Article(id=1242151083552874557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242151082701430843, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.06.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1703174400000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774081496370, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1718812800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774081496370, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774081496370, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081496370, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242151082701430843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='6', pageStart='803', pageEnd='966', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1774081496167, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081719798, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242152020732354696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242151082701430843, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242152020732354697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242151082701430843, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=818, endPage=831, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242151083787755582, articleId=1242151083552874557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Hydrodynamic forces and flow field characteristics of new conceptual artificial seabed under action of internal solitary waves, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The new conceptual artificial seabed can effectively improve the adaptability of disastrous marine environmental factors such as strong winds, huge waves and surface currents, but the considerable impact force generated by internal solitary waves is a key factor affecting the operation safety of the artificial seabed. This paper presents a study on hydrodynamic forces and flow field characteristics of the new conceptual artificial seabed under the action of internal solitary waves. First of all, the eKdV equation was used as the theoretical model. A three-dimensional numerical flume was established by using the wave-making method of velocity inlet, and the numerical wave-making of internal solitary waves was achieved. On this basis, the numerical waveform was compared with the theoretical and experimental waveforms, and the feasibility of the numerical method was verified. Finally, hydrodynamic forces exerted by internal solitary waves on the artificial seabed were calculated, the characteristics of forces induced by internal solitary waves of various amplitudes on the artificial seabed were studied in detail. Besides, the velocity field and the vorticity field around the artificial seabed were analyzed. The results show that, with the increase of the amplitude of the internal solitary wave, the drag force, vertical force and lift force on the artificial seabed gradually increase, and the drag force and vertical force are much greater than the lift force. When the internal solitary wave passes through the artificial seabed, both the particle velocity of the fluid and the vortex intensity around the artificial seabed increase. This study provides an effective numerical calculation method for the prediction of internal solitary wave forces and the analysis of flow field characteristics of large underwater engineering structures.

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新概念人工海床能够有效提升海上油气开发装备对强风、巨浪和表面强流等海面灾害性海洋环境要素的适应性,但内波产生的巨大冲击载荷是影响人工海床作业安全的关键因素。本文研究内孤立波作用下新概念人工海床水动力载荷及流场特性问题。首先,以eKdV方程为理论模型,采用速度入口造波方法,建立三维内孤立波数值水槽,实现内孤立波的数值造波;在此基础上,对数值造波的波形与理论波形和试验波形进行对比,验证数值方法的有效性;最后,计算内孤立波作用于人工海床的水动力载荷,详细研究不同内孤立波振幅下人工海床的受力特性,分析人工海床周围的速度场和涡量场。研究结果表明:随着内孤立波振幅的增加,人工海床所受的拖曳力、垂向力和升力均逐渐增加,且拖曳力和垂向力远大于升力;当内孤立波经过人工海床时,人工海床周围的流体质点速度增大,涡强度增大。本研究可为大型水下工程结构物的内孤立波载荷预报及流场特性分析提供一种有效的数值计算方法。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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姚金江(1990-),男,博士研究生

甄兴伟(1985-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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姚金江(1990-),男,博士研究生

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姚金江(1990-),男,博士研究生

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甄兴伟(1985-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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甄兴伟(1985-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242151083552874557, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=试验验证)], refs=[Reference(id=1242151101361889941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242151083552874557, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=31, issue=5, pageStart=589, pageEnd=597, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=Zhen X W, Huang Y, journalName=China Ocean Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhen X W, Huang Y. 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Principal dimensions of the new conceptual artificial seabed

