Article(id=1242150815385854001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242150809505444351, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.05.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1700323200000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774081432434, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1716134400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774081432434, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774081432434, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081432434, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242150809505444351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, year='2024', volume='28', issue='5', pageStart='637', pageEnd='802', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1774081431031, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774081700138, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242151938268143729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242150809505444351, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242151938272338034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, issueId=1242150809505444351, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=735, endPage=747, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242150815641706551, articleId=1242150815385854001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, language=EN, title=Application of springback ratio matrix and springback ratio feature value in springback description and compensation of double-curved plate forming, columnId=1242129251223274417, journalTitle=Journal of Ship Mechanics, columnName=Structural Mechanics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Springback compensation is the main difficulty in the forming of double-curved hull plates by reconfigurable mold. In this paper, springback ratio matrix and springback ratio feature value were proposed by referring to the expression of springback ratio of single-curved plate. Springback ratio matrix describes the springback value of local point of plate while springback ratio feature value describes the whole plate. The conclusion of springback of single-curved plate using springback ratio matrix and springback ratio feature value was consistent with that of the literatures. The forming experiments were conducted and the springback results were described by springback ratio matrix and springback ratio feature value. The results show that springback of saddle-type plates is less than that of sail-type plates when the radii of curvature in both directions are equal, and the springback ratio results based on elastic-plastic theory agree with those of the experiments. A new springback compensation algorithm based on springback ratio matrix was proposed. It is concluded that the springback compensation algorithm based on springback ratio matrix has a better compensation effect.

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回弹补偿是活络方形压头可重构模具成形船体双曲度外板时遇到的主要难题。本文参考单曲度板回弹比表达方法,引入针对双曲度板材描述离散点以及整体回弹大小的回弹比矩阵及回弹比特征量,并对文献中单曲度板的回弹数据进行了描述,得到的结论与文献一致。同时对典型双曲度板进行了冲压成形实验,并采用本文提出的回弹比矩阵及回弹比特征量对回弹数据进行描述。结果表明:在双向曲率半径分别相等时,马鞍形板的回弹显著小于帆形板;弹塑性理论推导出的回弹比结果与实验数据的回弹比结果相一致。基于回弹比矩阵,本文提出了一种新的回弹补偿算法,通过对比发现基于回弹比矩阵的补偿算法的补偿效果更好。

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通讯作者,E-mail:
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施凤燕(1990-),女,博士研究生,助理研究员

胡勇(1965-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

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Springback after the biaxial elastic-plastic pure bending of a rectangular plate—I[J]. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 1981, 23(10): 619-630., articleTitle=Springback after the biaxial elastic-plastic pure bending of a rectangular plate—I, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242150842049045419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150815385854001, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1981, volume=23, issue=10, pageStart=631, pageEnd=687, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=Johnson W, Yu T X, journalName=International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Johnson W, Yu T X. On the range of applicability of results for the springback of an elastic/perfectly plastic rectangular plate after subjecting it to biaxial pure bending—II[J]. 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Springback results of single-curved plate forming

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目板材编号R1000R1250R1500
T12AT10AT8AT12AT10AT8AT12AT10AT8A
板条梁长度方向离散点位置(mm)-3000.9000.3590.2790.4560.5230.0950.6600.2650.250
-2400.4420.9370.5990.8870.4350.7370.2340.4850.339
-1800.4740.3110.7480.6410.7370.6130.4930.3200.270
-1200.7190.6130.2170.7490.4210.1490.5200.5870.274
-600.8320.8270.4730.0620.5010.3440.9020.5070.370
00.4450.2280.5560.9790.2780.5560.0080.1580.008
600.8320.8270.4730.0620.5010.3440.9020.5070.370
1200.7190.6130.2170.7490.4210.1490.5200.5870.274
1800.4740.3110.7480.6410.7370.6130.4930.3200.270
2400.4420.9370.5990.8870.4350.7470.2340.4850.339
3000.9000.3590.2790.4560.5230.0750.6600.2650.250
特征量ηt0.6530.5750.4720.5970.5010.4020.5120.4080.274
文献回弹比η0.6490.5830.4780.5610.4810.3670.4810.3890.264
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单曲度板成形回弹

