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The underwater acoustic radiation of air cushion vehicles (ACVs) is a complex process considering hull structure-aircushion-water three-phase interaction and vibro-acoustic coupling, which has complex transmission characteristics and is the key and difficult issue in the ACV acoustic analysis. With an ACV taken as a computational example, the vibro-acoustic finite element method (FEM) and the analytical method were used to analyze the transmission characteristics of the underwater radiation noise of the ACV. To calculate the underwater acoustic field for mechanical noise sources and airborne sources of lift fans, a vibro-acoustic FEM numerical model considering structure-air-water interaction was established and calibrated by the natural frequency of the hull obtained from the tests. The analytical formulas were used to calculate the underwater acoustic field for airborne sources of other equipment. The overall sound pressure level (OASPL) at points 1 m from the port and starboard sides was adopted as an evaluation index. The research shows that the underwater radiation noise of the ACV is broadband noise. The underwater acoustic pressure calculated by the FEM increases with the increase of frequency, and the pressure is concentrated on the aircushion-water interaction surface at low frequencies. With the increase of frequency, the underwater acoustic field calculated by the FEM gradually presents an irregular interference distribution. The underwater radiation noise caused by the acoustic excitation of equipment like air propellers is mainly near-field and low-frequency noise, accounting averagely for 40% of that of the ACV within the sound radiation range of the equipment. The transmission characteristics of underwater radiation noise of ACVs revealed in this paper has important guiding significance for the vibration and noise reduction of ACVs.

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气垫船水下声辐射是复杂的船体结构-气垫-周围水体三类介质声振耦合过程,其声传递特性是气垫船声学分析中的难点。本文以某全垫升气垫船为研究对象,结合声固耦合有限元法与解析法,探究气垫船水下辐射噪声传递特性。通过建立固-气-液声固耦合有限元模型,计算机械激励与垫升风机声激励,并以试验固有频率修正数值模型;通过声透射解析公式计算空气螺旋桨、燃气轮机等设备声激励辐射的水下噪声。采用距离左、右舷1 m处线上各点的总声压级作为评价指标。结果表明:气垫船水下辐射噪声为宽带噪声;有限元法计算的水下辐射噪声在低频时集中分布于气垫-周围水体耦合面附近,随着频率的升高,水下噪声增大并逐渐呈不规则干涉状分布;空气螺旋桨等声激励直接辐射水下噪声主要为近场低频噪声,在设备声激励辐射范围内声压平均占比约为40%。本文揭示的水下辐射噪声传递特性对气垫船减振降噪具有重要指导意义。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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赵丽刚(1978-),男,高级工程师

盛瑞琨(1998-),男,硕士研究生

胡建辉(1986-),男,博士,副教授

杨德庆(1968-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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赵丽刚(1978-),男,高级工程师

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赵丽刚(1978-),男,高级工程师

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3.高新船舶与深海开发装备协同创新中心,上海 200240
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盛瑞琨(1998-),男,硕士研究生

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盛瑞琨(1998-),男,硕士研究生

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杨德庆(1968-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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基于固-气-液耦合的气垫船水下辐射噪声数值分析
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赵丽刚 1 , 盛瑞琨 2, 3, 4 , 胡建辉 1 , 杨德庆 1, 5
船舶力学 | 流体与结构声学 2024,28(6): 942-950
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船舶力学 | 流体与结构声学 2024, 28(6): 942-950
基于固-气-液耦合的气垫船水下辐射噪声数值分析
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赵丽刚1, 盛瑞琨2, 3, 4, 胡建辉1, 杨德庆1, 5
作者信息
  • 1.中国船舶及海洋工程设计研究院,上海 200011
  • 2.海洋工程国家重点实验室,上海 200240
  • 3.高新船舶与深海开发装备协同创新中心,上海 200240
  • 4.上海交通大学 船舶海洋与建筑工程学院,上海 200240
  • 5.上海交通大学 三亚崖州湾深海科技研究院,海南 三亚 572024
  • 赵丽刚(1978-),男,高级工程师