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参数人工海床原型人工海床数值模型
主浮体高度/m200.1
主浮体直径/m320.16
浮力材料高度/m40.02
浮力材料直径/m400.2
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新概念人工海床主尺度参数

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参数人工海床原型人工海床数值模型
主浮体高度/m200.1
主浮体直径/m320.16
浮力材料高度/m40.02
浮力材料直径/m400.2
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Calculated amplitudes under different number of grids

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网格数量(万)时间步长/s设计振幅/m计算振幅/m相对误差
530.040.150.132-12%
1250.020.150.1413-5.8%
1900.020.150.1425-5.0%
2610.010.150.1469-2.1%
3120.010.150.1482-1.2%
4380.0050.150.1482-1.2%
6700.0050.150.1485-1.0%
), ArticleFig(id=1242151100959236743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242151083552874557, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同网格数量计算结果

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网格数量(万)时间步长/s设计振幅/m计算振幅/m相对误差
530.040.150.132-12%
1250.020.150.1413-5.8%
1900.020.150.1425-5.0%
2610.010.150.1469-2.1%
3120.010.150.1482-1.2%
4380.0050.150.1482-1.2%
6700.0050.150.1485-1.0%
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内孤立波作用下新概念人工海床水动力载荷及流场特性研究
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姚金江 , 甄兴伟 , 段秋阳 , 黄一
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024,28(6): 818-831
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024, 28(6): 818-831
内孤立波作用下新概念人工海床水动力载荷及流场特性研究
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姚金江, 甄兴伟 , 段秋阳, 黄一
作者信息
  • 大连理工大学 运载工程与力学学部 船舶工程学院,辽宁 大连 116024
  • 姚金江(1990-),男,博士研究生

    甄兴伟(1985-),男,博士,副教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Hydrodynamic forces and flow field characteristics of new conceptual artificial seabed under action of internal solitary waves
Jin-jiang YAO, Xing-wei ZHEN , Qiu-yang DUAN, Yi HUANG
Affiliations
  • School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
出版时间: 2024-06-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.06.002
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新概念人工海床能够有效提升海上油气开发装备对强风、巨浪和表面强流等海面灾害性海洋环境要素的适应性,但内波产生的巨大冲击载荷是影响人工海床作业安全的关键因素。本文研究内孤立波作用下新概念人工海床水动力载荷及流场特性问题。首先,以eKdV方程为理论模型,采用速度入口造波方法,建立三维内孤立波数值水槽,实现内孤立波的数值造波;在此基础上,对数值造波的波形与理论波形和试验波形进行对比,验证数值方法的有效性;最后,计算内孤立波作用于人工海床的水动力载荷,详细研究不同内孤立波振幅下人工海床的受力特性,分析人工海床周围的速度场和涡量场。研究结果表明:随着内孤立波振幅的增加,人工海床所受的拖曳力、垂向力和升力均逐渐增加,且拖曳力和垂向力远大于升力;当内孤立波经过人工海床时,人工海床周围的流体质点速度增大,涡强度增大。本研究可为大型水下工程结构物的内孤立波载荷预报及流场特性分析提供一种有效的数值计算方法。

内孤立波  /  人工海床新概念  /  数值造波  /  水动力  /  试验验证

The new conceptual artificial seabed can effectively improve the adaptability of disastrous marine environmental factors such as strong winds, huge waves and surface currents, but the considerable impact force generated by internal solitary waves is a key factor affecting the operation safety of the artificial seabed. This paper presents a study on hydrodynamic forces and flow field characteristics of the new conceptual artificial seabed under the action of internal solitary waves. First of all, the eKdV equation was used as the theoretical model. A three-dimensional numerical flume was established by using the wave-making method of velocity inlet, and the numerical wave-making of internal solitary waves was achieved. On this basis, the numerical waveform was compared with the theoretical and experimental waveforms, and the feasibility of the numerical method was verified. Finally, hydrodynamic forces exerted by internal solitary waves on the artificial seabed were calculated, the characteristics of forces induced by internal solitary waves of various amplitudes on the artificial seabed were studied in detail. Besides, the velocity field and the vorticity field around the artificial seabed were analyzed. The results show that, with the increase of the amplitude of the internal solitary wave, the drag force, vertical force and lift force on the artificial seabed gradually increase, and the drag force and vertical force are much greater than the lift force. When the internal solitary wave passes through the artificial seabed, both the particle velocity of the fluid and the vortex intensity around the artificial seabed increase. This study provides an effective numerical calculation method for the prediction of internal solitary wave forces and the analysis of flow field characteristics of large underwater engineering structures.