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项目板材编号R1000R1250R1500
T12AT10AT8AT12AT10AT8AT12AT10AT8A
板条梁长度方向离散点位置(mm)-3000.9000.3590.2790.4560.5230.0950.6600.2650.250
-2400.4420.9370.5990.8870.4350.7370.2340.4850.339
-1800.4740.3110.7480.6410.7370.6130.4930.3200.270
-1200.7190.6130.2170.7490.4210.1490.5200.5870.274
-600.8320.8270.4730.0620.5010.3440.9020.5070.370
00.4450.2280.5560.9790.2780.5560.0080.1580.008
600.8320.8270.4730.0620.5010.3440.9020.5070.370
1200.7190.6130.2170.7490.4210.1490.5200.5870.274
1800.4740.3110.7480.6410.7370.6130.4930.3200.270
2400.4420.9370.5990.8870.4350.7470.2340.4850.339
3000.9000.3590.2790.4560.5230.0750.6600.2650.250
特征量ηt0.6530.5750.4720.5970.5010.4020.5120.4080.274
文献回弹比η0.6490.5830.4780.5610.4810.3670.4810.3890.264
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Equipment parameters of SKWB-2000 CNC ship hull plate bending machine

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最大弯板厚度/mm压头尺寸/mm上压头数量下压头数量单个压头压力/kN
40100×10020×2021×2120
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SKWB-2000型船舶三维数控弯板机设备参数

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最大弯板厚度/mm压头尺寸/mm上压头数量下压头数量单个压头压力/kN
40100×10020×2021×2120
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Mechanical properties in the experiments

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材料密度/(kg·m-3杨氏模量/GPa泊松比屈服应力/MPa抗拉强度/MPa伸长率(%)
Invar钢84101230.2524144040
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实验材料参数

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材料密度/(kg·m-3杨氏模量/GPa泊松比屈服应力/MPa抗拉强度/MPa伸长率(%)
Invar钢84101230.2524144040
), ArticleFig(id=1242150840790754191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150815385854001, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Relevant parameters of surface equations

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序号abc/mmd/mm双向曲率半径
ρx/mmρy/mm
帆形板111120012001200
211150015001500
311180018001800
41120012002400
51100010002000
618008001600
马鞍形板711240012001200-1200
811300015001500-1500
911360018001800-1800
1011360012001200-2400
1111300010001000-2000
12112400800800-1600
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曲面方程相关参数

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序号abc/mmd/mm双向曲率半径
ρx/mmρy/mm
帆形板111120012001200
211150015001500
311180018001800
41120012002400
51100010002000
618008001600
马鞍形板711240012001200-1200
811300015001500-1500
911360018001800-1800
1011360012001200-2400
1111300010001000-2000
12112400800800-1600
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Springback ratio matrix of 2# sail-type plate in the x-direction

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y/mmx/mm
-300-200-1000100200300
-3000.1620.4000.6140.6760.6020.3980.191
-2000.1770.3580.4820.5020.4700.3400.183
-1000.1830.3340.3980.3910.3780.3000.170
00.1860.3330.3720.3540.3610.3050.169
1000.1930.3400.3960.3950.4080.3430.192
2000.2120.3740.4730.4900.4840.3770.194
3000.2320.4590.6040.6230.5770.4040.193
), ArticleFig(id=1242150840992080790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150815385854001, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

2#帆形板在x方向上回弹比矩阵

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y/mmx/mm
-300-200-1000100200300
-3000.1620.4000.6140.6760.6020.3980.191
-2000.1770.3580.4820.5020.4700.3400.183
-1000.1830.3340.3980.3910.3780.3000.170
00.1860.3330.3720.3540.3610.3050.169
1000.1930.3400.3960.3950.4080.3430.192
2000.2120.3740.4730.4900.4840.3770.194
3000.2320.4590.6040.6230.5770.4040.193
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Springback ratio matrix of 2# sail-type plate in the y-direction

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y/mmx/mm
-300-200-1000100200300
-3000.1760.1380.1100.1030.1190.1530.183
-2000.4210.3330.2630.2430.2890.3760.479
-1000.6860.5820.4990.4730.5230.6460.811
00.8190.7280.6400.6010.6390.7380.866
1000.7100.5930.5000.4600.4730.5160.553
2000.4810.3350.2380.1970.1960.2170.231
3000.2590.1570.0830.0480.0390.0490.078
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2#帆形板在y方向上回弹比矩阵