    盛瑞琨(1998-),男,硕士研究生

    胡建辉(1986-),男,博士,副教授

    杨德庆(1968-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Numerical analysis of underwater radiation noise of air cushion vehicles considering structure-air-water interaction
Li-gang ZHAO1, Rui-kun SHENG2, 3, 4, Jian-hui HU1, De-qing YANG1, 5
Affiliations
  • 1.Marine Design and Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200011, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 3.Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Ship and Deep-sea Exploration, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 4.School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 5.SJTU Yazhou Bay Institute of Deepsea Science and Technology, Sanya 572024, China
出版时间: 2024-06-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.06.013
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气垫船水下声辐射是复杂的船体结构-气垫-周围水体三类介质声振耦合过程,其声传递特性是气垫船声学分析中的难点。本文以某全垫升气垫船为研究对象,结合声固耦合有限元法与解析法,探究气垫船水下辐射噪声传递特性。通过建立固-气-液声固耦合有限元模型,计算机械激励与垫升风机声激励,并以试验固有频率修正数值模型;通过声透射解析公式计算空气螺旋桨、燃气轮机等设备声激励辐射的水下噪声。采用距离左、右舷1 m处线上各点的总声压级作为评价指标。结果表明:气垫船水下辐射噪声为宽带噪声;有限元法计算的水下辐射噪声在低频时集中分布于气垫-周围水体耦合面附近,随着频率的升高,水下噪声增大并逐渐呈不规则干涉状分布;空气螺旋桨等声激励直接辐射水下噪声主要为近场低频噪声,在设备声激励辐射范围内声压平均占比约为40%。本文揭示的水下辐射噪声传递特性对气垫船减振降噪具有重要指导意义。

全垫升气垫船  /  水下辐射噪声  /  固-气-液耦合  /  噪声传递特性

The underwater acoustic radiation of air cushion vehicles (ACVs) is a complex process considering hull structure-aircushion-water three-phase interaction and vibro-acoustic coupling, which has complex transmission characteristics and is the key and difficult issue in the ACV acoustic analysis. With an ACV taken as a computational example, the vibro-acoustic finite element method (FEM) and the analytical method were used to analyze the transmission characteristics of the underwater radiation noise of the ACV. To calculate the underwater acoustic field for mechanical noise sources and airborne sources of lift fans, a vibro-acoustic FEM numerical model considering structure-air-water interaction was established and calibrated by the natural frequency of the hull obtained from the tests. The analytical formulas were used to calculate the underwater acoustic field for airborne sources of other equipment. The overall sound pressure level (OASPL) at points 1 m from the port and starboard sides was adopted as an evaluation index. The research shows that the underwater radiation noise of the ACV is broadband noise. The underwater acoustic pressure calculated by the FEM increases with the increase of frequency, and the pressure is concentrated on the aircushion-water interaction surface at low frequencies. With the increase of frequency, the underwater acoustic field calculated by the FEM gradually presents an irregular interference distribution. The underwater radiation noise caused by the acoustic excitation of equipment like air propellers is mainly near-field and low-frequency noise, accounting averagely for 40% of that of the ACV within the sound radiation range of the equipment. The transmission characteristics of underwater radiation noise of ACVs revealed in this paper has important guiding significance for the vibration and noise reduction of ACVs.