internal solitary wave  /  new conceptual artificial seabed  /  numerical wave-making  /  hydrodynamic force  /  test verification
姚金江, 甄兴伟, 段秋阳, 黄一. 内孤立波作用下新概念人工海床水动力载荷及流场特性研究. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (6) : 818 -831 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.06.002
Jin-jiang YAO, Xing-wei ZHEN, Qiu-yang DUAN, Yi HUANG. Hydrodynamic forces and flow field characteristics of new conceptual artificial seabed under action of internal solitary waves[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (6) : 818 -831 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.06.002
目前,深海和超深海油气田开发主要采用传统的干式采油树、湿式采油树或者两者并用。但是,这种传统的海洋油气开发技术和装备存在很明显的不足和缺点:(1)干式采油无法应用于深海和超深海水域,湿式采油对水下采油设备的性能要求很高,并且随着水深的增加,安装和维修工作的技术难度也逐渐增加;(2)巨大的工作水深需要匹配大长度的立管,引起立管自重增加,进而导致海面浮式平台所受动载荷显著增大;(3)面对海面强风、巨浪、强流等灾害性海洋环境要素,现有的海洋油气开发装备无有效的避险技术。因此,为了克服上述深海和超深海油气田开发所面临的技术和装备局限性,Zhen等[1-5]提出了一种创新性的海上油气田开发方案,命名为新一代水下生产系统,图1所示为新一代水下生产系统的总体布局。从图中可以看出,新一代水下生产系统主要由人工海床、系泊系统、刚性立管、完井装置和柔性跨接管这几个部分组成。
该系统的创新设计理念是,将传统深海和超深海油气田开发方案中的采油设备设置到水面以下一定深度的人工海床上,在人工海床上进行完井作业,同时可以有效规避海面常规风、浪、流等载荷作用的影响,降低了采油设备的设计要求和安装维修难度。此外,人工海床是连接柔性跨接管和刚性立管的中间枢纽,它可以承担巨大的立管载荷。最终,人工海床和海面浮式生产平台通过柔性跨接管连接,柔性跨接管呈现松弛的悬链线形状,以此来解耦人工海床和海面浮式生产平台之间的相互作用。
通过以上描述,可以得出新一代水下生产系统具有以下几个独特的优势:(1)人工海床位于水面以下一定深度,可以最大限度地降低强风、巨浪、表面强流等灾害性海洋环境要素的影响;(2)人工海床承受巨大的立管载荷,可以减少刚性立管对海面浮式生产平台的直接作用;(3)柔性跨接管的存在,使得人工海床和海面浮式生产平台相互之间不受影响,从而降低各自的设计要求;(4)人工海床设置在浅海深度,其上布置的水下完井设备在该深度处便于安装和维护;(5)新一代水下生产系统可以实现水下多个井口同时生产,优化油田布局,节约开发成本。
内孤立波具有很长的波长,新概念人工海床的特征长度与其相比很小(人工海床的特征长度D和内孤立波的波长L满足D/L < 0.15,D取为人工海床主浮体的直径),这种情况下内孤立波对人工海床的作用主要表现为以下两种效应:(1)由于流体的粘滞性而引起的粘滞效应;(2)由于流体的惯性以及人工海床的存在,使人工海床周围波动场的速度分布发生改变而引起的附加质量效应。此时,内孤立波对人工海床的作用力可以采用Morison方程进行计算,它是以绕流理论为基础的半理论、半经验公式[27]