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y/mmx/mm
-300-200-1000100200300
-3000.1760.1380.1100.1030.1190.1530.183
-2000.4210.3330.2630.2430.2890.3760.479
-1000.6860.5820.4990.4730.5230.6460.811
00.8190.7280.6400.6010.6390.7380.866
1000.7100.5930.5000.4600.4730.5160.553
2000.4810.3350.2380.1970.1960.2170.231
3000.2590.1570.0830.0480.0390.0490.078
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Springback description when bi-directional curvature is identical

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序号双向曲率半径回弹比均值回弹比特征量ηt
ρx/mmρy/mm
帆形1120012000.4030.4210.412
2150015000.3620.3890.376
3180018000.3220.3340.328
马鞍形71200-12000.8200.5830.702
81500-15000.6830.4590.571
91800-18000.5800.4240.502
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双向曲率相同时的实验结果回弹描述

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序号双向曲率半径回弹比均值回弹比特征量ηt
ρx/mmρy/mm
帆形1120012000.4030.4210.412
2150015000.3620.3890.376
3180018000.3220.3340.328
马鞍形71200-12000.8200.5830.702
81500-15000.6830.4590.571
91800-18000.5800.4240.502
), ArticleFig(id=1242150841419899807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240685776644648972, articleId=1242150815385854001, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Springback description when bi-directional curvature is different

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序号双向曲率半径回弹比均值回弹比特征量ηt
ρx/mmρy/mm
帆形4120024000.4430.2540.380
5100020000.4580.2620.393
680016000.5140.3560.461
马鞍形101200-24000.7360.6600.711
111000-20000.7520.6680.724
12800-16000.7940.5560.715
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双向曲率不同时的实验结果回弹描述

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序号双向曲率半径回弹比均值回弹比特征量ηt
ρx/mmρy/mm
帆形4120024000.4430.2540.380
5100020000.4580.2620.393
680016000.5140.3560.461
马鞍形101200-24000.7360.6600.711
111000-20000.7520.6680.724
12800-16000.7940.5560.715
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Error comparison of once stamping finite element simulation results with two springback compensation algorithms

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序号基于回弹比矩阵的回弹补偿方法Cai的方法
Emean/mmEmax/mmEmean/mmEmax/mm
帆形19.120.414.732.7
28.419.413.231.1
37.418.611.929.75
马鞍形78.316.513.027.6
86.912.911.120.6
95.610.68.816.8
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两种回弹补偿算法下板材一次冲压有限元仿真结果误差对比

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序号基于回弹比矩阵的回弹补偿方法Cai的方法
Emean/mmEmax/mmEmean/mmEmax/mm
帆形19.120.414.732.7
28.419.413.231.1
37.418.611.929.75
马鞍形78.316.513.027.6
86.912.911.120.6
95.610.68.816.8
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回弹比矩阵及回弹比特征量在双曲度板成形回弹描述和补偿中的应用
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施凤燕 1a, 1b , 赵涵 2 , 胡勇 1a, 1b , 黄朝炎 1a, 1b
船舶力学 | 结构力学 2024,28(5): 735-747
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船舶力学 | 结构力学 2024, 28(5): 735-747
回弹比矩阵及回弹比特征量在双曲度板成形回弹描述和补偿中的应用
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施凤燕1a, 1b, 赵涵2, 胡勇1a, 1b , 黄朝炎1a, 1b
作者信息
  • 1a.武汉理工大学 教育部船舶技术高性能重点实验室,武汉 430063
  • 1b.武汉理工大学 船海与能源动力工程学院,武汉 430063
  • 2.中南大学 土木工程学院,长沙 410075
  • 施凤燕(1990-),女,博士研究生,助理研究员

    胡勇(1965-),男,博士,教授,通讯作者,E-mail:

通讯作者:

通讯作者,E-mail:
Application of springback ratio matrix and springback ratio feature value in springback description and compensation of double-curved plate forming
Feng-yan SHI1a, 1b, Han ZHAO2, Yong HU1a, 1b , Chao-yan HUANG1a, 1b
Affiliations
  • 1a.Key Laboratory of High Performance of Ship Technology of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
  • 1b.School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Energy Power Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
  • 2.School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China
出版时间: 2024-05-20 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.05.010
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回弹补偿是活络方形压头可重构模具成形船体双曲度外板时遇到的主要难题。本文参考单曲度板回弹比表达方法,引入针对双曲度板材描述离散点以及整体回弹大小的回弹比矩阵及回弹比特征量,并对文献中单曲度板的回弹数据进行了描述,得到的结论与文献一致。同时对典型双曲度板进行了冲压成形实验,并采用本文提出的回弹比矩阵及回弹比特征量对回弹数据进行描述。结果表明:在双向曲率半径分别相等时,马鞍形板的回弹显著小于帆形板;弹塑性理论推导出的回弹比结果与实验数据的回弹比结果相一致。基于回弹比矩阵,本文提出了一种新的回弹补偿算法,通过对比发现基于回弹比矩阵的补偿算法的补偿效果更好。

双曲度板材  /  回弹补偿  /  回弹比矩阵  /  回弹比特征量

Springback compensation is the main difficulty in the forming of double-curved hull plates by reconfigurable mold. In this paper, springback ratio matrix and springback ratio feature value were proposed by referring to the expression of springback ratio of single-curved plate. Springback ratio matrix describes the springback value of local point of plate while springback ratio feature value describes the whole plate. The conclusion of springback of single-curved plate using springback ratio matrix and springback ratio feature value was consistent with that of the literatures. The forming experiments were conducted and the springback results were described by springback ratio matrix and springback ratio feature value. The results show that springback of saddle-type plates is less than that of sail-type plates when the radii of curvature in both directions are equal, and the springback ratio results based on elastic-plastic theory agree with those of the experiments. A new springback compensation algorithm based on springback ratio matrix was proposed. It is concluded that the springback compensation algorithm based on springback ratio matrix has a better compensation effect.

