Article(id=1242150816413458511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242150809505444351, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.05.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1699718400000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774081432678, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1716134400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774081432678, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774081432678, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081432678, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242150809505444351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='5', pageStart='637', pageEnd='802', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1774081431031, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081700138, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242151938268143729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242150809505444351, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242151938272338034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242150809505444351, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=637, endPage=650, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242150816732225627, articleId=1242150816413458511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Hull lines design and development based on hull fusion and regional feature analysis, columnId=1241023037940748650, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Hydrodynamics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With an 80 000 DWT bulk carrier taken as the optimization object, two new hull lines design technologies based on the hull fusion method and regional feature analysis were applied by combining ship CFD resistance and self-propulsion assessment for the research on hull lines design and performance analysis, aiming at the hydrodynamic performance under design draft. With the whole design process starting with the reference ship, the hull line automatic deformation designs of the bow and stern part were made respectively in order to reduce the resistance and improve the wave making and stern wake distribution. By analyzing the CFD numerical simulation evaluation results under the same model scale, a series of design hulls with good performance were successfully obtained. Finally, the simulation results were verified by model test under the design draft in still water. Compared with the design prototype, the received power trial prediction of the final design scheme at the speed of 14.0 kn was reduced by about 5.6%.

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本文以某80 000吨级散货船为优化对象,应用基于融合和区域特征分析的两种新船型几何设计技术,结合船舶CFD阻力和自航评估技术,开展以设计吃水下快速性能为目标的船型设计和性能分析研究。整个设计过程以参考船为设计起点,从减小船体阻力、改善兴波和艉部伴流的角度入手,分别开展船型艏部和艉部的型线自动变形设计,对比分析改型方案在同一模型尺度下的CFD数值模拟评估结果,并获得快速性能优秀的船型设计方案。最后,通过静水中的快速性模型试验,对设计工况下的收益效果进行验证,结果表明,相比于设计原型,最终优化船型在航速为14.0 kn时的实船预报收到功率下降了约5.6%。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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郑安燃(1992-),女,硕士,工程师,通讯作者,E-mail:

孙文愈(1990-),男,博士,高级工程师

苏甲(1985-),男,硕士,高级工程师

王艳霞(1990-),女,硕士,研究员。

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articleId=1242150816413458511, language=CN, label=图13, caption=基于人工指定设计参数的改型船型和初始优化船型的线型对比, figureFileSmall=/546SGiC1A+dGSPhlXniFg==, figureFileBig=OUUMc13J6G4dtOt0nYHYag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242150833333281394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150816413458511, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=CFD numerical simulation results of ship modification schemes based on manually specified design parameters relative to M04, figureFileSmall=dLz6iQ0VMnhvfN1ObzFVGA==, figureFileBig=QayFS2tCqrXsbSkT/BIkuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242150833408778872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150816413458511, language=CN, label=图14, caption=基于人工指定设计参数的改型船型相对M04的CFD数值模拟结果, figureFileSmall=dLz6iQ0VMnhvfN1ObzFVGA==, figureFileBig=QayFS2tCqrXsbSkT/BIkuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242150833484276348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, 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journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150816413458511, language=CN, label=图16, caption=设计原型和最终优化方案的桨盘面处伴流分布(设计吃水,航速14 kn), figureFileSmall=o/gxWw1CVHiwc08X2/nizQ==, figureFileBig=+q9VCvR+cm+jgUEURRXshg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242150833769489042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150816413458511, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=Bare hull speed/power trial prediction (design draft) of the final optimized ship form and design prototype, figureFileSmall=vctkRmcV+5fJCWHV+nD4lA==, figureFileBig=1bZU/Soryen9KRHAp1dFHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242150833844986519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150816413458511, language=CN, label=图17, caption=最终优化船型和设计原型的裸船航速功率曲线(设计吃水), figureFileSmall=vctkRmcV+5fJCWHV+nD4lA==, figureFileBig=1bZU/Soryen9KRHAp1dFHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242150833924678301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150816413458511, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Design requirements of dimensionless hydrostatic parameters of target hull and comparison with design prototype (Design draft T=11.5 m)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主尺度符号设计原型目标船主尺度符号设计原型目标船
长宽比LPP/B5.9215.932方形系数CB0.7958≥0.797
宽度吃水比B/T3.3043.304浮心纵向位置(舯前为正)LCB/LPP4.04%~3.5%
), ArticleFig(id=1242150833991787171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150816413458511, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