内孤立波对人工海床除了顺向的作用力外,还由于人工海床漩涡尾流区的形成,将产生垂直于内孤立波传播方向的横向力,可用下式[28]表示:
式中,CD为拖曳力系数,CM为惯性力系数,CL为横向力系数。这些参数与雷诺数ReKC数、人工海床表面粗糙度以及人工海床的形状等因素相关,需要根据试验结果来选取。
虽然新一代水下生产系统具有上述诸多优点,但是海洋内孤立波产生的巨大载荷是影响该系统安全的关键因素。内孤立波是一种海洋内波,具有强非线性和色散效应两个基本特征。它的最大振幅发生在密度稳定分层的海洋内部,传播过程中产生的扰动会引起强烈的辐聚和突发的强流。由内孤立波引起的强大剪切流和巨大能量会对位于水下的人工海床产生巨大的冲击力和强烈的剪切载荷作用,从而导致人工海床发生大幅移动,影响安全生产作业。因此,研究内孤立波作用下新概念人工海床水动力载荷及流场特性非常有必要,具有实际工程意义。
针对内孤立波作用下海洋结构物的载荷问题,国内外学者进行了大量的研究。Ding等[6]基于N-S方程,采用数值方法研究了不同类型的水平圆柱在内孤立波作用下的水动力载荷、动压力和流场分布;张瑞瑞等[7]通过建立数值水槽,研究了FPSO在内孤立波作用下的载荷特性,指出内孤立波载荷是由波浪压差力、粘性压差力和摩擦力组成,并且粘性压差力是个小量;王寅等[8]采用大涡模拟探究了不同的内孤立波振幅对柱体的影响规律,发现随着内孤立波的振幅逐渐增大,柱体所受的作用力也逐渐增大,内孤立波产生的剪切流会对水下结构物产生巨大的安全隐患;谢华荣等[9]采用KdV方程和Morison公式计算了内孤立波作用在桩柱上的单位作用力、总作用力、剪切力和力矩,讨论了这些作用力极值发生的时刻和影响因素;Cheng等[10]采用数值方法研究了内孤立波经过垂直圆柱时,不同的圆柱直径和内孤立波振幅对作用力的影响,详细分析了柱体周围的密度场、涡量场和所受到的水平载荷;黄苗苗等[11]对内孤立波作用下水下航行体的自由运动特性进行了数值模拟,分析了航行体所受的流体水动力载荷和尾流场情况;王玲玲等[12]借助CFD方法建立了三维数值波浪水槽,采用大涡模拟研究了不同的内孤立波振幅对圆柱和方柱受力特性的影响;Zan等[13]采用OpenFOAM计算并验证了Morison公式的适用性,在此基础上提出了一种改进的Morison公式,可以更准确地计算内孤立波作用在圆柱体上的载荷;Lin等[14]对作用在圆柱体不同深度处的内孤立波载荷特性进行了数值模拟,并对相关参数、速度场和加速度场进行了分析;Wang等[15]采用数值和实验相结合的方法对内孤立波作用在半潜式平台上的载荷进行了研究,指出水平力主要是由粘滞效应引起的,而垂向力主要是Froude-Krylov力;Shen等[16]基于Morison公式对ROV在内孤立波作用下的载荷特性进行了数值模拟,结果表明大振幅内孤立波会对ROV产生非常大的载荷,进而在水平和垂直方向产生很大的位移,对ROV的稳定运行构成极大威胁;王寅等[17]采用三维数值波浪水槽计算了内孤立波作用下柱体所受的压差阻力和粘滞力,得到了柱体受力相关系数的经验表达式;崔俊男等[18]开展了内孤立波作用于圆柱体水动力特性的数值模拟研究,分析了上下层流体深度比、圆柱体直径和潜没深度对圆柱体所受水平力的影响;Lu等[19]建立了一个数值模型来研究抛物线背景流中内孤立波对小直径张力腿的作用力和力矩,结果表明最大作用力发生在流速变为零时的转折点处,最大力矩发生在张力腿的底部;Zhu等[20]采用数值方法研究了大振幅内孤立波与两层流体系统中水下山脊之间的相互作用,并给出了相关的经验公式;杨帆等[21]采用Fluent软件模拟了内孤立波对水下潜体的载荷作用,研究了内孤立波振幅、上下层流体