air cushion vehicle  /  underwater radiation noise  /  structure-air-water interaction  /  noise transmission characteristic
赵丽刚, 盛瑞琨, 胡建辉, 杨德庆. 基于固-气-液耦合的气垫船水下辐射噪声数值分析. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (6) : 942 -950 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.06.013
Li-gang ZHAO, Rui-kun SHENG, Jian-hui HU, De-qing YANG. Numerical analysis of underwater radiation noise of air cushion vehicles considering structure-air-water interaction[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (6) : 942 -950 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.06.013
舰船水下辐射噪声是船舶生命力的重要指标之一。全垫升气垫船(以下简称气垫船)作为登陆作战用特种船舶,其水下辐射声特征是近岸水雷的触发关键指标[1],结构设计中必须将水下辐射噪声控制在安全阈值内以保证气垫船的生命力。同时,气垫船航行时被高压气垫托起而脱离水面[2],其水下辐射噪声传递是复杂的船体结构-气垫-周围水体三类介质声振耦合过程,是气垫船噪声分析中的难点[3-4]。因此,研究气垫船水下声场分布与声压大小,揭示气垫船水下辐射噪声传递特性,对降低气垫船水下辐射噪声以及提高气垫船生命力具有重要指导意义。
目前,关于气垫船水下辐射噪声的公开发表的论文较少,多集中于国外早期的气垫船水下辐射噪声试验研究,而国内的气垫船水下声场相关研究尚属起步阶段。Slaney等[5]测量了Bell Voyageur气垫船的水下噪声,得到距离船体46 m、水深1.8 m处的噪声总声压级为121 dB;Blackwell等[6]分析了格里芬2000TD型气垫船水下辐射噪声,得到距离船体6.5 m、水深1 m处的噪声总声压级为133 dB,远小于同种大小的传统船舶水下噪声,并发现气垫船的噪声频率范围较广。试验方法可以准确地给出气垫船工作状态下的水下声场,但试验成本高且测量结果只能应用于已测量的同类型气垫船。因此,试验方法具有局限性,并难以反映气垫船水下声辐射过程。将数值法应用于气垫船水下辐射噪声计算,则可在设计阶段就对气垫船的水下辐射噪声进行准确的评估,并可通过分析数值计算结果阐明气垫船水下辐射噪声传递特性,进而有针对性地提出减振降噪措施。
与常规舰船相比,气垫船水下辐射噪声数值计算具有特殊性。传统的舰船低中频水下辐射噪声计算方法一般采用有限元软件和声学有限元/边界元软件相结合的方式[7-9],将船体湿表面振速作为声学边界条件进行舰船水下辐射噪声计算。但气垫船船体不与水面直接接触,不存在传统意义上的湿表面概念。目前的声振耦合计算多以结构-水或结构-空气两相耦合问题为研究对象[10-11],分析结构振动与流质声场的耦合关系。由于气垫的存在,气垫船的水下声辐射是结构-空气-水三相耦合过程,气垫作为中间介质,气垫内部声场与结构振动、水域声场的耦合作用复杂,国内外缺少相关研究。此外,气垫船上机械动力设备多,包括高转速空气螺旋桨、高转速燃气轮机等,这些位于主甲板上的设备在工作时产生较大的空气噪声,形成空气中声源,激发水下声场[12]。考虑到上述特殊性,需要提出一种适用于气垫船的水下辐射噪声数值计算方法。
本文以某气垫船为研究对象,从噪声源分类出发,将气垫船上振动噪声源分为机械激励、垫升风机声激励、空气螺旋桨声激励等,计算气垫船在低速、垫升状态航行下的水下辐射噪声。建立基于固-气-液耦合的气垫船声固耦合有限元模型,采用试验固有频率修正数值模型,以计算机械激励与垫升风机声激励;利用声透射解析公式研究空气螺旋桨等设备的声激励。以距离左、右舷1 m处的总声压级作为评价指标,分析气垫船的水下辐射噪声分布规律,揭示气垫船水下辐射噪声传递特性。