目标船的无量纲静水力参数设计需求及其与设计原型的对比情况(设计吃水T=11.5 m)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主尺度符号设计原型目标船主尺度符号设计原型目标船
长宽比LPP/B5.9215.932方形系数CB0.7958≥0.797
宽度吃水比B/T3.3043.304浮心纵向位置(舯前为正)LCB/LPP4.04%~3.5%
), ArticleFig(id=1242150834113421992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150816413458511, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

CFD calculation conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参量名称符号/单位数值参量名称符号/单位数值
缩尺比λ33.2实船航速Vs/kn14.0
计算吃水T/m11.5模型航速Vm/(m·s-11.25
水温Temp/℃20.0
), ArticleFig(id=1242150834188919474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150816413458511, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

CFD计算条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参量名称符号/单位数值参量名称符号/单位数值
缩尺比λ33.2实船航速Vs/kn14.0
计算吃水T/m11.5模型航速Vm/(m·s-11.25
水温Temp/℃20.0
), ArticleFig(id=1242150834268611254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150816413458511, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Dimensionless scale comparison of basic ship forms

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主尺度符号基础船型1基础船型2
长宽比LPP/B5.9325.932
宽度吃水比B/T3.3043.304
方形系数CB0.79430.7970
浮心纵向位置(舯前为正)LCB/LPP4.12%3.49%
), ArticleFig(id=1242150834365080253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150816413458511, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

基础船型的无量纲尺度对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主尺度符号基础船型1基础船型2
长宽比LPP/B5.9325.932
宽度吃水比B/T3.3043.304
方形系数CB0.79430.7970
浮心纵向位置(舯前为正)LCB/LPP4.12%3.49%
), ArticleFig(id=1242150834495103685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150816413458511, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Comparison of numerical calculation results between the final optimized ship hull and the design prototype

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主尺度符号设计原型最终优化船型
舷侧波形积分Cwt×10-30.0570.029
粘压阻力系数Cpv×10-30.5610.492
模型总阻力变化量ΔRtm0.0-2.7%
模型收到功率变化量ΔPDm0.0-3.7%
实船预报收到功率变化量ΔPDs0.0-6.0%
), ArticleFig(id=1242150834608349897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150816413458511, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

最终优化船型和设计原型的数值计算结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主尺度符号设计原型最终优化船型
舷侧波形积分Cwt×10-30.0570.029
粘压阻力系数Cpv×10-30.5610.492
模型总阻力变化量ΔRtm0.0-2.7%
模型收到功率变化量ΔPDm0.0-3.7%
实船预报收到功率变化量ΔPDs0.0-6.0%
), ArticleFig(id=1242150834696430289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150816413458511, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Comparison of hydrostatic parameters between the final optimized ship form and the design prototype (design draft)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主尺度符号设计原型最终优化船型
方形系数CB0.7960.797
排水体积相对变化-0.000.33%
裸船湿表面积相对变化-0.000.80%
), ArticleFig(id=1242150836172825302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150816413458511, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

最终优化船型和设计原型的静水力参数对比(设计吃水)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主尺度符号设计原型最终优化船型
方形系数CB0.7960.797
排水体积相对变化-0.000.33%
裸船湿表面积相对变化-0.000.80%
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基于融合和区域特征分析的船型设计开发研究
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郑安燃 1, 2 , 孙文愈 1, 2 , 苏甲 1, 2 , 王艳霞 1, 2
船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024,28(5): 637-650
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船舶力学 | 流体力学 2024, 28(5): 637-650
基于融合和区域特征分析的船型设计开发研究
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郑安燃1, 2 , 孙文愈1, 2, 苏甲1, 2, 王艳霞1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 2.深海技术科学太湖实验室,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 郑安燃(1992-),女,硕士,工程师,通讯作者,E-mail:

    孙文愈(1990-),男,博士,高级工程师

    苏甲(1985-),男,硕士,高级工程师

    王艳霞(1990-),女,硕士,研究员。

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Hull lines design and development based on hull fusion and regional feature analysis
An-ran ZHENG1, 2 , Wen-yu SUN1, 2, Jia SU1, 2, Yan-xia WANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082,China
  • 2.Taihu Laboratory of Deepsea Technological Science, Wuxi 214082, China
出版时间: 2024-05-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.05.001
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本文以某80 000吨级散货船为优化对象,应用基于融合和区域特征分析的两种新船型几何设计技术,结合船舶CFD阻力和自航评估技术,开展以设计吃水下快速性能为目标的船型设计和性能分析研究。整个设计过程以参考船为设计起点,从减小船体阻力、改善兴波和艉部伴流的角度入手,分别开展船型艏部和艉部的型线自动变形设计,对比分析改型方案在同一模型尺度下的CFD数值模拟评估结果,并获得快速性能优秀的船型设计方案。最后,通过静水中的快速性模型试验,对设计工况下的收益效果进行验证,结果表明,相比于设计原型,最终优化船型在航速为14.0 kn时的实船预报收到功率下降了约5.6%。

船型融合  /  区域特征分析  /  船型设计  /  CFD数值计算  /  模型试验

With an 80 000 DWT bulk carrier taken as the optimization object, two new hull lines design technologies based on the hull fusion method and regional feature analysis were applied by combining ship CFD resistance and self-propulsion assessment for the research on hull lines design and performance analysis, aiming at the hydrodynamic performance under design draft. With the whole design process starting with the reference ship, the hull line automatic deformation designs of the bow and stern part were made respectively in order to reduce the resistance and improve the wave making and stern wake distribution. By analyzing the CFD numerical simulation evaluation results under the same model scale, a series of design hulls with good performance were successfully obtained. Finally, the simulation results were verified by model test under the design draft in still water. Compared with the design prototype, the received power trial prediction of the final design scheme at the speed of 14.0 kn was reduced by about 5.6%.