深度比和潜体潜没深度对水平力、垂直力和力矩的影响规律;邹丽等[22]建立了二维数值水槽并对水面结构物进行了简化处理,对内孤立波和结构物的相互作用进行了数值模拟,研究了波形、流场和结构物所受横向力的变化规律;刘孟奇等[23]采用时域数值模型计算了椭球形潜体在内孤立波作用下的受力和运动响应;姚志崇等[24]采用速度入口造波方法,对内孤立波进行了数值模拟并分析了内孤立波作用于水下航行体的水动力载荷特性;Wang等[25]对内孤立波进行了质量源造波模拟,详细探究了张力腿平台所受内孤立波载荷的组成成分和比重;Ding等[26]利用CFD软件OpenFOAM,研究了不同的内孤立波振幅、不同的上下层流体深度比和内孤立波不同的作用方向对半潜式平台受力和旋涡脱落的影响。
以上研究大多集中于内孤立波作用下常规海洋结构物的受力载荷,而对浸没于水下的新型工程结构物在内孤立波作用下的受力问题则涉及很少。本文研究的是新概念人工海床在内孤立波作用下的水动力载荷及流场特性问题,该研究总结了内孤立波作用在人工海床上的载荷特性,分析了内孤立波诱导产生的人工海床周围流场的变化规律,有助于理解内孤立波对人工海床的作用机理,可为后续优化人工海床结构形式和进一步计算分析其运动响应提供研究基础。
内孤立波的传播以及内孤立波与人工海床相互作用的整个流体动力学过程可以通过Navier-Stokes方程来描述,三维不可压缩黏性流体瞬态运动的Navier-Stokes方程如下:
式中,ρ为流体密度,t为时间,xixjij = 1,2,3)为坐标系中的3个坐标方向,uiujij = 1,2,3)为坐标系中的3个流速分量,p为压力,μ为动力黏性系数,fii方向的体积力。
当内孤立波表现为弱非线性、弱色散性并且两者达到平衡时,可以用熟知的KdV理论模型[27]进行模拟:
方程(5)的理论解[27]
式中,ζ为内孤立波界面位移,a为内孤立波振幅,λ为KdV理论下内孤立波的特征长度。
KdV理论模型只适用于小振幅的内孤立波,且在求解过程中仅保留了平方非线性项。为了适应大振幅的内孤立波,在方程(5)中引入一个立方非线性项,可以得到eKdV方程[27]
方程(10)的理论解[27]
式中,cekdv为eKdV理论下内孤立波的相速度,λekdv为eKdV理论下内孤立波的特征长度。
基于eKdV理论,根据层平均积分[27]可以得到
将式(12)代入式(14)、(15)、(16)化简可以得到[27]
式中,为上层流体层的平均水平速度,为下层流体层的平均水平速度,此处的“平均”是指沿着水深方向在空间上的平均。
式中,u1Xz)为上层流体的瞬时水平速度,u2Xz)为下层流体的瞬时水平速度。
本文建立如图2所示的三维内孤立波数值水槽,为了方便进行后续的试验验证,本文的数值水槽参照2.4节提到的对比试验中的试验水槽进行参数选取。试验水槽长12 m、宽1.2 m、高1.0 m,但是水槽的额定水深为0.8 m,所以数值水槽的高度参照试验水槽的额定水深选为h1 + h2 = 0.8 m。试验水槽采用的是重力塌陷造波方法,主要造波装置为一个栅门,虽然会占用一定的空间,但是由于其布置在水槽内部,不会影响水槽的总长度,所以数值水槽的长度参照试验水槽的长度选为12 m。最终数值水槽尺度为长12 m、宽1.2 m、高0.8 m。上层流体水深h1 = 0.2 m,密度ρ1 = 998 kg/m3;下层流体水深h2 = 0.6 m,密度ρ2 = 1025 kg/m3。根据内孤立波不同的振幅设置C1~C5五组不同的工况,C1~C5中内孤立波的振幅分别为a = 0.03 m,a = 0.05 m,a = 0.10 m,a = 0.15 m,a = 0.20 m。采用直角坐标系来描述内孤立波运动,坐标原点O位于未扰动内界面中点处,OX轴位于未扰动的内界面处,OZ轴垂直向上,内孤立波沿OX轴正向传播,a为内孤立波振幅,文中所有工况的人工海床在数值水槽中的位置均是重心位于坐标原点。