由于气垫船航速最高可达40 m/s,在气垫船高速航行时,气垫不能与水面保持稳定接触,辐射噪声难以有效传递,且在这一过程中,在气垫船姿态与波浪的影响下,气垫的形状急剧变化,建立气垫模型较为困难。因此本文主要针对低速、垫升状态下的气垫船,提出其水下辐射噪声计算方法,分析其水下辐射噪声特征。
气垫船上动力设备众多,根据振动及噪声形成原因不同,激励源可分为机械力激励与设备声激励。机械力激励是指燃气轮机、减速器等设备在工作时产生的振动,通过船体结构-气垫-水的路径传递噪声,该过程是一个固-气-液耦合过程。设备声激励则是指空气螺旋桨、燃气轮机等设备在工作时产生较大的空气噪声,由于空气螺旋桨等设备位于主甲板上,距离水面较远,可视其为点声源,噪声直接辐射入水。垫升风机声激励较为特殊,气垫是由垫升风机通过气道向下鼓风形成,垫升风机声激励通过气道-气垫-水的路径传递噪声,可以影响气垫内声场分布。本文提出的气垫船水下辐射噪声数值分析方法如图1所示,利用有限元法建立基于固-气-耦合的气垫船数值模型,耦合计算垫升风机声激励与机械激励产生的水下辐射噪声;利用解析法计算主甲板上空气螺旋桨声激励直接入水噪声。最终,将有限元法与解析法得到的声压结果进行合成,得到最终的气垫船水下辐射声场。
为了合理地模拟出气垫船噪声传递过程中的结构-空气-水三相耦合机制,本文采用基于声固耦合的有限元法,对气垫船低速、垫升状态航行下的水下辐射噪声进行计算。气垫船声固耦合系统的有限元动力学方程[9]如下:
式中,为声固耦合矩阵,MsCsKs分别为结构质量矩阵、阻尼矩阵和刚度矩阵,MaCaKa分别为流体质量矩阵、阻尼矩阵和刚度矩阵,u为结构节点位移向量,p为声压向量,Fs为结构外载荷向量,Fa为声场激励载荷向量。
气垫船上空气螺旋桨的声激励等可以近似为空气中点声源,点声源辐射出的球面波在空气和水(以下简称空-水)界面处发生透射。目前,研究点声源空-水界面透射问题主要有射线法和波动法[13]。当声波波长大于水下声压测量点的深度时,到达水下声压测量点的声波可认为是由正常折射波与侧面波组成,如图2所示。图2中折射波沿OTS路径激发的S点声压幅值计算公式[12]
式中,m = ρ1/ρ2为海水与空气的密度比,n = c1/c2为海水与空气中的声速比,θ为入射角,φ为折射角,p0为距声源单位距离处的声压幅值,r为测量点S与声源的水平距离。
图2中水下侧面波沿OMS路径激发的S点声压幅值计算公式[13]
式中,k为空气中声波波数,R为声源到接收器在水面投影点的距离。
将两种声波进行声压合成,最终得到测量点S的声压幅值。
气垫船的固-气-液耦合模型涉及船体结构、气垫与周围水域的建立,工作量大且涉及的技术难题多。首先,气垫船的船体结构较一般大型舰船来说,尺寸小且结构简单,结构建模较为容易,但气垫船有较为特殊的柔性围裙复杂结构,与船体结构相比,围裙结构刚度小,且由于围裙内压力的影响,围裙的结构刚度在不断变化,其成形具有强几何非线性特点,建立在压力作用下的围裙结构模型十分困难。其次,虽然气垫船的气垫在围裙包裹下易保持形状,但由于气垫内的压力高,仍有气体向系统外界泄出,为保持气垫形态,垫升风机需不断地向气垫中补充高压气体,因此,气垫内部气体在不断地流动,气垫建模需重点考虑。此外,由于在振动分析中要求一个振动波长内有六个单元,所建模型的单元数量规模巨大,耦合分析难度高且计算量大,需要有效的分析手段。
为解决上述问题,本文以某气垫船为研究对象,基于声固耦合有限元法建立船体结构-气垫-水域的耦合模型,并在ABAQUS中进行耦合分析计算。
机械激励通过船体结构输入到耦合系统中,准确的船体结构模型是气垫船水下辐射噪声分析的基础。因此,本文基于气垫船实船几何模型,利用壳单元离散船体甲板、舱壁、基座等结构,用梁单元离散船体加强筋与骨材,建立气垫船有限元模型,船体结构材料为铝合金,密度ρ = 2700 kg/m3,弹性模量E = 70 000 MPa,泊松比μ = 0.3,结构阻尼设置为0.015。
气垫船围裙为三维柔性复杂结构,承受的气囊压力数值大且分布复杂。为了提高围裙非线性成形计算的收敛性,假设成形过程中围裙具有一定的抗弯刚度,选用壳单元离散围裙结构[14]。围裙厚度取t =3.0 mm,材料弹性模量E =477.9 MPa,密度ρ =1200 kg/m3,由于围裙材料主要为橡胶,围裙结构阻尼取值为0.2[15-17]。对于围裙所受压力,则基于Newton-Raphson迭代法,通过将受到的压力载荷分解成载荷段,逐步施加到围裙单元上,从而得到在压力作用下围裙形状与结构刚度的非线性变化过程。