hull fusion  /  regional feature analysis  /  hull lines design  /  CFD  /  model test
郑安燃, 孙文愈, 苏甲, 王艳霞. 基于融合和区域特征分析的船型设计开发研究. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (5) : 637 -650 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.05.001
An-ran ZHENG, Wen-yu SUN, Jia SU, Yan-xia WANG. Hull lines design and development based on hull fusion and regional feature analysis[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (5) : 637 -650 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.05.001
船型决定了船舶的快速性、耐波性、操纵性等航行性能,直接影响着船舶生命力和竞争力。如何在给定的设计条件下快速获得最优船型,一直受到设计师和船东的广泛关注。得益于高效可靠的船型变换技术和最优化理论的发展,设计师将现代优化理论和先进的计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,简称CFD)船舶水动力性能评估技术结合起来[1-3],形成了基于仿真设计的船型智能化设计方法,它能够实现船型优化过程的自动化、智能化[4-5]。该项船型设计技术涉及船型几何表达与重构技术、CFD技术和优化策略等,如何建立这些功能模块之间的联系,形成一个自动化的优化平台,是成功、高效实施船型优化的关键。
近几年,国内外学者已经在该技术领域开展过许多研究,对船型几何重构和自动变形、多目标优化等技术进行了较为系统的研究[6-8]。王杉等[9]在一艘中型豪华油船球艏线型优化的过程中,采用参数化方法生成了一系列球鼻艏线型,结合CFD阻力评估分析和灵敏度分析得到对阻力影响最为显著的参数,成功获得了阻力性能较好的球鼻艏线型方案并通过模型试验验证;冯佰威等[10]基于径向基插值的曲面变形方法,结合计算流体力学计算工具和多目标粒子群算法,以兴波阻力最小为优化目标,完成了不同弗劳德数下的船舶阻力性能优化;缪爱琴等[11]采用多目标粒子群算法和自由变形方法,针对KCS船体线型在两个给定航速下的兴波阻力性能进行优化,成功得到优化船型;冯君等[12]介绍了5种基于多项式形式修正函数的船型变形方法,实现了不同船型的船体线型局部或整体自动变形的优化要求;李胜忠等[13]采用自由变形技术实现船型表面几何的自动变形与重构,结合CFD技术和最优化理论,以总阻力为目标函数,采用粒子群优化算法对船体线型进行了自动优化设计,成功获得阻力大幅减小的船型方案;孙文愈[14]研究了基于船型融合和区域特征分析的船型几何设计技术,这两种设计技术吸收了现有船型改型设计方法的优点,能够快速批量生成系列船型改型设计方案,大幅提高船型几何设计的质量和效率。
本文将基于融合和区域特征分析的船型几何设计技术和CFD自动化评估技术相结合,针对一艘80 000吨级散货船,以设计工况下的快速性能为目标,开展船型设计开发的实际工程应用研究,分析两种船型设计技术的适用性,并获得可显著提升快速性能的船型方案。最后,通过快速性模型试验对设计收益效果进行验证。
工程船的船型设计开发问题具有设计需求多变、设计起点不同、任务时间紧迫等特点,在工程船线型设计过程中,考虑到单个算例仿真时间的成本和计算资源成本,工程师往往需要在尽可能少的计算案例中找到更优的设计方案。然而,通常情况下单一船型几何设计方法难以满足工程师的优化需求,因此,建立一个快速合理的优化策略便显得尤其重要。
在当前大数据时代,已经积累了大量船型设计的历史经验和数据等,工程船设计开发不是从零开始,充分利用这些数据和经验,能够有效提高船型设计效率。图1给出了基于船型融合和区域特征分析的两种船型设计方法的技术路线图。该策略在项目给定设计输入的条件下,以设计原型为起点,设计一系列船型方案,结合CFD评估技术,优选出性能提升最显著的最终优化方案,最后,通过模型试验验证其收益效果。其设计流程可以分为船型全局初步设计和线型局部精细设计两个阶段。
在船型全局初步设计阶段,根据项目输入的目标和约束条件,在船型数据库中搜索性能优秀的无量纲船型方案,结合输入的设计原型船,采用船型融合方法,可以快速生成多个具备典型特征的设计参考船型方案。这些融合生成参考船线型蕴含丰富的历史设计经验,其中包含了阻力、伴流、浮心等一系列重要指标,并且涵盖了船舶自重、排水量、载重吨、布置潜力等一系列因素的影响。结合CFD评估技术,可以快速得到性能优秀的初始优化船型方案,有效提高船型设计的工作效率。