新概念人工海床的结构形式如图3所示,它主要由主浮体和附着于主浮体底部外缘的圆环型浮力材料组成。表1列出了新概念人工海床原型与数值模型的主尺度参数,人工海床模型的重心位置(相对于人工海床)如图4所示。
本文采用的eKdV方程为理论模型,选择速度入口造波方法[28],以入口平均水平速度为造波边界入口速度输入,对内孤立波进行数值造波模拟。具体方法为:首先,根据eKdV理论解式(12)得到内孤立波界面位移,将其代入式(17)、(18)分别得到上层、下层流体层平均水平速度,以此作为数值造波的输入条件。换言之,只要给定内孤立波不同的振幅,代入式(12)可以得到不同的内孤立波界面位移,再将位移值代入式(17)、(18)就可以得到数值造波不同的输入条件。然后,利用Fluent的二次开发功能,使用UDF编制造波程序,进而可以采用数值造波方法得到不同振幅的内孤立波。边界条件设置为:数值水槽上表面为刚盖,选用对称边界(symmetry)来实现,水槽底部采用无滑移固壁边界(stationary wall),水槽两个侧面采用对称边界(symmetry)。水槽左端采用速度入口边界条件(velocity inlet),根据内孤立波的理论解来给定速度入口边界上的输入值,右端出口设置为压力出口(pressure outlet)。采用阻尼消波法[29]对内孤立波进行消波处理,流场初始速度设置为零。
在进行数值计算之前,首先对网格敏感性进行分析,分别选取七组不同的网格数量对三维数值水槽进行划分。不同网格数量下的计算结果如表2所示。从表中可以看出,当网格数量为312万时,相对误差为-1.2%,并且随着后续网格数量的增加,相对误差基本保持不变,所以最终选取网格数量为312万。在数值水槽中上下两层流体密度不同,内孤立波传播过程中会导致上下两层流体受到扰动而发生掺混,为了减小流体掺混对数值计算结果造成的影响以及更加精确地捕捉内孤立波波面,本文对上下两层流体分界面处的网格进行加密处理。此外,对人工海床在内孤立波作用下的水动力载荷及流场特性进行数值模拟,需要着重关注近壁面流场的特征,该处流动复杂、速度梯度大、旋涡脱落现象明显,因而需要对人工海床周围流场进行网格加密,才能有效地反映出人工海床周围的流场变化特性以及更加精确地计算人工海床所受的内孤立波载荷。计算区域采用分块结构化网格进行划分,外流域网格划分结果如图5所示,人工海床网格划分结果如图6所示。
为了验证本文所采用的数值方法的有效性,对内孤立波波形进行了试验验证。试验在国防科技大学大型重力式分层流试验水槽中进行,水槽主体长12 m、宽1.2 m、高1.0 m,额定水深为0.8 m。试验中采用内波动态测量系统可以测量得到内孤立波的波形和波幅,该测量系统主要由电导率探头阵列、数模转换器和数据采集与处理系统组成。具体测量过程为:将电导率探头阵列布置在密度跃层附近,内孤立波经过时电导率探头可以采集到附近流体的电导率变化,数据采集与处理系统将该电导率变化信号转换为电压信号,然后传输至数模转换器将电压信号转换为数字信号。实验数据采集完成后,通过编制的程序和实验前标定的电压与密度之间的转换关系,就可以得到内孤立波波形,波形的最大垂向变化范围即为内孤立波波幅。
采用上述数值方法对内孤立波进行数值造波模拟,可得出对应的内孤立波数值波形,并与eKdV理论波形和试验波形进行对比,结果如图7所示,图中(a)~(e)分别代表工况C1~C5。如图所示,数值造波所得波形与理论波形和试验波形吻合较好,证明了本文数值方法的有效性。此外,波形传播到后期时,可发现数值波形和试验波形与理论波形的幅值存在一定误差,分析原因主要是由于内孤立波在传播过程中有一部分能量会损失而产生尾波列,并且内孤立波振幅越大所产生的尾波振幅也越大,消耗的能量也越大。因此,导致图中波形后期数值波形和试验波形与理论波形存在一定误差,并且从图7(a)~(e)可看出随着内孤立波振幅的逐渐增大,这种误差也逐渐增大。