气垫是高压气流在围裙的包裹下形成的高压空气层,围裙包裹着流动气体形成空腔结构,与水面的相互作用复杂,如图3所示。由于本文主要研究气垫船低速、垫态航行状态下的水下辐射噪声,此时的气垫船运动特性较为稳定,可假设气垫船内部空气流动过程为准静态过程[18],围裙包裹的气体具有稳定形状,且内部压力均匀分布。其次,垫升风机产生的加压气流压力大但流速低,马赫数(流速与声速之比)远小于0.3,因此,可假设气垫船内部加压气体的流动性不影响加压气体的声传递效果[19]。基于以上假设,则可利用声学实体单元离散气垫和气道内空气。气垫的形状由气垫船船底结构、围裙结构与水面形状共同决定。为保证航行性能,气垫厚度(船底距离支撑面的高度)为预先设计值,一般为1~2 m。同时,气垫的均布压力会造成水面凹陷,气垫船静水垫升时气垫压力与水的静压保持平衡,气垫压陷深度H等于气垫压力水柱高。空气介质声学有限元模型如图4(b)所示。
声振耦合分析模式中的水域相关建模技术已较为成熟,一般利用声学实体单元离散水域。根据李清[9]等对水下辐射噪声计算中声学区域特征尺度研究的结论可知,水域特征宽度取5倍船宽时计算结果即可收敛。因此,建立5倍船宽大小的水域声学实体单元模型,并通过赋予水域有限元模型声学边界条件模拟真实水域,即在水域模型对应的自由液面处赋予空气声阻抗ZP=416.5 kg/(m2·s)模拟上方空气域;在远场设置无反射声学边界条件模拟无限大水域。所建水域模型如图4所示。
ABAQUS软件不仅可以有效分析在压力作用下围裙的非线性成形过程,还具有强大的声振耦合分析功能,并且可计算的单元规模上限高。因此本文采用ABAQUS软件建模,将船体结构单元、空气介质声学实体单元和周围水域声学实体单元的模型进行耦合,耦合面分别满足振速连续性条件与声压连续性条件。基于固-气-液耦合的气垫船水下辐射噪声有限元模型如图4所示,有限元模型共有3 478 725个单元、1 026 435个节点。
机械激励通过等效反演力法[20]获得,即在试验获得的基座面板垂向加速度基础上,反演各个设备垂向激振力谱,加载在燃气轮机、减速器等设备的基座上,机械设备共有12个;垫升风机声激励通过测量距离垫升风机1 m处位置的声压值获得,在数值模型中以点声源的形式加载在垫升风机中心位置,垫升风机共有4个。
常规舰船水下辐射噪声的评价采用声源级声压法或者声功率法。但是气垫船水下辐射噪声声功率计算中要跨越空气、水和船体结构三种介质,尚无跨越三种介质的声功率计算方法。为了研究和评价气垫船水下声场特征,本文参考舰船水下辐射噪声计算相关文献[4],选取距离船体两舷侧1 m、水下1 m的两条线作为评价线(记为左、右舷线),以x/L为自变量,以线上每个点的总声压级作为评价标准,其中,x为点的真实x方向坐标值,L为垫升状态的气垫船船长,如图5所示。舷线上面每个点的总声压级计算方法[8]如下:
式中,Lpi)为第i个频带的声压级。本次计算在两舷线上各取等间距的109个点作为评价点。
本文以某气垫船为研究对象,结合声固耦合有限元法与解析法,探索气垫船水下辐射噪声传递特性,计算频段选取为1~400 Hz。
为了验证有限元法所建的固-气-液耦合模型的可靠性,本文采用气垫船模态试验数据,与数值模型中船体结构固有频率进行对比。气垫船的固有频率试验采用抛重物激振法激发船体自由衰减振动,然后利用LMS CADA-X工作模态分析软件,采集分析16个测量点的垂向加速度数据,识别船体一阶固有频率与振型,测点沿左、右舷均匀分布。有限元耦合模型模态分析结果显示,船体一阶垂向弯曲固有频率与试验值相差4.4%,这说明通过N-R迭代法模拟压力下的围裙刚度变化,以及利用声学实体单元离散气垫是合理的,建立的固-气-液耦合模型符合工程计算要求。
有限元计算的各频率下声压云图如图6~8所示。当f=8 Hz时,气垫船辐射声压呈连续状分布,声压集中分布于船中后部下方,气垫中声压连续分布,海水中的声压则主要集中分布在空-水界面附近。这是由于低频时船体振动以整体振动为主,船底板类似于传统意义上的船体“湿表面”,将设备激起的船体振动传递到气垫中,噪声源于气垫与船体结构的耦合面。气垫中噪声传递损失小,而空气与海水的阻抗失配导致噪声在经过气垫与海水的耦合面时损失较大。另外,围裙结构阻尼大,吸收了船体结构向两侧传递的机械噪声。