double-curved plate  /  springback compensation  /  springback ratio matrix  /  springback ratio feature value
施凤燕, 赵涵, 胡勇, 黄朝炎. 回弹比矩阵及回弹比特征量在双曲度板成形回弹描述和补偿中的应用. 船舶力学, 2024 , 28 (5) : 735 -747 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.05.010
Feng-yan SHI, Han ZHAO, Yong HU, Chao-yan HUANG. Application of springback ratio matrix and springback ratio feature value in springback description and compensation of double-curved plate forming[J]. Journal of Ship Mechanics, 2024 , 28 (5) : 735 -747 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.05.010
船体双曲度外板生产工艺复杂,其成形质量与成形效率制约着船舶工业的发展。因此,研究双曲度板在活络方形压头可重构模具冲压下的成形精确控制问题,不仅有助于推动船舶的智能化制造,对提升国家实力、保障经济发展和应对世界竞争也具有十分重要的战略意义。
传统的水火弯板成形质量难以有效把控,基于活络方形压头模具成形技术的船舶三维数控弯板机在双曲度板成形质量及成形效率上已经有了很大的突破,但回弹问题尚未有效解决。Johnson[1-4]和Yu[5-6]通过理论分析和实验验证,推导出了固定模具冲压成形双曲度板材的回弹比公式,奠定了双曲度板材回弹研究的理论基础;Cai等[7]提出的数字化模具成形系统,通过回弹位移计算高度调整值以控制半球形压头矩阵,再反复修正成形曲面直到精度满足要求;Zhang等[8]将方形板离散成多个点,并计算每个离散点的坐标值,用插值处理和有理Bézier曲面重新拟合成板面形状,最终得到回弹补偿值;苏绍娟等[9]采用支持向量机技术进行回弹预测分析,建立了板厚与回弹量的预测模型;Jiang等[10]研究板材回弹能,建立理论模型并进行了实验验证,发现回弹能对成形和回弹大小有明显的影响。尽管围绕板材成形的回弹研究已取得了很大的进展,但对于活络方形压头可重构模具冲压下的双曲度板精确成形问题还需进一步研究。
本文针对双曲度板材冷弯成形,提出了回弹比矩阵及回弹比特征量的新概念,采用理论分析、数值模拟和实验验证相结合的研究方法,对典型双曲度板——帆形板和马鞍形板进行了回弹研究,并在此基础上提出了一种新的回弹补偿算法,为后续的研究提供了一定的理论依据。
板材在冲压成形过程中,随着外载荷的施加,板材内部将同时发生弹性变形和塑性变形。外载荷卸载后,板材内部的弹性变形能得到释放,引起板材回弹。板材回弹描述有多种不同的方法。单曲度板材的回弹描述有回弹角、回弹位移、回弹比等,由于曲度单一,以上描述均能较好地反映出板材回弹大小。对双曲度板材回弹描述常用的方法有位移描述[11]和截面描述[12],然而位移描述受到参考点位置影响,截面描述无法体现三维的整体情况。在三维空间中,曲率能表示曲面的弯曲程度,故曲率在描述双曲度板材形状时具有一定优势。早在1957年,Gardiner[13]最先提出将回弹后与回弹前曲率的比值即回弹比作为描述板材回弹的参数,称为Gardiner公式,但该公式用来描述单曲度板材回弹。本文将回弹比概念推广到描述空间形状板材。
参照单曲度板回弹比定义公式,本文将双曲度板沿板长和板宽两个方向进行离散,并将离散点两个方向的回弹用回弹比表示如下:
式中:D代表离散方向,当Dx时代表船长方向,取y时代表船宽方向;下标ij表示离散点的编号;kDij为离散点两个方向的加工曲率,为离散点回弹后的曲率;同时规定回弹比0/0为1,即无回弹。离散点的排列如图1所示。
将式(1)得到的值按离散点位置排列成矩阵,即为回弹比矩阵。两个方向的回弹比矩阵如式(2)所示:
式中,mn分别为x方向和y方向的离散点个数。
考虑到离散点的回弹大小与板材的初始加工曲率相关,为描述板材的整体回弹大小,以离散点加工曲率绝对值和所有离散点两个方向加工曲率绝对值之和的比值为加权系数,对各离散点的回弹比进行累加求和,得出回弹比特征量ηt。设板材上均匀分布有m×n个离散点,则ηt的表达式定义如下:
双曲度板材冲压成形可简化为大曲率半径纯弯曲模型,对其变形作如下假设:
(1)板材弯曲时中性面与几何中面始终重合;
(2)冲压过程中板材发生塑性大挠度变形,不考虑其中的弹性变形,且认为塑性变形时体积不变;
