密度不一致,从而产生一定的负压[23],因本文数值方法和LS-DYNA结果是考虑不可压缩空气,数值模拟中没有准确地考虑左侧气体灌入之后,由内外密度不同而产生的误差影响,使得数值结果在t=0.08 s后高于实验值,存在一定振荡是符合实际情况的。
图10Fx可知,在模型入水之后直至完全浸入,由于模型倾斜存在不对称,水平砰击载荷随着船型剖面角度变大,其入水时刻剖面的湿面积增加而达到峰值,后直至船型剖面模型完全入水,水平载荷返回到零值。值得注意的是实验结果存在振荡,这是由于实验设备中用于固定船型剖面模型的设备在下降过程中振荡引起的[23],对水平砰击载荷采集数据影响较大,所以整体上实验数据中的水平砰击载荷(Fx)采集存在一定的振荡。
图11可知,由于船型剖面入水角度不同,自由入水速度有减缓的趋势。随着船型剖面倾斜角度变大,接触湿面积变大,其下降速度受到载荷影响越大,最终的下降速度受影响越大,速度越来越小,这一规律符合物理实际现象,船型剖面不同倾斜角度自由入水算例结果具有一定的可靠性,说明本文计算方法能准确描述复杂几何结构物的入水砰击问题。
本文构建了基于直角网格的多相流模型模拟复杂形状物体入水砰击数值方法。采用虚拟网格浸入边界法施加浸入界面边界条件,径向基函数描述复杂几何形状,GALS方法捕捉非线性自由表面等。构建的计算方法能够准确地模拟复杂形状物体与自由表面的相互作用,捕捉砰击过程的瞬态流场细节,如波浪翻卷、射流等现象。
首先,模拟了圆柱常速入水问题,观察到圆柱不同入水时刻自由表面的水动力特性变化,并与数值和试验结果对比验证了本文方法的正确性,再现了圆柱入水全过程。然后,数值模拟了二维船型剖面自由入水过程,给出了不同时刻自由表面的形状和流场变化,与试验结果对比验证了本文方法的精度和可靠性。最后,通过分析可知,随着船型剖面入水角度不同,入水时结构物物面形式也呈现复杂化。随着船型剖面角度变大,接触湿面积越大,其下降速度受到载荷影响越大,最终的下降速度受影响越大,速度越来越小,反映出了船舶砰击水面的物理特征。
综上所述,本文开发的基于虚拟网格粘性CFD多相流计算方法,对比传统的动网格、重叠网格方法,其优势在于不需要构建复杂的网格变形策略和网格之间复杂的数据节点信息交换方法,可简单、高效地捕捉各种复杂结构物动边界多相流问题。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年项目(51909124)
  • 重庆市教委科学技术青年项目(KJQN202100704)
  • 2022年重庆市研究生科研创新项目(2022S0047)
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2024年第28卷第6期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.06.007
  • 接收时间:2023-12-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-17
基金
国家自然科学基金青年项目(51909124)
重庆市教委科学技术青年项目(KJQN202100704)
2022年重庆市研究生科研创新项目(2022S0047)
作者信息
    1.重庆交通大学 航运与船舶工程学院,重庆 400074
    2.宁波大学 海运学院,浙江 宁波 315211

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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