图8是内孤立波传播过程中波致流场的流线图。从图中可以看出,在内孤立波传播过程中,波面上方波致流水平速度方向为顺流方向,而波面下方波致流水平速度方向为逆流方向。流体质点轨迹类似于一个椭圆,方向为顺时针,这与内孤立波理论分析的现象也是相吻合的。
图9中给出了工况C5时,内孤立波波谷位置处波致流水平速度沿水深的垂向分布,包括层平均水平速度、瞬时水平速度和数值模拟计算所得的瞬时水平速度。结果表明,层平均水平速度与eKdV理论解所得瞬时水平速度分布吻合良好。并且,数值计算所得瞬时水平速度与层平均水平速度和理论解的分布规律相同,只是在上下两层流体的过渡区域存在一定差异。分析原因主要是由于在数值模拟中,随着内孤立波在两层流体分界面的传播,上下两层流体会发生掺混从而出现密度过渡层,而理论模型不考虑这方面的因素,所以导致数值计算所得瞬时水平速度的分布在两层流体分界面处呈现平缓过渡趋势,而理论模型则呈现突变形式。
定义无量纲参数,其中,FxFyFz分别为人工海床在内孤立波作用下所受的拖曳力、升力和垂向力(N),ρ为人工海床所在深度的流体密度(kg/m3),g为重力加速度(m/s2),S为人工海床的迎流截面积(m2),H为数值水槽的总深度(m)。图10所示为工况C1~C5时,人工海床在内孤立波作用下无量纲水动力载荷的时历曲线,其中图(a)、(b)和(c)分别对应拖曳力、升力和垂向力曲线。
图10(a)可知,人工海床所受的拖曳力是先正后负,也就是方向先向右、后向左。分析原因,由于人工海床位于上下两层流体的界面位置,内孤立波传播至人工海床时波面上方的流速方向向右,因此此时人工海床受到向右的拖曳力。随着内孤立波的继续传播,波谷经过人工海床时拖曳力达到最大值,此时人工海床位于下层流体,因此受到与下层流体流速方向一致的向左的作用力。
图10(b)所示,人工海床所受的升力幅值远比拖曳力和垂向力要小,并且在零点附近上下波动,不同工况下人工海床所受的升力都较小且没有规律性,因此相比拖曳力和垂向力,人工海床所受的升力可以忽略不计。
图10(c)所示,与拖曳力的变化规律相反,人工海床所受的垂向力是先负后正,也就是方向先向下、后向上。分析原因主要是因为当内孤立波穿过人工海床时,其位于上层流体的体积越来越大,且上层流体密度较低导致浮力减小,因此受到向下的垂向力。随着内孤立波继续传播,人工海床位于下层流体的体积逐渐变大,因此所受垂向力变为向上。
图11为人工海床所受的无量纲拖曳力和垂向力随着内孤立波振幅的变化规律,图12为人工海床所受的无量纲升力随着内孤立波振幅的变化规律。从图中可以看出,人工海床所受的拖曳力、垂向力和升力的幅值都随内孤立波振幅的增大而逐渐增大,其中拖曳力和垂向力的量级相当,且垂向力大于拖曳力,两者的量级都远大于升力。
内孤立波经过人工海床时,会引起人工海床周围流场发生剧烈变化。图13给出了不同时刻内孤立波经过人工海床时的流场速度矢量图,其中图(a)~(e)分别代表时刻t=24 s、t=29 s、t=35 s、t=40 s、t=46 s。
图13(a)所示,内孤立波的波前经过人工海床时,流体质点的速度在人工海床的前沿发生剧烈变化,流场结构开始变得复杂,同时人工海床后沿流场中流体质点的速度向下。如图13(b)所示,随着内孤立波的继续传播,人工海床前沿的流场强度继续增大,与此同时其后沿的流体质点速度发生剧烈变化,并且产生小尺度的旋涡。如图13(c)所示,内孤立波波谷传播至人工海床的正下方时,整个人工海床周围的流场都发生剧烈变化,流场结构紊乱,流体质点速度最大,并在结构物的后方和下方产生大尺度的旋涡,此时人工海床后方的流体质点速度向下,前方的流体质点速度向上,上方的流体质点速度向右,下方的流体质点速度向左,从而在人工海床的前后方和上下方形成方向相反的剪切流,导致人工海床所受的剪切载荷增大。