下一阶段,在初始优化船型方案的基础上,采用基于区域特征分析的船型设计方法,开展线型局部精细化设计。该设计方法采用非均匀有理B样条方法(Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines,简称NURBS)对船型曲面进行重构,并通过人为或自动采样的方式指定船型改型区域和设计变量,从而进行特定船型区域优化空间的探索。其中,人为指定的设置方式可以充分结合设计师的设计经验,形成基于专家经验指导下的知识化设计模式;而在优化方向未知的情况下,基于自动采样的批量设计方式可以快速寻找到优化方向,有效缩短船型优化的时间成本。基于生成的多个船型改型设计方案的CFD评估结果,判断其性能是否能够满足指标要求。如果不满足要求,继续采用船型融合方法或基于区域特征分析的几何设计方法,开展船体线型的迭代设计,直到获得满足设计指标要求的最终优化方案。最后,通过船模试验验证船型的收益效果。
在该船型设计策略的框架下,船型的功能约束和几何约束主要是接受拒绝采样理论进行的:即在设计初期,主要通过参考船船型筛选或区域设置和设计参数实施控制;在设计方案生成后,主要通过主机机舱附近指定横剖线上的限制点宽度是否满足几何要求、设计方案的快速性能计算结果是否符合预期,来判断是否保留设计方案。
基于融合的船型设计技术以船型数据库为基础,通过船型几何标准表达点云的加权处理,实现两个或多个优秀基础船型的任意融合。其过程可以用以下公式[14]表示:
式中,Sj表示基础船型几何点云数据,Ti表示融合生成的目标船型几何点云数据,nm分别为基础船型数量和目标融合船型数量,wij为权重系数矩阵。
图2为基于融合的船型设计技术路线图。
基于区域特征分析的船型设计技术[14],是通过NURBS控制点牵引船型曲面进行三维局部区域几何的自动变形设计。该技术在指定改型区域和变形设计参数的条件下,基于高斯核基函数计算船型点云的变形扰动,从而批量生成船型区域改型设计方案,其设计技术路线如图3所示。
船型曲面的NURBS表达式如下:
式中,{Pi,j}和{ωi,j}分别表示控制点及其权值,表征uv两个方向上的控制网格分布情况;{Ni,pu)}和{Nj,qv)}分别是定义在节点矢量UV上的非有理B样条基函数,且
将指定的船型改型区域范围映射至控制点集,采用高斯混合函数计算控制点激活函数σPx),求解方程如下:
式中,x为控制点坐标;K为高斯函数的数量(记为模态数,可取任意值);μkσk分别为第k个高斯函数的中心点坐标和协方差矩阵;σPx)是定义在自然坐标系上的控制点选取指标,以高斯混合密度形式表征对船体进行几何扰动时的区域选取权重。
其次,通过计算高斯核基函数可以构造一个基于Karhunen-Loeve分解的参数化降维模型,公式如下:
最终,通过公式(7)便能以有限个分解系数Ai(记为变形参数,可取任意值)进行曲面控制点的光滑扰动,进而传递至船型几何点云。
因此,通过调整模态数K和变形参数Ai,可以使得船型曲面产生不同模态和不同尺度的变化扰动量,从而使船型曲面产生不同的变形设计效果。在设计框架内,设计师可根据设计经验来人为指定模态数和变形参数,也可以通过自动采样算法批量设计得到一系列的设计参数,从而针对指定的船型优化区域,进行不同尺度和特征的几何优化改型设计。
为了快速获得CFD计算结果,进行多船型方案的比较,本文主要采用基于升力线理论的螺旋桨势流分析方法进行体积力的计算,模拟自航状态下螺旋桨运转过程及其对船体流场的影响[15-16]。相对于全粘流、非定常的计算方法,这种粘势耦合的方法一方面通过螺旋桨势流方法计算螺旋桨水动力性能,另一方面通过体积力源项等引入全粘流求解器中,计算效率更高,且可以得到实效伴流评估值[17-20]
粘流求解器用于求解船体流场及受力情况,采用雷诺平均方法(Reynolds equation,简称RANS)计算N-S方程:
式中,fi为方程源项,可通过此项为流场计算域中添加动量源,模拟螺旋桨作用;ν是运动学粘性系数,
湍流模型主要采用剪切应力传输模型(Shear Stress Transfer,简称SST)k-ω模型,该模型对标准k-ε模型和Wilcox k-ω进行了改进。本文在近壁面区域采用k-ω模型,而在远流场区域采用k-ε,克服了各自在求解壁面流动和自由流动的缺点。为了精确捕捉近壁面流动及其对流场的影响,近壁面第一层网格设置于粘性底层,使得y+≈1,不使用壁面函数。
自由液面采用流体体积方法(Volume of Fluid,简称VOF)进行精确捕捉,通过体积分数来表征不同的流体性质。在RANS的连续性方程和动量方程中引入关于体积分数的方程如式(11)所示,使得有限体积方法可以有效地捕捉自由液面的波形。