(3)材料的本构模型取为非线性强化模型,应力应变符合关系式,其中为等效应力和等效应变,强度系数k和应变硬化指数n的取值与材料有关,且n∈(0,1);
(4)忽略板材的横向剪应力和板厚变化,仅考虑板材的弯曲效应。
假设冲压成形的帆形板和马鞍形板双向曲率半径大小分别相等,即有
式中,下标D代表xy两个离散方向,R1,D为帆形板两个方向曲率半径,R2,D为马鞍形板两个方向曲率半径。
基于假设(2),且板材成形过程视为单一加载路径下的一次冲压,不考虑包辛格效应,使用全量理论,有如下关系式成立:
式中,σDεD分别为板材xy两个离散方向上的应力和应变,σm为平均应力。等效应力和等效应变的计算公式如下:
假设板材变形过程中体积不发生改变,则σm=0,再基于假设(3),可得板上任意离散点的应力应变关系如下:
基于假设(4),到中性面距离为z的任意点,两个离散方向的线应变为
将式(8)代入式(6),可得帆形板和马鞍形板的等效应变计算公式(9);代入式(7),进一步可得帆形板和马鞍形板上处于相同位置的一点的两个方向应力计算公式(10)。
由于,可以推导出σ1,D >σ2,D。之后随着成形力卸载,板材发生回弹,以帆形板x方向为例,有回弹应变Δε1,x
结合式(10)可得,帆形板x方向回弹应变Δε1,x
同理可得,马鞍形板x方向回弹应变Δε2,x
,可得Δε1,xε2,x,同理有Δε1,yε2,y
理论计算表明,当加工条件相同,两个离散方向曲率半径分别相等时,帆形板两个方向的回弹量均大于马鞍形板。
卸载阶段,由假设(4)可认为,卸载过程相当于对板施加一个大小相等方向相反的弯矩所引起的弹性效应[14],则可得
式中Δκx、Δκy为板材两个离散方向上的回弹曲率,MxMy为两个离散方向的弯矩,B为矩形截面板的抗弯刚度,定义如下:
式中,Eμ分别是板材弹性模量和泊松比。
对于矩形截面板,当仅考虑弯矩作用,且卸载过程符合弹性关系时,加载弯矩MD与对应方向上的最大应力存在如下关系[15]
式中,h为板材厚度。
根据式(10),当时,σD取最大值,代入式(16)可得
将式(17)代入式(14),最终可得帆形板和马鞍形板x方向的回弹比:
考虑到,可得η1,x <η2,x,同理有η1,y <η2,y,再结合式(3)可知,帆形板与马鞍形板的回弹比特征量存在关系η1,t <η2,t
由回弹比的定义式可知,回弹比越大,板材回弹量越小,即回弹越小。当加工条件相同,且双向曲率半径分别相等时,理论计算得到帆形板的回弹比和回弹比特征量均小于马鞍形板,说明帆形板的回弹要大于马鞍形板,与理论计算得到的帆形板回弹量大于马鞍形板回弹量相一致,说明本文提出的回弹比和回弹比特征量可以描述板材的回弹情况。
单曲度板材冲压成形回弹数据来源于文献[16]。运用本文提出的回弹比矩阵及回弹比特征量对文献中的回弹数据进行描述,得到1×11的回弹比矩阵,文献给出的单曲度板整体回弹比用ηo表示,相关数据见表1。根据表1绘制成回弹比变化规律图,如图2所示。
由图可得:(1)随着曲率半径的增大或板材厚度的减小,回弹比特征量ηt将减小,即回弹增大;(2)按照本文提出的回弹比相关概念得出的回弹比特征量的变化规律与文献中回弹比变化规律一致。说明本文提出的回弹比相关概念在描述板材回弹时有效。
对12组尺寸相同的方形板进行冲压成形实验,成形曲面为帆形和马鞍形。实验采用的设备为武昌船舶重工集团有限公司的SKWB-2000型船舶三维数控弯板机,设备外形及主要结构见图3,设备主要参数见表2,实验用板材的材料参数见表3
实验中,冲压成形的帆形板和马鞍形板分别满足式(19)~(20)所示的曲面方程,式中相关参数见表4
实验中,所有板材的尺寸均为840 mm×840 mm×19.05 mm。综合考虑离散点的个数和精度要求,采用100 mm×100 mm的网格对板材面进行划分,见图4图5
实验中,双曲度板材的成形过程如图6所示。板材成形后的形状数据由三维激光扫描仪测量得到,测量过程如图7所示。
设双曲度板冲压成形回弹后所有网格离散点的坐标形式如下:
其中每个点的坐标值已由三维激光扫描仪测量得到。假设描述方向上的拟合圆方程为
计算回弹比时,以实验中2#帆形板x方向上第一个回弹比为例,有
通过计算可得ABCD的值分别为112,-133970,-2027200和1.5535×107,进一步计算可得kx(1,1)的值分别为1.1035×10-4、6.8×10-4,则回弹比ηx(1,1)为0.162。
去掉曲率计算误差较大的边缘点后,两个方向的回弹比矩阵如表5表6所示。
双向曲率相同的板材,即kxij=kyij=κ,由式(3)可得
计算所有双向曲率相同的板的两个方向的回弹比均值和回弹比特征量,数据如表7所示。
表7可以看出:(1)无论是帆形板还是马鞍形板,当双向曲率半径相等时,两个方向的回弹比均值均随着曲率半径的增加而减少,即回弹随着曲率半径的增加而增大,这与单曲度板的回弹规律一致;(2)双向曲率半径相等时,马鞍形板的均大于帆形板的相应值,这表明马鞍形板的回弹小于帆形板的回弹,实验结果与理论分析相一致。