f=100 Hz时,声压开始呈现不规则分布,但声压仍集中分布于船体结构-气垫、气垫-海水的耦合面处;当f=400 Hz时,声场开始呈不规则的干涉状分布,耦合面不再是声压集中分布的位置,且声压传播的范围较低频更广。这是因为随着频率逐渐升高,逐渐激发出船体局部模态与气垫声学局部模态,整体振动逐渐变成局部振动,辐射的声波发生了干涉,且频率越高,干涉效应越明显,空-水界面上的阻抗失配影响越弱。
有限元法和解析法得到的左舷线总声压级曲线如图9(a)所示,右舷线规律基本相同。解析法得到的左舷线总声压级最大值所在位置为x/L = 0.04,为空气螺旋桨位置。结合图9(a)与图9(b)可知,解析法计算的水下声压随距离与频率的增加衰减快,空气螺旋桨等设备的水下辐射噪声主要是近场低频噪声;有限元法耦合计算机械激励与垫升风机声激励得到的噪声随着频率的升高而增大。
将两种方法得到的声场结果按照下式进行声压合成:
式中,pf为有限元法得到的各点声压值,pa为解析法得到的各点声压值,pt为合成后声场大小。
最终得到的气垫船水下辐射噪声结果如图10(a)所示。由于左、右舷设备激励载荷不同,且存在一定的建模误差,左、右舷线总声压级平均相差1.5 dB。从图10(b)可得,气垫船水下辐射噪声为宽带噪声,这与Blackwell等[6]测量得到的气垫船水下噪声规律相同。对比图9(a)图10(a),在-0.2 < x/L < 0.22与0.41 < x/L < 0.52范围内,解析法得到的总声压级平均占比为40%,分别为空气螺旋桨与燃气轮机的声辐射范围。尽管空气与水的阻抗失配严重,但空气螺旋桨等设备的声激励也是气垫船水下辐射噪声的重要来源。
本文给出了声固耦合有限元法与解析法相结合的气垫船水下辐射噪声数值分析方法,研究了气垫船在低速、垫升状态航行下的水下辐射噪声。建立了基于固-气-液耦合的气垫船有限元模型来计算机械激励与垫升风机声激励引起的辐射噪声。利用声透射解析公式计算空气螺旋桨等设备的声激励引起的水下噪声。通过分析声压云图与左、右舷线上的总声压级,揭示了气垫船水下辐射噪声传递特性。主要结论如下:
(1)声固耦合有限元法计算机械激励与垫升风机声激励得到的水下辐射噪声随频率的增加而增大。从声压分布图可知,低频时,由于阻抗失配导致水中声压集中分布在气垫-海水耦合面附近,随着频率的逐渐升高,声场逐渐呈不规则干涉状分布。
(2)解析法得到的空气螺旋桨等设备声激励辐射水下噪声主要是近场低频噪声,计算得到的左、右舷线上总声压级在船体中部与艉部较大,为空气螺旋桨、燃气轮机等设备声激励辐射范围,在此范围内,设备声激励直接辐射水下噪声平均占比约为40%。
(3)本文提出的气垫船水下辐射噪声计算方法可将船用设备的机械激励与声激励全部考虑在内,可清晰地反映出气垫船水下辐射噪声传递过程。合成两种方法计算的水下声场,表明气垫船水下辐射噪声为宽带噪声。本文揭示的水下辐射噪声传递特性对气垫船减振降噪具有重要指导意义。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51479115)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.06.013
  • 接收时间:2023-12-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-28
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51479115)
作者信息
    1.中国船舶及海洋工程设计研究院,上海 200011
    2.海洋工程国家重点实验室,上海 200240
    3.高新船舶与深海开发装备协同创新中心,上海 200240
    4.上海交通大学 船舶海洋与建筑工程学院,上海 200240
    5.上海交通大学 三亚崖州湾深海科技研究院,海南 三亚 572024

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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