以某型80 000吨级散货船为目标船,分别采用基于船型融合和基于区域特征分析的两种船型设计技术,开展船型全局初步设计和局部线型精细设计。其中,船型全局初步设计主要从改善兴波阻力、优化船体进流段流场和降低船型收到功率的角度入手,而局部精细设计是在全局初步优化船型的基础上,主要从减小粘压阻力、改善尾部伴流、优化船体去流段流场的角度入手,针对船型艉部线型开展精细化设计,从而改善船型设计吃水状态下的快速性能。
本文选择一艘载重吨相近且有模型试验数据的船型方案作为设计原型,表1为目标船在设计吃水状态下无量纲主尺度设计参数的设计需求,及其和设计原型无量纲静水力参数的比较情况。可以看出,目标船和设计原型的长宽比、宽度吃水比相差不大,在相同设计吃水下,目标船的方形系数需不小于0.797,略大于设计原型;同时和设计原型相比,目标船的浮心位置相对后移了约0.5%。
同时,为了验证改型后能否达到预期的航速收益效果,利用粘势耦合的CFD技术,对设计原型和改型方案在设计工况下的阻力和自航开展了模型尺度下的数值计算,计算条件见表2
根据目标船船型的设计需求和几何约束条件,从数据库中选取了2型具有相近方形系数、不同几何特征且快速性性能优秀的船型方案,记为基础船型1和基础船型2。表3图4分别为两型船型的无量纲尺度参数和横剖线的对比情况,其中基础船型2的方形系数和浮心位置更接近目标船的要求。因此,我们以基础船型2为基准,分别对其船型首部和尾部线型开展融合设计,以获得多个初步改型设计方案。
图5为12个融合改型船型和基础船型2的横剖线对比,其中M01~M07为艏部融合后的改型船型,M08~M12为艉部融合后的改型船型。可以发现,加权融合后的线型保留了不同基础船型的几何特征,按融合权重因子均匀变换并分布在两个基础船型之间,融合船型的方形系数介于0.7924~0.8023,浮心纵向位置介于3.48%~3.76%,突破了两个基础船型CBLCB的上下限。
对设计原型、两个基础船型和船型融合改型设计方案开展CFD快速性能数值模拟,得到舷侧波形积分Cwt和收到功率PD相对于设计原型的变化量(见图6)。从模型尺度下的计算结果来看,5个艏部改型方案M03~M07和3个艉部改型方案M10~M12的舷侧波形积分值均低于基础船型的最小值,且M10、M11和M04的收到功率相对设计原型均下降了1%左右。这表明了基于船型融合设计技术的改型船型性能可以突破输入的基础船型,综合考虑目标船的方形系数和浮心纵向位置的设计要求,最终选择M04作为初始优化船型方案。
图7是初始优化船型M04和两个基础船型的舷侧波形对比。在船舯流域,两个基础船型的舷侧波形相位接近相反,即波峰和波谷位置相互错开,在船艏和船艉附近,基础船型2的前体和后体的波峰和波谷的绝对值更低,总体舷侧波形比基础船型1更优。而融合得到的M04船型表现出了两个基础船型舷侧波形相互抵消的趋势:在船艏区域,波峰位于两基础船型的波峰之间,波谷绝对值要小于两个基础船型;在船舯区域,其舷侧波形相对两个基础船型更加平缓;在船艉区域,波峰和波谷的绝对值均要小于两个基础船型。图8给出了基础船型2和初始优化船型M04的自由面波形云图,从整个船体舷侧流域看,M04船型的自由面波形明显优于基础船型2,兴波性能更优。
在初始优化线型M04基础上,采用基于区域特征分析船型设计技术,开展船型艉部局部区域的精细化设计。图9为优化改型区域设置的示意图(分别投影到中线面、基平面和中站面),通过指定控制中心点坐标P1(X1,Y1,Z1)和覆盖范围参数σ来激活变形设计区域,左侧两幅投影图的横坐标为船型站号(Lpp/20为一站)。图10为某船型的NURBS重构船型及其在相同改型设计区域、变形参数和不同模态数下的改型船型横剖线特征对比。由图可知,NURBS重构船型和原型的横剖线基本重合,说明二者的几何特征基本一致;一阶模态下,船体整个改型区域的线型均向一个方向变化,即激活变形区域均变瘦,改型船型的排水体积变小;而二阶模态下,船型整个改型区域以某一横剖线为基准分为前后两侧,并产生了不同方向的变化,即向船艉方向的线型变肥,向船舯方向的线型变瘦,这为维持原型排水体积大小提供了可能。
本文基于M04的NURBS重构线型,分别采用了以下2种几何改型设计思路:
(1)基于自动采样设计参数的改型
指定2个控制中心点,在船艉同时激活2个优化设计区域,在二阶模态下,通过拉丁超立方采样算法自动批量生成不同设计参数,形成20个船艉改型方案,探索指定船型改型区域的敏感优化方向和优化变形尺度。
(2)基于人为指定设计参数的改型
通过指定1个控制中心点,依次在船艉设置4个不同的优化设计区域,在二阶模态下,人为指定相同的变形参数[-0.6,-0.3,0.3,0.6],自动生成16个改型方案,探索船艉不同局部区域的优化方向和优化变形尺度。
图11是基于自动采样设计参数的改型船型和M04重构船型相对于初始优化船型M04在模型尺度下的CFD阻力和自航数值模拟结果。相对于初始优化船型M04,M04重构船型的阻力和收到功率相对变化不大,表明NURBS重构的船型网格较为合适。经自动采样搜索,共寻找到2个性能较好的船型,即V1S13和V1S18,其横剖线对比见图12。V1S13和V1S18船型的总阻力分别减小了约0.6%和0.7%,收到功率下降了约1.6%和1.4%,快速性能相对M04船型得到了改善。