进一步分析,人工海床的后方和下方产生大尺度的旋涡,而旋涡的产生会改变周围流场中水质点的运动状态,使水质点的动能增大,动能增大又意味着水质点的瞬时速度增大,瞬时速度增大则会使流体作用在人工海床上的摩擦力增大。此外,旋涡的产生会使人工海床在此处受到的表面压力减小,导致人工海床前后方和上下方的压差增大,压差的增大和摩擦力的增大最终使得人工海床所受的载荷增大。如图13(d)所示,随着内孤立波的进一步传播,波后经过人工海床,此时流场结构最明显的变化是人工海床前沿和后沿的流体质点速度方向都变为向上。如图13(e)所示,随着内孤立波逐渐远离人工海床,可以观察到结构物前沿的流场强度逐渐降低,流体质点速度减小,人工海床前方和下方的旋涡也逐渐消失。
从以上结果可以看出,内孤立波对人工海床的作用是一个持续的过程,会对人工海床的运动响应产生极大的影响。当内孤立波经过时,人工海床周围的流场强度变大,旋涡脱落现象明显,并且会形成强烈的剪切流,对人工海床产生巨大的剪切载荷,进而使其发生大幅度的位移。因此,在后续研究人工海床运动响应和优化结构形式时,需要重点考虑内孤立波的影响。
本文基于Fluent软件,以eKdV方程为理论模型,采用速度入口造波方法,建立了三维内孤立波数值水槽,研究了内孤立波作用下新概念人工海床的水动力载荷及流场特性。本文为新概念人工海床的内孤立波载荷预报提供了一定的研究基础,可为实际工程提供参考依据,得到以下结论:
(1)数值造波所得波形与eKdV理论和国防科技大学试验水槽物理试验所得波形吻合,证明了本文所采用的数值方法的有效性。此外,内孤立波波致流场层平均水平速度与eKdV理论解所得瞬时水平速度分布吻合良好。
(2)人工海床所受的拖曳力、垂向力和升力的幅值都随内孤立波振幅的增大而逐渐增大,其中拖曳力和垂向力的量级远大于升力的量级,升力可以忽略不计。
(3)在内孤立波传播经过人工海床的过程中,当波谷正好传播至人工海床的正下方时,人工海床周围的流场强度最大,流体质点速度最大并伴随有大尺度的旋涡产生,此时内孤立波对结构物的作用力最强。
针对本文现有的研究基础和研究成果,未来主要从以下几个方面开展进一步的研究工作:(1)进一步研究不同的上下层流体分层比、人工海床不同的浸没深度对人工海床所受水动力载荷及流场特性的影响;(2)建立内孤立波作用下人工海床运动响应的时域模型,进一步研究内孤立波作用下人工海床的耦合运动特性。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52171249)
  • 辽宁省自然科学基金项目(2023-MS-117)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费资助项目(DUT22LK26)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.06.002
  • 接收时间:2023-12-22
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-22
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(52171249)
辽宁省自然科学基金项目(2023-MS-117)
中央高校基本科研业务费资助项目(DUT22LK26)
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    大连理工大学 运载工程与力学学部 船舶工程学院,辽宁 大连 116024

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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