利用回弹比矩阵及回弹比特征量对双向曲率不同的帆形板和马鞍形板的回弹进行描述,结果如表8所示。
表8可以看出:(1)无论是帆形板还是马鞍形板,曲率半径小的方向回弹比均值大,也即曲率半径小的方向回弹量也小,这与前文得到的回弹规律一致;(2)两个方向的曲率半径大小分别相等时,帆形板两个方向的回弹比均值均小于马鞍形板,帆形板的回弹比特征量也小于马鞍形板,说明帆形板的回弹较马鞍形板大。
由回弹比的定义式(1),转换可得迭代计算公式:
式中,为第n次冲压成形计算得到的两个方向回弹比,为第(n+1)次冲压成形的加工曲率,kDij为成形曲面的目标曲率,重构曲面时拟合点坐标计算方法见图8。图中,Pijxz平面内的投影。
假定已知定位点P0x0y0z0)以及kxijkyij,则重构曲面x方向拟合点[17]计算如下:
式中,θ0是定位点P0处重构曲面沿x方向的切线与x轴的夹角。
同理可得,y方向计算公式如下:
式中,是定位点P0处重构曲面沿y方向的切线与y轴的夹角。
则计算得出的拟合点坐标为。由于积分路径不同,以上两式计算得到的z坐标值有所不同。将曲率的影响引入计算公式,得到最终的z坐标值。
用计算得到的所有拟合点,基于最小二乘法重构出的曲面,即为模具调形面。设曲面方程为z = fxy),控制整个曲面的基函数为Pij,系数KT =(k1k2k3,⋯,kN),ZT =(z1z2z3,⋯,zN),则有
利用计算得到的补偿曲面对板材进行再次加工,重复以上步骤直到板材成形精度符合要求。
使用ANSYS/LS-DYNA对双曲度板材冲压成形进行模拟仿真,回弹分析采用显式-隐式序列求解方法。对表4中1、2、3帆形板和7、8、9马鞍形板分别使用回弹补偿算法和Cai等人提出的数字化模具成形方法(digitized die forming system)[7]进行有限元仿真。两种方法分别用到的回弹比矩阵和补偿位移均由本文实验数据计算得出。平均误差Emean和最大误差Emax的计算公式分别如下:
式中,zij为板材上每个离散点处两个方向上的坐标,ZDij为目标成形曲面上相应离散点处两个方向上的坐标。模拟仿真总共选取均匀分布在板面上的81个离散点,两种回弹补偿误差对比见表9,2#帆形板的两种补偿效果如图9所示。
表9图9可知,一次冲压成形情况下,基于回弹比矩阵的回弹补偿算法平均误差和最大误差明显小于数字化模具成形方法,说明无论是帆形板还是马鞍形板,基于回弹比矩阵的回弹补偿算法精度更高,具有更好的补偿效果。
针对活络方形压头可重构模具成形船体双曲度外板过程中的回弹问题,本文提出了回弹比矩阵和回弹比特征量的概念,分别用来描述板材上离散点处两个方向的回弹大小以及板材的整体回弹大小,得到如下结论:
(1)运用回弹比矩阵和回弹比特征量对帆形板和马鞍形板的冲压成形实验结果进行描述,结论与理论计算结果相一致,说明本文提出的回弹比矩阵及回弹比特征量可以描述板材回弹。
(2)应用本文提出的回弹比矩阵和回弹比特征量计算方法对文献中的单曲度板材冲压回弹进行描述,结果显示曲率半径的增大或板材厚度的减小均引起回弹比特征量ηt减小,即回弹增大,与文献中的回弹规律一致。
(3)应用回弹比矩阵及回弹比特征量对12组典型双曲度板的冲压成形实验数据进行描述,结果显示,随着曲率半径的增加,回弹比均值减小,回弹量增大;双向曲率半径分别相等时,帆形板两个方向的回弹及整体回弹均大于马鞍形板。
(4)基于回弹比矩阵的回弹补偿算法具有更好的回弹补偿效果。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51379167)
  • 国防基础科研资助项目(JCKY2019206B001)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7294.2024.05.010
  • 接收时间:2023-11-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2024-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-19
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(51379167)
国防基础科研资助项目(JCKY2019206B001)
作者信息
    1a.武汉理工大学 教育部船舶技术高性能重点实验室,武汉 430063
    1b.武汉理工大学 船海与能源动力工程学院,武汉 430063
    2.中南大学 土木工程学院,长沙 410075

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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