图13图14分别是基于人工指定设计参数的改型船型和初始优化船型M04的线型对比,以及模型尺度下CFD阻力和自航数值结果对比。可以发现,局部区域R1、R2和R4均搜索到了收到功率更低的船型,其中收到功率下降最明显的三个船型是R1S1、R1S2和R4S4。相对初始优化船型M04,这3个方案的CFD计算阻力分别下降了约1.0%、0.6%和0.6%,收到功率分别下降了3.0%、1.8%和1.1%,快速性能收益效果更为显著。
综上来看,两种改型方式都能快速搜索到船型优化方向和合适的变形尺度,并得到快速性能更优的船型方案。但基于人工指定设计参数的变形方式还可以和专家经验相结合,从而获得设计师想要的变形设计方案,可以有效提高船型设计效率。
综合两轮的船体线型优化结果,选取R1S1为最终优化船型。表4给出了最终优化船型和设计原型的数值模拟计算结果,可以看出,相对于设计原型,最终优化船型在设计工况和模型尺度下的兴波阻力系数和粘压阻力系数分别下降了约49%和12%,其模型总阻力和收到功率分别下降了约2.7%和3.7%。更进一步,本文又基于CFD计算结果开展了最终优化船型的螺旋桨设计和航速预估,发现其在设计工况下的实船预估收到功率下降了约6.0%(考虑15 ℃海水的环境条件),快速性能得到了显著改善。
图15图16分别为目标船的设计原型和最终优化船型的舷侧波形和桨盘面处伴流分布的对比情况。在设计吃水和14 kn航速状态下,相对于设计原型,最终优化船型的船艏和船艏的波峰和波谷均明显更低,且船舯流域的波形更加平缓,表明最终优化船型的舷侧波形和兴波性能显著优于设计原型。同时,最终优化船型的桨轴正上方的伴流峰较小,伴流轴向分布更均匀,有利于船舶推进效率的提升。
为了验证上述船型设计结果的可靠性,在拖曳水池开展了80 000吨级散货船的最终优化船型的快速性模型试验,并与设计原型的模型试验结果进行比较。
表5为目标船的最终优化船型和设计原型在同一设计吃水状态下的无量纲静水力参数比较。可以看出,最终优化船型的方形系数略大于设计原型,其排水体积和湿表面积相对设计原型分别增加了约0.33%和0.80%。
图17为最终优化船型和设计原型通过静水快速性模型试验获得的实船预报航速功率曲线,在同一吃水的设计状态下,最终优化船型的螺旋桨预报收到功率值远低于设计原型。当航速为14.0 kn时,其实船有效功率PE下降了约3.8%,收到功率PD下降了约5.6%,这与基于CFD阻力和自航结果的实船航速功率预报值相近,验证了本次船型的优化效果。
本文以某80 000吨级散货船为研究对象,针对目标船设计吃水工况下的快速性能改善问题,结合基于船型融合和区域特征分析的船型几何设计技术和CFD阻力和自航数值评估技术,开展了船型设计开发研究,成功获得了船舶收到功率下降显著的船型设计方案,并通过了模型试验的验证,表明了基于融合和区域特征分析的船型设计策略的可执行性和高效性,得到如下结论:
(1)这种船型设计开发策略能够充分利用历史积累船型数据和设计经验,快速生成满足几何曲面不自相交、连续和光顺等要求的船型改型设计方案,有效提高船型几何设计的质量和效率。
(2)基于船型融合的设计技术可以综合参考船型的典型特征,依据不同权重因子快速得到多个改型设计方案,且改型船型的主尺度和快速性能可以突破参考船型,从而找到性能更佳的船型方案。
(3)基于区域特征分析的设计技术利用NURBS船型表达和重构技术解决了船型几何三向光顺问题,实现了船型曲面的降维表达和区域变形的自动化,可以快速探索特定船型区域内的优化空间,寻找优化方向。同时,该方法使用方式多样,能够有效结合设计师的设计经验,形成基于专家经验指导下的知识化设计模式,有效缩短船型优化的时间成本。
参考文献 引证文献
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2024年第28卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.05.001
  • 接收时间:2023-11-12
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-12
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    1.中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
    2.深海技术科学太湖实验室,江苏 无锡 214082

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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